Diversidade genética em um grupo de anuros em miniatura endêmico da Mata Atlântica brasileira (Euparkerella Griffiths 1959).

A Mata Atlântica (MA) está entre as regiões com maior biodiversidade e mais ameaçadas do planeta. Esforços em diversas áreas do conhecimento têm sido feitos para que se tenha uma estimativa mais refinada da diversidade existente e sua organização ao longo do bioma. O crescente número de estudos que buscam reconstituir a história da diversificação da MA apontam para um cenário espacial e temporal complexo, havendo ainda uma lacuna no conhecimento dos processos em pequena escala. Vertebrados em miniatura têm se mostrado uma boa ferramenta para estudos de processos evolutivos em pequena escala. Assim, o gênero Euparkerella, endêmico de uma pequena região da MA dos Estados do Rio de Janeiro (RJ) e Espírito Santo (ES), foi escolhido como modelo para este estudo. No primeiro capítulo buscou-se descrever a diversidade existente dentro do gênero a partir de uma filogenia molecular. Para isso, utilizaram-se métodos bayesianos para gerar genealogias de genes e de espécies a partir de um fragmento de gene mitocondrial e quatro fragmentos de genes nucleares. Os resultados obtidos apontaram para uma grande diversidade críptica no gênero. Foram identificadas seis unidades evolutivas significativamente divergentes para o RJ: duas em Euparkerella cochranae, três em Euparkerella brasiliensis, e Euparkerella sp.. A espécie mais basal recuperada foi Euparkerella robusta, do ES, e estimou-se o início da diversificação do gênero para o final do Mioceno. O segundo capítulo descreve onze marcadores de microssatélites desenvolvidos para Euparkerella brasiliensis através do método de pirosequenciamento de nova geração 454. No terceiro capítulo estudou-se apenas uma unidade evolutiva, Euparkerella brasiliensis da área dos Três Picos/ RJ. A partir de marcadores de evolução rápida (microssatélites) e lenta (sequências de DNA) buscou-se compreender a estrutura e a dinâmica populacional desta unidade evolutiva em uma área bastante pequena (aprox. 20 km) sob influência de um gradiente ambiental altitudinal (40 m 1000 m). Foram identificadas, a partir dos microssatélites, duas subpopulações geneticamente distintas nas bordas do gradiente. O fluxo gênico se deu predominantemente das bordas para a zona de contato, onde foi observado o maior efetivo populacional. Tais resultados indicam que pequenas variações ambientais podem atuar no isolamento populacional em Euparkerella e corroboram o padrão de formas microendêmicas identificadas na filogenia. Futuros estudos devem ser feitos no sentido de buscar caracterizar morfologicamente as unidades evolutivas aqui identificadas; preencher as lacunas amostrais, especialmente no ES; e descrever os processos que atuam em pequena escala nas zonas de contato entre as unidades evolutivas e fatores limitantes a distribuição das mesmas.

Genetic and morphological differences between Sebastes vulpes and S. zonatus (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae)

The taxonomic status of Sebastes vulpes and S. zonatus were clarified by comprehensive genetic (amplif ied fragment length polymorphisms [AFLP] and mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA] variation) and morphological analyses on a total of 65 specimens collected from a single locality. A principal coordinate analysis based on 364 AFLP loci separated the specimens completely into two genetically distinct groups that corresponded to S. vulpes and S. zonatus according to body coloration and that indicated that they are reproductively isolated species. Significant morphological differences were also evident between the two groups; 1) separation by principal component analysis based on 31 measurements, and 2)separation according to differences in counts of gill rakers and dorsal-fin spines without basal scales, and in the frequencies of specimens with small scales on the lower jaw. Restriction of gene flow between the two groups was also indicated by the pairwise ΦST values estimated from variations in partial sequences from the mtDNA control region, although the minimum spanning network did not result in separation into distinct clades. The latter was likely due to incomplete lineage sorting between S. vulpes and S. zonatus owing to their recent speciation.

Systematics of the North American menhadens: molecular evolutionary reconstructions in the genus Brevoortia (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae)

Evolutionary associations among the four North American species of menhadens (Brevoortia spp.) have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, classifications separating the four species into small-scaled and large-scaled groups were evaluated by using DNA data, and genetic associations within these groups were explored. Specifically, data from the nuclear genome (microsatellites) and the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA sequences) were used to elicit patterns of recent and historical evolutionary associations. Nuclear DNA data indicated limited contemporary gene flow among the species, and also indicated higher relatedness within the small-scaled and large-scaled menhadens than between these groups. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of the large-scaled menhadens indicated the presence of two ancestral lineages, one of which contained members of both species. This result may indicate genetic diver-gence (reproductive isolation) followed by secondary contact (hybridization) between these species. In contrast, a single ancestral lineage indicated incomplete genetic divergence between the small-scaled menhaden. These results are discussed in the context of the biology and demographics of each species.

Inferring Population Genetic Structure in Widely and Continuously Distributed Carnivores: The Stone Marten (Martes foina) as a Case Study

The stone marten is a widely distributed mustelid in the Palaearctic region that exhibits variable habitat preferences in different parts of its range. The species is a Holocene immigrant from southwest Asia which, according to fossil remains, followed the expansion of the Neolithic farming cultures into Europe and possibly colonized the Iberian Peninsula during the Early Neolithic (ca. 7,000 years BP). However, the population genetic structure and historical biogeography of this generalist carnivore remains essentially unknown. In this study we have combined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing (621 bp) and microsatellite genotyping (23 polymorphic markers) to infer the population genetic structure of the stone marten within the Iberian Peninsula. The mtDNA data revealed low haplotype and nucleotide diversities and a lack of phylogeographic structure, most likely due to a recent colonization of the Iberian Peninsula by a few mtDNA lineages during the Early Neolithic. The microsatellite data set was analysed with a) spatial and non-spatial Bayesian individual-based clustering (IBC) approaches (STRUCTURE, TESS, BAPS and GENELAND), and b) multivariate methods [discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and spatial principal component analysis (sPCA)]. Additionally, because isolation by distance (IBD) is a common spatial genetic pattern in mobile and continuously distributed species and it may represent a challenge to the performance of the above methods, the microsatellite data set was tested for its presence. Overall, the genetic structure of the stone marten in the Iberian Peninsula was characterized by a NE-SW spatial pattern of IBD, and this may explain the observed disagreement between clustering solutions obtained by the different IBC methods. However, there was significant indication for contemporary genetic structuring, albeit weak, into at least three different subpopulations. The detected subdivision could be attributed to the influence of the rivers Ebro, Tagus and Guadiana, suggesting that main watercourses in the Iberian Peninsula may act as semi-permeable barriers to gene flow in stone martens. To our knowledge, this is the first phylogeographic and population genetic study of the species at a broad regional scale. We also wanted to make the case for the importance and benefits of using and comparing multiple different clustering and multivariate methods in spatial genetic analyses of mobile and continuously distributed species.

Pacific Salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and the Definition of "Species" Under the Endangered Species Act

For purposes ofthe Endangered Species Act (ESA), a "species" is defined to include "any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature. "Federal agencies charged with carrying out the provisions of the ESA have struggled for over a decade to develop a consistent approach for interpreting the term "distinct population segment." This paper outlines such an approach and explains in some detail how it can be applied to ESA evaluations of anadromous Pacific salmonids. The following definition is proposed: A population (or group of populations) will be considered "distinct" (and hence a "species ")for purposes of the ESA if it represents an evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of the biological species. A population must satisfy two criteria to be considered an ESU: 1) It must be substantially reproductively isolated from other conspecific population units, and 2) It must represent an important component in the evolutionary legacy of the species. Isolation does not have to be absolute, but it must be strong enough to permit evolutionarily important differences to accrue in different population units. The second criterion would be met if the population contributes substantially to the ecological/genetic diversity of the species as a whole. Insights into the extent of reproductive isolation can be provided by movements of tagged fish, natural recolonization rates observed in other populations, measurements of genetic differences between populations, and evaluations of the efficacy of natural barriers. Each of these methods has its limitations. Identification of physical barriers to genetic exchange can help define the geographic extent of distinct populations, but reliance on physical features alone can be misleading in the absence of supporting biological information. Physical tags provide information about the movements of individual fish but not the genetic consequences of migration. Furthermore, measurements ofc urrent straying or recolonization rates provide no direct information about the magnitude or consistency of such rates in the past. In this respect, data from protein electrophoresis or DNA analyses can be very useful because they reflect levels of gene flow that have occurred over evolutionary time scales. The best strategy is to use all available lines of evidence for or against reproductive isolation, recognizing the limitations of each and taking advantage of the often complementary nature of the different types of information. If available evidence indicates significant reproductive isolation, the next step is to determine whether the population in question is of substantial ecological/genetic importance to the species as a whole. In other words, if the population became extinct, would this event represent a significant loss to the ecological/genetic diversity of thes pecies? In making this determination, the following questions are relevant: 1) Is the population genetically distinct from other conspecific populations? 2) Does the population occupy unusual or distinctive habitat? 3) Does the population show evidence of unusual or distinctive adaptation to its environment? Several types of information are useful in addressing these questions. Again, the strengths and limitations of each should be kept in mind in making the evaluation. Phenotypic/life-history traits such as size, fecundity, and age and time of spawning may reflect local adaptations of evolutionary importance, but interpretation of these traits is complicated by their sensitivity to environmental conditions. Data from protein electrophoresis or DNA analyses provide valuable insight into theprocessofgenetic differentiation among populations but little direct information regarding the extent of adaptive genetic differences. Habitat differences suggest the possibility for local adaptations but do not prove that such adaptations exist. The framework suggested here provides a focal point for accomplishing the majorgoal of the Act-to conserve the genetic diversity of species and the ecosystems they inhabit. At the same time, it allows discretion in the listing of populations by requiring that they represent units of real evolutionary significance to the species. Further, this framework provides a means of addressing several issues of particular concern for Pacific salmon, including anadromous/nonanadromous population segments, differences in run-timing, groups of populations, introduced populations, and the role of hatchery fish.

Análises genéticas de carcaças de atobá marrom, Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783), da região centro-norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

A região da Bacia de Campos está exposta a diversas atividades antrópicas, que interferem diretamente no funcionamento do ecossistêmico marinho. O estudo da fauna marinha na costa centro-norte fluminense mostra grande relevância, diversas aves marinhas residem ou passam grande parte de seu período migratório ao longo da Bacia de Campos, entre elas está Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783). Embora essas aves sejam altamente móveis, suas populações apresentam uma estrutura populacional genética robusta. Com o intuito de verificar a estruturação e as relações evolutivas da população de Sula leucogaster na Bacia de Campos foram recolhidas 91 amostras de encalhe e os dados gerados para esta região foram comparados com dados já publicados de outras bacias oceânicas. A partir da região controle do DNA mitocondrial foram gerados 26 haplótipos, todos exclusivos da Bacia de Campos, muitos raros e apenas oito possuíram frequência comum. As análises mostraram que a população da Bacia de Campos é um estoque genético de Sula leucogaster. Tal fato pode ser atribuído ao comportamento filopátrico e ao hábito costeiro dessa espécie que impede o fluxo gênico entre populações. Além disso, a população da Bacia de Campos detém baixa variabilidade genética e possivelmente está sofrendo efeito gargalo ou seleção purificadora, corroborados por valores do teste Fu, o que é comum para espécies que se dividem em subpopulações. Os dados filogenéticos demonstram um contato recente entre as populações da Bacia de Campos e da ilha de Ascensão. As condições oceanográficas também têm influência na estruturação de populações de Sula leucogaster, visto que a ausência de barreiras e a proximidade geográfica poderiam favorecer contato secundário com o Mar do Caribe, fato não evidenciado nas análises. Sendo assim, a divergência de populações nessa espécie e a baixa variabilidade genética são fatores preocupantes para a manutenção da população de atobás marrons em uma área de grande impacto ambiental

木根麦冬基因流动与居群遗传变异的时空动态研究

本报告对木根麦冬的生态、遗传与进化等方面进行了综合研究，分析了木根麦冬居群内个体育性变异与基因流的模式与强度，研究了木根麦冬居群遗传变异在时间与空间的动态变化过程，深入探讨了该物种的适应策略、自然选择与进化模式。同时对生物进化中的一些基本问题进行了尝试性探讨。 一、影响有性繁殖生物居群中交配与繁殖成功的行为、生态与遗传现象最终决定等位基因与基因型的相对频率及其在世代间的变化。植物的交配系统不仅决定了居群未来世代的基因型频率，而且还影响到植物居群的有效大小、基因流和选择等其它进化因素。我们利用等位酶多态性，采用似然性方法与计算机模拟为木根麦冬三个居群的种子确定父本。共有90.1%的种子可以在居群中找到唯一的最可能父本。在这些种子中，56.1%在0.95的显著水平上可以确定唯一亲本。并且还发现：1．个体自交越多，产生的种子就越多;2．个体提供 给自己的有效花粉比提供给别的植株的有效花粉多，3．只接受花粉而不提供花粉的植株产生的种子少;4．只接受花粉而不提供花粉的植株产生种子的机会也少，综合我们以前的研究结果，可以认为，木根麦冬的交配系统正在或已经发 生了转变，从以异交为主到以自交为主。 二、点模式分析的结果表明在所研究的三个居群中，木根麦冬个体都表现出相对随机的分布。空间自相关分析却发现开花个体在空间聚集分布，呈斑块状开花。这个结果也表明个体空间分布模式与开花状态没有直接关系，集团性开花可能是一个促进花粉传播的适应特征：开花个体的聚集可能对传粉者形成强有力的吸引。空间自相关分析表明木根麦冬居群中大多数等位基因都聚集成一定大小的斑块。基因的聚集突出的说明了木根麦冬居群内基因流动的状况，花粉与种子的传播受到限制。传粉能力弱的传粉者以及种子的近距离的散布使基因局限于一定的小范围内，从而形成基因斑块，而斑块的大小由传粉者的活动范围及种子的传播距离决定。 三、基因纯合导致有害的隐性基因或部分致死的基因表达，使纯合子适合度降低，因此纯合子频率在世代间的变化将是衡量近交衰退的一个较好的指标。木根麦冬中亲代居群的观察杂合度大大高于子代居群，这个结果表明大量的纯合子在从种子到成株的过程中被淘汰。大量的纯合子被淘汰可能时由于隐性致死或有害等位基因纯合的结果，自交以及有亲缘关系的个体之间交配使有害等位基因与致死等位基因纯合，从而使一个远交种中出现自交衰退，过量的纯合子被淘汰是自交衰退的直接后果。

The geographic basis for population structure in Fraser River chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

We surveyed variation at 13 microsatellite loci in approximately 7400 chinook salmon sampled from 52 spawning sites in the Fraser River drainage during 1988–98 to examine the spatial and temporal basis of population structure in the watershed. Genetically discrete chinook salmon populations were associated with almost all spawning sites, although gene flow within some tributaries prevented or limited differentiation among spawning groups. The mean FST value over 52 samples and 13 loci surveyed was 0.039. Geographic structuring of populations was apparent: distinct groups were identified in the upper, middle, and lower Fraser River regions, and the north, south, and lower Thompson River regions. The geographically and temporally isolated Birkenhead River population of the lower Fraser region was sufficiently genetically distinctive to be treated as a separate region in a hierarchial analysis of gene diversity. Approximately 95% of genetic variation was contained within populations, and the remainder was accounted for by differentiation among regions (3.1%), among populations within regions (1.3%), and among years within populations (0.5%).Analysis of allelic diversity and private alleles did not support the suggestion that genetically distinctive populations of chinook salmon in the south Thompson were the result of postglacial hybridization of ocean-type and stream-type chinook in the Fraser River drainage. However, the relatively small amount of differentiation among Fraser River chinook salmon populations supports the suggestion that gene flow among genetically distinct groups of postglacial colonizing groups of chinook salmon has occurred, possibly prior to colonization of the Fraser River drainage.

Allozyme and RAPD variation in the eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)

Stock structure of eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna was investigated by analyzing allozymes and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) from 10 samples of 20–30 individuals each, collected between 1994 and 1996 from fishing vessels operating in the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) yellowfin regulatory area (CYRA). Allozyme analysis resolved 28 loci, eight of which were polymorphic under the 0.95 criterion: Aat-S*, Glud, Gpi-F*, Gpi-S*, La, Lgg, Pap-F*, and 6-Pgd, resulting in a mean heterozygosity over all allozyme loci of H = 0.052. Four polymorphic RAPD loci were selected for analysis, resulting in a mean heterozygosity of H = 0.43. Eight of 45 pairwise comparisons of allozyme allele frequencies among the ten samples showed significant differences after correction for multiple testing (P<0.0001), all of which involved comparisons with the Gulf of California sample. Confirmation of this signal of population structure would have management implications. No significant divergence in RAPD allele frequencies was observed among samples. Weir and Cockerham θ estimated for allozyme loci (θ=0.048; P<0.05) and RAPD loci (θ=0.030; P>0.05) revealed little population structure among samples. Mantel tests demonstrated that the genetic relationships among samples did not correspond to an isolation-by-distance model for either class of marker. Four of eight comparisons of coastal and offshore samples revealed differences of allele frequencies at the Gpi-F* locus (P<0.05), although none of these differences was significant after correction for multiple testing (P>0.001). Results are consistent with the hypothesis that the CYRA yellowfin tuna samples comprise a single genetic stock, although gene flow appears to be greater among coastal samples than between coastal and offshore samples.

Population structure of king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) around peninsular Florida, as revealed by microsatellite DNA

A total of 1006 king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) representing 20 discrete samples collected between 1996 and 1998 along the east (Atlantic) and west (Gulf) coasts of Florida and the Florida Keys were assayed for allelic variation at seven nuclear-encoded microsatellites. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations were found for six of the microsatellites, and genotypes at all microsatellites were independent. Allele distributions at each microsatellite were independent of sex and age of individuals. Homogeneity tests of spatial distributions of alleles at the microsatellites revealed two weakly divergent “genetic” subpopulations or stocks of king mackerel in Florida waters—one along the Atlantic coast and one along the Gulf coast. Homogeneity tests of allele distributions when samples were pooled along seasonal (temporal) boundaries, consistent with the temporal boundaries used currently for stock assessment and allocation of the king mackerel resource, were nonsignificant. The degree of genetic divergence between the two “genetic” stocks was small: on average, only 0.19% of the total genetic variance across all samples assayed occurred between the two regions. Cluster analysis, assignment tests, and spatial autocorrelation analysis did not generate patterns that were consistent with either geographic or spatial-temporal boundaries. King mackerel sampled from the Florida Keys could not be assigned unequivocally to either “genetic” stock. The genetic data were not consistent with current spatial-temporal boundaries employed in stock assessment and allocation of the king mackerel resource. The genetic differences between king mackerel in the Atlantic versus those in the Gulf most likely stem from reduced gene flow (migration) between the Atlantic and Gulf in relation to gene flow (migration) along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of peninsular Florida. This difference is consistent with findings for other marine fishes where data indicate that the southern Florida peninsula serves (or has served) as a biogeographic boundary.

Assessment of cattle genetic introgression into domestic yak populations using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers

Hybridization between yak Poephagus grunniens and taurine Bos taurus or indicine B. indicus cattle has been widely practiced throughout the yak geographical range, and gene flow is expected to have occurred between these species. To assess the impact of cattle admixture on domestic yak, we examined 1076 domestic yak from 29 populations collected in China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and Russia using mitochondrial DNA and 17 autosomal microsatellite loci. A cattle diagnostic marker-based analysis reveals cattle-specific mtDNA and/or autosomal microsatellite allele introgression in 127 yak individuals from 22 populations. The mean level of cattle admixture across the populations, calculated using allelic information at 17 autosomal microsatellite loci, remains relatively low (mY(cattle) = 2.66 +/- 0.53% and Q(cattle) = 0.69 +/- 2.58%), although it varies a lot across populations as well as among individuals within population. Although the level of cattle admixture shows a clear geographical structure, with higher levels of admixture in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Mongolian and Russian regions, and lower levels in the Himalayan and Pamir Plateau region, our results indicate that the level of cattle admixture is not significantly correlated with the altitude across geographical regions as well as within geographical region. Although yak-cattle hybridization is primarily driven to produce F-1 hybrids, our results show that the subsequent gene flow between yak and cattle took place and has affected contemporary genetic make-up of domestic yak. To protect yak genetic integrity, hybridization between yak and cattle should be tightly controlled.

Taxonomic status of the white-head langur (Trachypithecus francoisi leucoscephalus) inferred from allozyme electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD)

Six sample specimens of Trachypithecus francoisi and 3 of T. leucocephalus were analyzed by use of allozyme electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) in order to clarify the challenged taxonomic status of the white-head langur. Among the 44 loci surveyed, only 1 locus (PGM-2) was found to be polymorphic. Nei's genetic distance was 0.0025. In total, thirty 10-mer arbitrary primers were used for RAPD analysis, of which 22 generated clear bands. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on genetic distances using neighbor-joining and UPGMA methods. The results show that T. francoisi and T: leucocephalus are not monophyletic. T. francoisi from Guangxi, China and Vietnam could not be clearly distinguished, and they are not divided into 2 clusters. A t-test was performed to evaluate between genetic distances within and between T. leucocephalus and T. francoisi taxa groups. The statistical test shows that the taxa group within T: leucocephalus and T: francoisi does not significantly differ from that between T: leucocephalus and T: francoisi at the 5% level. Our results suggest that the level of genetic differentiation between T, leucocephalus and T. francoisi is relatively low. Recent gene flow might exist between T. francoisi and T. leucocephalus. Combining morphological features, geographical distribution, allozyme data, RAPD data, and mtDNA sequences, we suggest that the white-head langur might be a subspecies of T. francoisi.

Mitochondrial diversity and phylogeographic structure of Chinese domestic goats

China has numerous native domestic goat breeds, but so far there has been no extensive study on genetic diversity, population demographic history, and origin of Chinese goats. Here, we examined the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Chinese domestic goats by determining a 481-bp fragment of the first hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region from 368 individuals representing 18 indigenous breeds. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that there were four mtDNA lineages (A-D) identified in Chinese goats, in which lineage A was predominant, lineage B was moderate, and lineages C and D were at low frequency. These results further support the multiple maternal origins of domestic goats. The pattern of genetic variation in goat mtDNA sequences indicated that the two larger lineages A and B had undergone population expansion events. In a combined analysis of previously reported sequences and our sequences belonging to lineage B, we detected two subclades, in which one was unique to eastern Asia and another was shared between eastern and southern Asia. A larger genetic variation in eastern Asia than southern Asia and the pattern of phylogeographic variation in lineage B suggest that at least one subclade of lineage B originated from eastern Asia. There was no significant geographical structuring in Chinese goat populations, which suggested that there existed strong gene flow among goat populations caused by extensive transportation of goats in history. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Genetic diversity of Bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus,1758)) using AFLP markers in Persian Gulf

Platycephalus indicus is a large benthic fish that inhabits temperate and tropical coastal waters of the Indo-West Pacific and found on sand or mud bottom in vary shallow area of estuary and near shore to depth of 25m. This species is dominant species of platycephalidae family, in Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgan provinces and mainly is captured by bottom trawl, gillnet and moshta in Hormozgan. This study was designed to evaluate population variation and differentiation of bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1785))in the Iranian waters of Persian Gulf using the morphometric and meristic characters and by AFLP marker. . A total 180 fish specimens were collected by gill net from six station(khor mosa, bahrekan, shif, motaf, charak and bandar abbas) that was 30 individual related to every station in Iranian shores of Persian Gulf . 28 morphometric factors and 11meristic specialties were measured and morphometric factors was standardized with Beacham formula. Univariate analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) revealed significant differences with varying degrees between the means for 21 standardized morphometric measurements and 6 meristic counts that showed high significant differences between the six stations sampling. Discriminate function analysis (DFA) or the overall random assignment of individuals into their original groups was for morphometric and meristic characters was 47.9% and 53.9% respectively. The data were subjected to a principle component analysis (PCA) which grouped in eight and four factors for morphometric and meristic charactersrespectively.. Genetic diversity of six populations of bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus) was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). A total of 118 reproducible bands amplified with ten AFLP primer combinations were obtained from 42 fishes that were collected from six different locations in the northern of Persian Gulf. The percentage of polymorphic bands was 57.06%. Average of Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.200±0.008, and Average of Shannon’s index was 0.300±0.011. The results of AMOVA analysis indicated that 66% of the genetic variation contained within populations and 34% occurred among populations and gene flow was 0.6454.The estimated level of population differentiation asmeasured by average Fst value across all loci was 0.327. Plotting discriminant functions 1 and 2 and UPGMA dendrograms based on Euclidian distance and genetic distance also showed at least five separate populations of bartail flathead in the northern Persian Gulf.

Connectivity of coral reefs between marine park and non-marine park islands in the Malacca Straits

This study investigates the genetic population and gene flow in the clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris), across the Langkawi and Payar Archipelago by analysis of molecular markers in the mitochondrial region.