A coordenação motora de indivíduos com Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (TDC): o ritmo em foco

The aim of the present study was to examine tapping synchronization in children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Participants were 27 children from which 13 diagnosed with motor difficulties composed the DCD group and 14 children with typical development (TD) the comparison group. The experimental task consisted of performing 25 continuous tapping on a surface of an electronic drum with the preferred hand. Participants were required to tap in synchrony with an auditory bip generated by customized software. Three interval values the tapping task were tested: 470 ms, 1000 ms, 1530 ms. The dependent variables were constant error (CE) and absolute error (AE) and standard deviation of absolute error (SD of AE). The ANOVA 2 x 3 x 3 (Group X Age x Interval) with repeated measures in the last factor for the CE indicated significant interaction among Group X Age X Interval. For the AE and SD of AE the ANOVAs yielded significant main effect of Interval and a significant interaction between Group X Interval. The results of the present study indicated that children with DCD were less accurate and more variable in the tapping synchronization than children with TD. Differences in performance between DCD and children with TD become larger as the interval of the auditory signal increases.

Compósitos de nanocelulose / PHBV: manta microfibrilica por eletrofiação

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Modelagem e simulação de transferência de calor em leito de partículas estacionárias sujeito a agitação intermitente

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Carimbó do Santo Preto: a presença negra na performance musical da festividade do Glorioso São Benedito em Santarém Novo (PA)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Carimbó do Santo Preto: a presença negra na performance musical da festividade do Glorioso São Benedito em Santarém Novo (PA)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Escrubagem da bauxita de Paragominas - PA. Parte 1: influência de variáveis operacionais na desagregação da bauxita

The aim of this study was to investigate the bauxite scrubbing process on samples from Miltonia 3, a Vale operation in the State of Para, Brazil. The experimental program included the design of a standard laboratory test, from which parameters were derived for predicting the operation of a scrubber in steady state conditions. Three main variables were selected for the laboratory experimental program using the factorial design technique. These were load fraction, residence time and rotation speed. The amount of fines was determined through screening both the feed and the product of the scrubbing test. The former was considered to be a characteristic material, while the second was the dependent variable, i.e. the result of the scrubbing process. According to experiments, the load fraction was the most important variable for the scrubbing process.

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

Dynamic wetting of complex liquids

A simple dependency between contact angle θ and velocity or surface tension has been predicted for the wetting and dewetting behavior of simple liquids. According to the hydrodynamic theory, this dependency was described by Cox and Voinov as θ ∼ Ca^(1/3) (Ca: Capillary number). For more complex liquids like surfactant solutions, this prediction is not directly given.rnHere I present a rotating drum setup for studying wetting/dewetting processes of surfactant solutions on the basis of velocity-dependent contact angle measurements. With this new setup I showed that surfactant solutions do not follow the predicted Cox-Voinov relation, but showed a stronger contact angle dependency on surface tension. All surfactants independent of their charge showed this difference from the prediction so that electrostatic interactions as a reason could be excluded. Instead, I propose the formation of a surface tension gradient close to the three-phase contact line as the main reason for the strong contact angle decrease with increasing surfactant concentration. Surface tension gradients are not only formed locally close to the three-phase contact line, but also globally along the air-liquid interface due to the continuous creation/destruction of the interface by the drum moving out of/into the liquid. By systematically hindering the equilibration routes of the global gradient along the interface and/or through the bulk, I was able to show that the setup geometry is also important for the wetting/dewetting of surfactant solutions. Further, surface properties like roughness or chemical homogeneity of the wetted/dewetted substrate influence the wetting/dewetting behavior of the liquid, i. e. the three-phase contact line is differently pinned on rough/smooth or homogeneous/inhomogeneous surfaces. Altogether I showed that the wetting/dewetting of surfactant solutions did not depend on the surfactant type (anionic, cationic, or non-ionic) but on the surfactant concentration and strength, the setup geometry, and the surface properties.rnSurfactants do not only influence the wetting/dewetting behavior of liquids, but also the impact behavior of drops on free-standing films or solutions. In a further part of this work, I dealt with the stability of the air cushion between drop and film/solution. To allow coalescence between drop and substrate, the air cushion has to vanish. In the presence of surfactants, the vanishing of the air is slowed down due to a change in the boundary condition from slip to no-slip, i. e. coalescence is suppressed or slowed down in the presence of surfactant.

Vestibular deficits do not underlie looping behavior in achiasmatic fish

Zebrafish belladonna (bel) mutants carry a mutation in the lhx2 gene that encodes a Lim domain homeobox transcription factor, leading to a defect in the retinotectal axon pathfinding. As a result, a large fraction of homozygous bel mutants is achiasmatic. Achiasmatic bel mutants display ocular motor instabilities, both reserved optokinetic response (OKR) and spontaneous eye oscillations, and an unstable swimming behavior, described as looping. All these unstable behaviors have been linked to the underlying optic nerve projection defect. Looping has been investigated under different visual stimuli and shown to be vision dependent and contrast sensitive. In addition, looping correlates perfectly with reversed OKR and the spontaneous oscillations of the eyes. Hence, it has been hypothesized that looping is a compensatory response to the perception of self-motion induced by the spontaneous eye oscillations. However, both ocular and postural instabilities could also be caused by a yet unidentified vestibular deficit. Here, we performed a preliminary test of the vestibular function in achiasmatic bel larval mutants in order to clarify the potential role of a vestibular deficit in looping. We found that the vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) is normally directed in both bel mutants and wild types and therefore exclude the possibility that nystagmus and looping in reverse to the rotating optokinetic drum can be attributed to an underlying vestibular deficit.

Razor Thin Win: The 1972 Constitution Ballot, Campaign, Ratification & the Courts -- Mae Nan (Robinson) Ellingson & Mick McKeon “In the Crucible of Change”

Beyond the challenge of crafting a new state Constitution that empowered the people and modernized and opened up state and local government in Montana, the Constitutional Convention delegates, as they signed the final document, looked forward to the arduous task of getting it ratified by the electorate in a short ten week period between the end of the convention on March 24 and the ratification election of June 6, 1972. While all 100 delegates signed the draft Constitution, not all supported its adoption. But the planning about how to get it adopted went back to the actions of the Convention itself, which carefully crafted a ballot that kept “hot political issues” from potentially killing the entire document at the polls. As a result, three side issues were presented to the electorate on the ballot. People could vote for or against those side issues and still vote to ratify the entire document. Thus, the questions of legalizing gambling, having a unicameral legislature and retaining the death penalty were placed separately on the ballot (gambling passed, as did the retention of the death penalty, but the concept of a one-house legislature was defeated). Once the ballot structure was set, delegates who supported the new Constitution organized a grassroots, locally focused effort to secure ratification – thought hampered by a MT Supreme Court decision on April 28 that they could not expend $45,000 in public monies that they had set aside for voter education. They cobbled together about $10,000 of private money and did battle with the established political forces, led by the MT Farm Bureau, MT Stockgrowers’ Assn. and MT Contractors Assn., on the question of passage. Narrow passage of the main document led to an issue over certification and a Montana Supreme Court case challenging the ratification vote. After a 3-2 State Supreme Court victory, supporters of the Constitution then had to defend the election results again before the federal courts, also a successful effort. Montana finally had a new progressive State Constitution that empowered the people, but the path to it was not clear and simple and the win was razor thin. The story of that razor thin win is discussed in this chapter by the two youngest delegates to the 1972 Constitutional Convention, Mae Nan Ellingson of Missoula and Mick McKeon, then of Anaconda. Both recognized “Super Lawyers in their later professional practices were also significant players in the Constitutional Convention itself and actively participated in its campaign for ratification. As such, their recollections of the effort provide an insider’s perspective of the struggle to change Montana for the better through the creation and adoption of a new progressive state Constitution “In the Crucible of Change.” Mae Nan (Robinson) Ellingson was born Mae Nan Windham in Mineral Wells, TX and graduated from Mineral Wells High School in 1965 and Weatherford College in Weatherford, TX in 1967. Mae Nan was the youngest delegate at the 1972 Convention from Missoula. She moved to Missoula in 1967 and received her BA in Political Science with Honors from the University of MT in 1970. She was a young widow known by her late husband’s surname of Robinson while attending UM graduate school under the tutelage of noted Professor Ellis Waldron when he persuaded her to run for the Constitutional Convention. Coming in a surprising second in the delegate competition in Missoula County she was named one of the Convention’s “Ten Outstanding Constitutional Convention Delegates,” an impressive feat at such a young age. She was 24 at the time, the youngest person to serve at the ConCon, and one of 19 women out of 100 delegates. In the decade before the Convention, there were never more than three women Legislators in any session, usually one or two. She was a member of the American Association of University Women, a Pi Sigma Alpha political science honorary, and a Phi Alpha Theta historical honorary. At the Convention, she led proposals for the state's bill of rights, particularly related to equal rights for women. For years, Ellingson kept a copy of the preamble to the Constitution hanging in her office; while all the delegates had a chance to vote on the wording, she and delegate Bob Campbell are credited with the language in the preamble. During the convention, she had an opportunity that opened the door to her later career as an attorney. A convention delegate suggested to her that she should go to law school. Several offered to help, but at the time she couldn't go to school. Her mom had died in Texas, and she ended up with a younger brother and sister to raise in Missoula. She got a job teaching, but about a year later, intrigued with the idea of pursuing the law as a career, she called the man back to ask about the offer. Eventually another delegate, Dave Drum of Billings, sponsored her tuition at the UM School of Law. After receiving her JD with Honors (including the Law Review and Moot Court) from the UM Law School Ellingson worked for the Missoula city attorney's office for six years (1977-83), and she took on landmark projects. During her tenure, Missoula became the first city to issue open space bonds, a project that introduced her to Dorsey & Whitney. The city secured its first easement on Mount Sentinel, and it created the trail along the riverfront with a mix of playing fields and natural vegetation. She also helped develop a sign ordinance for the city of Missoula. She ended up working as bond counsel for Dorsey & Whitney, and she opened up the firm's full-fledged Missoula office after commuting a couple of years to its Great Falls office. She was a partner at Dorsey Whitney, working there from 1983 until her retirement in 2012. The area of law she practiced there is a narrow specialty - it requires knowledge of constitutional law, state and local government law, and a slice of federal tax law - but for Ellingson it meant working on great public projects – schools, sewer systems, libraries, swimming pools, ire trucks. At the state level, she helped form the Montana Municipal Insurance Authority, a pooled insurance group for cities. She's shaped MT’s tax increment law, and she was a fixture in the MT Legislature when they were debating equal rights. As a bond lawyer, though, Ellingson considers her most important work for the state to be setting up the Intercap Program that allowed local governments to borrow money from the state at a low interest rate. She has been a frequent speaker at the League of Cities and Towns, the Montana Association of Counties, and the Rural Water Users Association workshops on topics related to municipal finance, as well as workshops sponsored by the DNRC, the Water and Sewer Agencies Coordination Team, and the Montana State University Local Government Center. In 2002, she received an outstanding service award from the Montana Rural Water Users Association. In addition to being considered an expert on Montana state and constitutional law, local government law and local government finance, she is a frequent teacher at the National Association of Bond Lawyers (NABL) Fundamentals of Municipal Bond Law Seminar and the NABL Bond Attorney’s Workshop. For over 30 years Mae Nan has participated in the drafting of legislation in Montana for state and local finance matters. She has served on the Board of Directors of NABL, as Chairman of its Education Committee, was elected as an initial fellow in 1995 to the American College of Bond Counsel, and was recognized as a Super Lawyer in the Rocky Mountain West. Mae Nan was admitted to practice before the MT and US Supreme Courts, was named one of “America’s Leading Business Lawyers” by Chambers USA (Rank 1), a Mountain States Super Lawyer in 2007 and is listed in Best Lawyers in America; she is a member and former Board Member of NABL, a Fellow of the American College of Bond Counsel and a member of the Board of Visitors of the UM Law School. Mae Nan is also a philanthropist who serves on boards and applies her intelligence to many organizations, such as the Missoula Art Museum. [Much of this biography was drawn from a retirement story in the Missoulian and the Dorsey Whitney web site.] Mick McKeon, born in Anaconda in 1946, is a 4th generation Montanan whose family roots in this state go back to the 1870’s. In 1968 he graduated from Notre Dame with a BA in Communications and received a Juris Doctorate degree from the University of Montana Law School in 1971. Right after graduating from law school, Mick was persuaded by his father, longtime State Senator Luke McKeon, and his uncle, Phillips County Attorney Willis McKeon, to run for delegate to Montana’s Constitutional Convention and was elected to represent Deer Lodge, Philipsburg, Powell, and part of Missoula Counties. Along with a coalition of delegates from Butte and Anaconda, he fought through the new Constitution to eliminate the legal strangle hold, often called “the copper collar,” that corporate interests -- the Anaconda Company and its business & political allies -- had over state government for nearly 100 years. The New York Times called Montana’s Constitutional Convention a “prairie revolution.” After helping secure the ratification of the new Constitution, Mick began his practice of law in Anaconda where he engaged in general practice for nearly 20 years. Moving to Butte in 1991, Mick focused has practice in personal injury law, representing victims of negligence and corporate wrongdoing in both Montana district courts and federal court. As such, he participated in some of the largest cases in the history of the state. In 1992 he and his then law partner Rick Anderson obtained a federal court verdict of $11.5 million -- the largest verdict in MT for many years. Mick’s efforts on behalf of injured victims have been recognized by many legal organizations and societies. Recently, Mick was invited to become a member of the International Academy of Trial Lawyers - 600 of the top lawyers in the world. Rated as an American Super Lawyer, he has continuously been named one of the Best Lawyers in America, and an International Assn. of Trial Lawyers top 100 Trial Lawyer. In 2005, he was placed as one of Montana’s top 4 Plaintiff’s lawyers by Law Dragon. Mick is certified as a civil trial specialist by the National Board of Trial Advocacy and has the highest rating possible from Martindale-Hubble. Mick was awarded the Montana Trial Lawyers Public Service Award and provided pro bono assistance to needy clients for his entire career. Mick’s law practice, which he now shares with his son Michael, is limited to representing individuals who have been injured in accidents, concentrating on cases against insurance companies, corporations, medical providers and hospitals. Mick resides in Butte with his wife Carol, a Butte native. Mick, Carol, Michael and another son, Matthew, who graduated from Dartmouth College and was recently admitted to the Montana bar, enjoy as much of their time together in Butte and at their place on Flathead Lake.

Laternenlied: Mit Feuer: 1. Sie ler-nen nichts, sie ler-nen nichts die Herrn Hochwohl-ge-bo-ren! Ver-geb-lich schmettert des Ge-richts Po-sau-ne ih-ren Oh-ren ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Abdruck eines Revolutionsliedes (nach dem Vorbild des französischen 'Ça ira' von 1789): "Weil denn die Herrn vom bes-sern Blut die neu-e Zeit nicht ler-nen: drum hängt die Herren kurz und gut ... hoch, hoch an die La-ter-nen!" Vgl. dazu Dunder, W. G.: Denkschrift über die Wiener October-Revolution; Wien 1849 S. 36: "Dieses Gedicht erschien abgedruckt im politischen Studenten-Courier vom 4. October [1848], Nr. 91, redigirt von Adolf Buchheim und Oscar Falke [recte Georg Peter] ..."

Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium

This volume represents the proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Biochemical Engineering Symposium held at Kansas State University on April 26, 1986. Some of the papers describe the progress of ongoing projects, and others contain the results of completed projects. Only brief summaries are given of many of the papers that will be published in full elsewhere. ContentsEnd-Product Inhibition of the Acetone-Butanol Fermentation—Bob Kuhn, Colorado State University Effect of Multiple Substrates in Ethanal Fermentations from Cheese Whey—C.J. Wang, University of Missouri Extraction and Fermentation of Ensiled Sweet Sorghum—Karl Noah, Colorado State University Removal of Nucleic Acids from Bakers' Yeast—Richard M. Cordes, Iowa State University Modeling the Effects of Plasmid Replication and Product Repression on the Growth Rate of Recombinant Bacteria—William E. Bentley, University of Colorado Indirect Estimates of Cell Concentrations in Mass Cultivation of Bacterial Cells—Andrew Fisher, University of Missouri A Mathematical Model for Liquid Recirculation in Airlift Columns—C.H.Lee, Kansas State University Characterization of Imperfect Mixing of Batch Reactors by Two Compartment Model—Peter Sohn, University of Missouri First Order Breakage Model for the Degradation of Pullalan in the Batch Fermentor—Stephen A. Milligan, Kansas State University Synthesis and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of 13C-Labeled Amylopectin and Maltooligosaccharides—Bernard Y. Tao, Iowa State University Preparation of Fungal Starter Culture in Gas Fluidized Bed Reactor—Pal Mihaltz, Colorado State University Yeast Flocculation and Sedimentation—David Szlag, University of Colorado Protein Enrichment of Extrusion Cooked Corn by Solid Substrate Fermentation—Lucas Alvarez-Martinez, Colorado State University Optimum Design of a Hollow Fiber Mammalian Cell Reactor—Thomas Chresand, Colorado State University Gas Chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Trifluoroacetylated Carbohydrates—Steven T. Summerfelt, Iowa State University Kinetic and Bioenergetic Considerations for Modeling Photosynthetic Microbial P~ocesses in Producing Biomass and Treating Wastewater—H. Y. Lee, Kansas State University Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Bicarbonate-Limited Photsynthetic Growth in Continuous Culture—Craig Curless, Kansas State University Data Acquisition and Control of a Rotary Drum Solid State Fermentor—Mnasria A. Habib, Colorado State University Biodegradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D)—Greg Sinton, Kansas State University

El ombligo del aparato anímico freudiano : Un recorrido sobre lo no conocido [unnerkant]

El presente trabajo se propone explorar el uso que hace Freud de la categoría de lo 'no conocido' (unnerkant) a partir de la expresión 'el ombligo del sueño' utilizada en 'La Interpretación de los Sueños'. Intentando recorrer el lugar que tiene esta categoría en el pensamiento Freudiano y en la noción de Aparto Anímico, se recorrerán dos textos articulados a 'La Interpretación de los Sueños': 'Algunas notas adicionales a la interpretación de los sueños en su conjunto' y el 'Complemento Metapsicológico a la doctrina de los sueños'. El ombligo del sueño aparece mencionado en una breve y oscura referencia que realiza Freud en 'La Interpretación de los Sueños' en la cual se localiza lo "no conocido" en el Aparato Anímico. Años más tarde, esta categoría vuelve a ser mencionado en las 'Notas adicionales'. Se trata de tres breves escritos pensados por su autor como anotaciones al final de la Interpretación de los sueños. Algo en ellos, escandalizó a la comunidad analítica de su época y nunca tendrán ese destino. Freud se ocupa allí de temáticas complejas, polémicas: 'Los límites de la interpretabilidad', 'La responsabilidad moral por el contenido de los sueños', y 'El significado ocultista del sueño'. Allí nuevamente Freud no retrocede ante lo 'no conocido'. Nos detendremos en el tercero en donde Freud aborda el enigma de los fenómenos de adivinación, intentando explicarse cómo puede explicarse el mensaje que se recibe 'supuestamente' desde afuera, desde el adivino. Articulará estos fenómenos a un mecanismo que denomina 'transferencia inmediata': alguna moción reprimida pasó del consultante al adivino mientras éste distraía su atención. ¿Cuál es la mediación que no se produjo? ¿Qué lugar tiene allí la atención? Estas preguntas nos llevarán a pensar un modo de operación del Aparato Anímico descripto en 'La Interpretación de los Sueños' como 'Procesos Incorrectos': El segundo sistema solo inviste una representación si está en condiciones de inhibir el desarrollo de displacer que parte del primer sistema. Lo que se sustraiga de esta inhibición queda inasequible al segundo sistema. Por otro lado, dado que el proceso secundario adviene tardíamente, las mociones y deseos del inconsciente, 'núcleo de nuestro ser', permanecen no inhibibles, inasequibles a la investidura del preconsciente. Pero si lo reprimido se inviste con la moción inconsciente y es abandonado por la investidura prcc, queda a merced del proceso psíquico primario y apunta a la descarga motriz o a la reanimación alucinatoria de la identidad perceptiva. Los llama 'Procesos incorrectos', modos de trabajo primario del aparato, cuando ha sido librado de la inhibición. Se muestran allí desplazamientos y contaminaciones idénticos a la 'falta de atención' El lugar entonces de la atención y la conciencia (o Segundo Sistema) nos llevará a una última articulación con el 'Complemento Metapsicológico a la doctrina de los sueños'. Allí Freud estudia la creencia en la realidad del cumplimiento de deseo en el sueño, que pone en serie con algunos fenómenos alucinatorios. Este fenómeno lo llevara a proponer un dispositivo: el examen de realidad. Dirá que se trata del dispositivo que establece la diferencia entre realidad y deseo. El caso de la Psicosis Alucinatoria de Deseo, pondrá en evidencia que puede un deseo cumplido figurarse con creencia plena, como si fuese una realidad exterior. Así, podemos pensar que no ya en el sistema Inconsciente (Primer Sistema), sino en este caso en el Segundo Sistema hay un punto, un punto en el que el aparato se abre y no al mundo exterior. De modo que podemos pensar que para Freud, a la hora de formalizar su experiencia en lo que se conocerá como 'Aparato Anímico' las categorías adentro y afuera no permitirían dar cuenta de su espacialidad. Del mismo modo que los tres tiempos y su clásico ordenamiento, tampoco permiten inscribir la temporalidad con la que tal aparato revela su funcionamiento La exploración de lo no conocido (unnerkant) recorre fenómenos que plantean esta dificultad: algo es abierto y cerrado al mismo tiempo. Como un ombligo. Nos interesa subrayar que, si tenemos en cuenta las 'Notas' y el 'Complemento' esto atraviesa también el funcionamiento del segundo sistema. De modo que parece extenderse al funcionamiento del aparato y no sólo del Inconsciente. Es decir, permite pensar un aparato abierto-cerrado al mismo tiempo

El ombligo del aparato anímico freudiano : Un recorrido sobre lo no conocido [unnerkant]

El presente trabajo se propone explorar el uso que hace Freud de la categoría de lo 'no conocido' (unnerkant) a partir de la expresión 'el ombligo del sueño' utilizada en 'La Interpretación de los Sueños'. Intentando recorrer el lugar que tiene esta categoría en el pensamiento Freudiano y en la noción de Aparto Anímico, se recorrerán dos textos articulados a 'La Interpretación de los Sueños': 'Algunas notas adicionales a la interpretación de los sueños en su conjunto' y el 'Complemento Metapsicológico a la doctrina de los sueños'. El ombligo del sueño aparece mencionado en una breve y oscura referencia que realiza Freud en 'La Interpretación de los Sueños' en la cual se localiza lo "no conocido" en el Aparato Anímico. Años más tarde, esta categoría vuelve a ser mencionado en las 'Notas adicionales'. Se trata de tres breves escritos pensados por su autor como anotaciones al final de la Interpretación de los sueños. Algo en ellos, escandalizó a la comunidad analítica de su época y nunca tendrán ese destino. Freud se ocupa allí de temáticas complejas, polémicas: 'Los límites de la interpretabilidad', 'La responsabilidad moral por el contenido de los sueños', y 'El significado ocultista del sueño'. Allí nuevamente Freud no retrocede ante lo 'no conocido'. Nos detendremos en el tercero en donde Freud aborda el enigma de los fenómenos de adivinación, intentando explicarse cómo puede explicarse el mensaje que se recibe 'supuestamente' desde afuera, desde el adivino. Articulará estos fenómenos a un mecanismo que denomina 'transferencia inmediata': alguna moción reprimida pasó del consultante al adivino mientras éste distraía su atención. ¿Cuál es la mediación que no se produjo? ¿Qué lugar tiene allí la atención? Estas preguntas nos llevarán a pensar un modo de operación del Aparato Anímico descripto en 'La Interpretación de los Sueños' como 'Procesos Incorrectos': El segundo sistema solo inviste una representación si está en condiciones de inhibir el desarrollo de displacer que parte del primer sistema. Lo que se sustraiga de esta inhibición queda inasequible al segundo sistema. Por otro lado, dado que el proceso secundario adviene tardíamente, las mociones y deseos del inconsciente, 'núcleo de nuestro ser', permanecen no inhibibles, inasequibles a la investidura del preconsciente. Pero si lo reprimido se inviste con la moción inconsciente y es abandonado por la investidura prcc, queda a merced del proceso psíquico primario y apunta a la descarga motriz o a la reanimación alucinatoria de la identidad perceptiva. Los llama 'Procesos incorrectos', modos de trabajo primario del aparato, cuando ha sido librado de la inhibición. Se muestran allí desplazamientos y contaminaciones idénticos a la 'falta de atención' El lugar entonces de la atención y la conciencia (o Segundo Sistema) nos llevará a una última articulación con el 'Complemento Metapsicológico a la doctrina de los sueños'. Allí Freud estudia la creencia en la realidad del cumplimiento de deseo en el sueño, que pone en serie con algunos fenómenos alucinatorios. Este fenómeno lo llevara a proponer un dispositivo: el examen de realidad. Dirá que se trata del dispositivo que establece la diferencia entre realidad y deseo. El caso de la Psicosis Alucinatoria de Deseo, pondrá en evidencia que puede un deseo cumplido figurarse con creencia plena, como si fuese una realidad exterior. Así, podemos pensar que no ya en el sistema Inconsciente (Primer Sistema), sino en este caso en el Segundo Sistema hay un punto, un punto en el que el aparato se abre y no al mundo exterior. De modo que podemos pensar que para Freud, a la hora de formalizar su experiencia en lo que se conocerá como 'Aparato Anímico' las categorías adentro y afuera no permitirían dar cuenta de su espacialidad. Del mismo modo que los tres tiempos y su clásico ordenamiento, tampoco permiten inscribir la temporalidad con la que tal aparato revela su funcionamiento La exploración de lo no conocido (unnerkant) recorre fenómenos que plantean esta dificultad: algo es abierto y cerrado al mismo tiempo. Como un ombligo. Nos interesa subrayar que, si tenemos en cuenta las 'Notas' y el 'Complemento' esto atraviesa también el funcionamiento del segundo sistema. De modo que parece extenderse al funcionamiento del aparato y no sólo del Inconsciente. Es decir, permite pensar un aparato abierto-cerrado al mismo tiempo