Subcontracting and vertical integration in the Spanish cotton industry

This paper examines changes in the organization of the Spanish cotton industry from 1720 to 1860 in its core region of Catalonia. As the Spanish cotton industry adopted the most modern technology and experienced the transition to the factory system, cotton spinning and weaving mills became increasingly vertically integrated. Asset specificity more than other factors explained this tendency towards vertical integration. The probability for a firm of being vertically integrated was higher among firms located in districts with high concentration ratios and rose with size and the use of modern machinery. Simultaneously, subcontracting predominated in other phases of production and distribution where transaction costs appears to be less important.

O Comércio Intra-sectorial entre Portugal e os Países da União Europeia

A presente investigação tem como objectivo analisar a evolução do comércio intra-sectorial nas relações bilaterais entre Portugal e os países da União Europeia durante o período de 1995-2008 para os sectores: 31 e 34 e o impacto sobre das principais variáveis explicativas: diferença do rendimento per capita, diferença das dotações relativas, valor mínimo do rendimento per capita, valor máximo do rendimento per capita, BORDER (adjacência/fronteira), distância geográfica e dimensão do mercado (das economias) sobre o comércio intra-sectorial. A intensidade e a contribuição do comércio intra-sectorial é medida em termos absolutos e relativos através do índice proposto por Grubel e Lloyd (1975); a desagregação do comércio intra-sectorial horizontal e vertical é efectuada utilizando o critério de Abd-EL-Rahman (1991) e Grenaway et al. (1994) aplicado ao índice de Grubel e Lloyd. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o comércio intra-sectorial vertical representa maior peso no total do comércio intra-sectorial nas relações bilaterais entre Portugal e a União Europeia, para ambos os sectores tanto em termos absolutos como em termos relativos. Em termos dos resultados econométricos verificou-se que a variável, proxy diferença do consumo eléctrico per capita utilizada para medir as dotações relativas possui um efeito negativo sobre o comércio intra-sectorial. As variáveis dimensão do mercado e valor mínimo do rendimento per capita apresentam um impacto positivo sobre o comércio intra-sectorial.

Pharmaceutical generics, vertical product differentiation and public policy

This paper studies oligopolistic competition in off-patent pharmaceuticalmarkets using a vertical product differentiation model. This model canexplain the observation that countries with stronger regulations havesmaller generic market shares. It can also explain the differences inobserved regulatory regimes. Stronger regulation may be due to a higherproportion of production that is done by foreign firms. Finally, a closelyrelated model can account for the observed increase in prices by patentowners after entry of generic producers.

Report and Recommendations of the Iowa Vertical Infrastructure Advisory Committee, December 17, 2007

This report summaries the work of the committee over the last year and its vision for the future. The committee is followed with interest the work of the Department of Corrections and the Department of Veterans Affairs in evaluating the needs of their facilities and recommends similar evaluations of facilities around the state by other agencies. The committee members are ready to offer advice on the needs of the state's again infrastructure and steps that could be taken to evaluate vacant and underutilized buildings and reduce operational and maintenance costs.

Vertical distributions of plankton in the upper 35m of the peruvian upwelling zone - application of a shipboard electronic plankton counting system

Analiza el proyecto ICANE y suma modificaciones para estudiar la distribución de zooplancton pequeño

Horizontal and vertical distributions of zooplanckton numbers and biomass off the coast of Peru

Estudio de las distribuciones horizontales y verticales del zooplancton a lo largo de una línea desde cerca de la costa hasta el borde de la plataforma.

Short term variation in the vertical distribution of copepods off the coast of northern Peru

Analiza los datos colectados de la clorofila frente al Peru cerca de 9°S. Determinandose la profundidad a la que se enuentran y la concentración de oxigeno durante el dia y la noche.

Distribución vertical del krill (Euphasia superba) en función de los parámetros oceanográficos a lo largo del estrecho de Bransfield. Vernao austral 1998. Perú Antar IX

Se ha determinado, mediante un análisis preliminar, que el krill (Euphausia superba) se distribuyó en aguas provenientes del Mar de Wedell y en aquellas procedentes del Paso Drake a lo largo del Estrecho de Bransfield y al sur de la Isla Elefante. En cuanto a sus parámetros preferenciales de distribución se ha determinado que esta especie se distribuyó en aguas con relativamente baja temperatura, pero con altos contenidos de salinidad y oxígeno.

Vertical Infrastructure Program Plan of Action, December 17, 2008

In order to promote the importance of our assets and to ensure continued and increasing funding for major maintenance and routine maintenance, in 2008 we intend to, annually update a list of facts relating to state buildings and the maintenance needs for those buildings. This information will support the case for increased and permanent funding

Report and Recommendations of the Iowa Vertical Infrastructure Advisory Committee, December 15, 2008

This report summaries the work of the committee over the last year and its vision for the future. The committee is followed with interest the work of the Department of Corrections and the Department of Veterans Affairs in evaluating the needs of their facilities and recommends similar evaluations of facilities around the state by other agencies. The committee members are ready to offer advice on the needs of the state's again infrastructure and steps that could be taken to evaluate vacant and underutilized buildings and reduce operational and maintenance costs.

Distribución vertical de la vinciguerria, Estrategias de pesca y comportamiento de la red de arrastre pelágica tipo 124/1800. Crucero Bic Jose Olaya Balandra 9910

Durante este estudio se registraron valores de ecointegración y CPUE altos durante la noche, cuando los peces estaban más concentrados cerca de la superficie en una capa de 50 metros de profundidad.

Distribución vertical de la anchoveta peruana desde Tumbes a Tacna, en el verano 2002, relacionada con la temperatura y la salinidad

Analiza la distribución vertical de la anchoveta, tomada de la evaluación hidroacustica de los recursos pelagicos, colectada por el crucero BIC.

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass After Failed Vertical Banded Gastroplasty: a Multicenter Experience with 203 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) has long been the main restrictive procedure for morbid obesity but has many long-term complications for which conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) is often considered the best option. METHODS: This series regroups patients operated on by three different surgeons in four different centers. All data were collected prospectively, then pooled and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Out of 2,522 RYGBP performed between 1998 and 2010, 538 were reoperations, including 203 laparoscopic RYGBP after VBG. There were 175 women and 28 men. The mean BMI before VBG was 43.2 ± 6.3, and the mean BMI before reoperation was 37.4 ± 8.3. Most patients had more than one indication for reoperation and/or had regained significant weight. There was no conversion to open surgery. A total of 24 patients (11.8 %) developed complications, including nine (4.5 %) who required reoperation and one death. With a follow-up of 88.9 % after 8 years, the mean BMI after 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 years was 29.1, 28.8, 28.7, 29.9, and 28.8, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of this experience, the largest with laparoscopic reoperative RYGBP after failed VBG, we conclude that this procedure can safely be performed in experienced hands, with weight loss results similar to those observed after primary RYGBP. In patients with too difficult an anatomy below the cardia, dividing the esophagus just above the esophago-gastric junction and performing an esophagojejunostomy may be a safe alternative to converting to a Scopinaro-type BPD, obviating the additional long-term risks associated with malabsorption.