Review of Geohazard Warning Systems toward Development of a Popular Usage Geohazard Warning Communication System

The advent and evolution of geohazard warning systems is a very interesting study. The two broad fields that are immediately visible are that of geohazard evaluation and subsequent warning dissemination. Evidently, the latter field lacks any systematic study or standards. Arbitrarily organized and vague data and information on warning techniques create confusion and indecision. The purpose of this review is to try and systematize the available bulk of information on warning systems so that meaningful insights can be derived through decidable flowcharts, and a developmental process can be undertaken. Hence, the methods and technologies for numerous geohazard warning systems have been assessed by putting them into suitable categories for better understanding of possible ways to analyze their efficacy as well as shortcomings. By establishing a classification scheme based on extent, control, time period, and advancements in technology, the geohazard warning systems available in any literature could be comprehensively analyzed and evaluated. Although major advancements have taken place in geohazard warning systems in recent times, they have been lacking a complete purpose. Some systems just assess the hazard and wait for other means to communicate, and some are designed only for communication and wait for the hazard information to be provided, which usually is after the mishap. Primarily, systems are left at the mercy of administrators and service providers and are not in real time. An integrated hazard evaluation and warning dissemination system could solve this problem. Warning systems have also suffered from complexity of nature, requirement of expert-level monitoring, extensive and dedicated infrastructural setups, and so on. The user community, which would greatly appreciate having a convenient, fast, and generalized warning methodology, is surveyed in this review. The review concludes with the future scope of research in the field of hazard warning systems and some suggestions for developing an efficient mechanism toward the development of an automated integrated geohazard warning system. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000078. (C) 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Development of alloys with high strength at elevated temperatures by tuning the bimodal microstructure in the Al-Cu-Ni eutectic system

The development of high-strength aluminum alloys that can operate at 250 degrees C and beyond remains a challenge to the materials community. In this paper we report preliminary development of nanostructural Al-Cu-Ni ternary alloys containing alpha-Al, binary Al2Cu and ternary Al2Cu4Ni intermetallics. The alloys exhibits fracture strength of similar to 1 GPa with similar to 9% fracture strain at room temperature. At 300 degrees C, the alloy retains the high strength. The reasons for such significant mechanical properties are rationalized by unraveling the roles and response of various microstructural features. (C) 2014 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Development of an automated ultrasonic spray pyrolysis system and the growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films

An automated ultrasonic spray pyrolysis system is fabricated for the growth of thin films. The system is equipped with x-y movement and enables film deposition in different patterns and spray rates. Cu-2(Zn,Sn)S-4 (CZTS) films are deposited using this setup. The substrate temperature (T-s) is varied from 240 to 490 degrees C. Kesterite CZTS phase is observed in all the films together with binary phases. The films prepared at T-s <340 degrees C showed SnxSy phase and those at T-s >340 degrees C showed Cu2S phase. Sulfur incorporation is maximum (40%) at 440 degrees C and the films showed better morphology. The Cu and S concentrations are varied to remove binary phases. Depth wise elemental analysis confirmed the existence of single phase CZTS. p-Type CZTS films of resistivity in the range of 10(2)-10(3) Omega cm are obtained. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development of a spin polarized low energy electron diffraction system

We have designed and constructed a spin polarized low energy electron diffraction system working in the reflected electron pulse counting mode. This system is capable of measuring asymmetries due to spin-orbit and exchange interactions. Photoemission from a strained GaAs/GaAsP super lattice is used as the source of spin polarized electrons. Spin-orbit asymmetry is evaluated for Ir(100) single crystal at various energies. Subsequently, exchange asymmetry has been evaluated on 40 monolayer Fe deposited on Ir(100). This instrument proves to be useful in understanding structure and magnetism at surfaces. (C) 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

Development of the 2003 CU-HTK conversational telephone speech transcription system

This paper describes the development of the 2003 CU-HTK large vocabulary speech recognition system for Conversational Telephone Speech (CTS). The system was designed based on a multi-pass, multi-branch structure where the output of all branches is combined using system combination. A number of advanced modelling techniques such as Speaker Adaptive Training, Heteroscedastic Linear Discriminant Analysis, Minimum Phone Error estimation and specially constructed Single Pronunciation dictionaries were employed. The effectiveness of each of these techniques and their potential contribution to the result of system combination was evaluated in the framework of a state-of-the-art LVCSR system with sophisticated adaptation. The final 2003 CU-HTK CTS system constructed from some of these models is described and its performance on the DARPA/NIST 2003 Rich Transcription (RT-03) evaluation test set is discussed.

Development of Mini Space Bioreactor System

微重力对空间细胞培养的影响规律一直是国际空间生物学的重点研究领域。而空间细胞培养技术和方法作为空间细胞生物学研究的基础，其概念性和原理性设计是正确区分重力对细胞的直接作用和间接作用的前提。另外，空间实验成本高昂，空间细胞培养装置的体积、重量、功耗是首要的制约因素。为保证充分物质交换，满足细胞代谢需求，同时尽可能降低由细胞供液形式产生的力学环境对细胞的影响，区分重力对细胞的直接作用和间接作用，我们研制了逆流片层式微型细胞培养装置。实验表明为使培养液流动对细胞生长影响最小，流动剪切应变率应小于1s-1。通过理论计算分析的逆流片层式微型细胞培养装培养室内流场及流动剪切范围表明，该装置可以满足要求。通过实验检测细胞培养时的氧耗、糖耗等，可以确定不同种类细胞的培养液流量范围。培养室内采用经表面改性的聚合物网架作为细胞载体，使得培养空间得到充分利用，并利于操作。从而为空间细胞培养研究提供了一种新的技术手段。