International copyright law: A book review

n his 1994 book, Copyright's Highway, Paul Goldstein made the telling prophecy: The celestial jukebox may also portend more revolutional changes in international copyright markets. As the celestial jukebox disseminates information and entertainment over the air and without regard for national boundaries, the importance of the nation-state as a traditional guarantor of copyright may be replaced by international institutions such as the newly established World Trade Organization. In retrospect, it was an accurate prediction. The celestial jukebox has shown little respect for national boundaries. In particular, ephemeral file-sharing programs such as Napster, Freenet and Filetopia have posed difficulties for copyright law. International treaties have taken on larger significance and international institutions such as the World Intellectual Property Organization and World Trade Organization have assumed a greater role in regulating international copyright markets.

The literacy curriculum: A critical review

This is a critical review of the scope of the literacy curriculum in the twenty-first century, uncovering the strengths, controversies, and silences that have divided literacy researchers and educators. It conceptualizes the literacy curriculum as a particular set of socially organized symbolic practices that are always selective, and which are inextricably connected to the function and organization of schooling. We trace the political, historical, and ideological antecedents of literacy curriculum and schooling as a form of cultural apparatus of the nation-state, before tracing some of the major interpretive paradigms that have influenced the shape of the literacy curriculum in many parts of the world. These include debates about skills-based approaches, whole language, systemic functional grammar, and critical literacy. It then draws attention to noteworthy advances and shifts in the field over recent decades: debates about the role of orality in the literacy curriculum, home-school community literacy practices, teacher and student knowledge of language and grammar, and the role of curriculum area literacies. It anticipates the future of the literacy curriculum in online textual environments and the changing sensorial and material nature of literacy practices, while acknowledging that curriculum innovation is always limited in complex ways by historically established pedagogic discourses of schooling.

New Curriculum History

"Rereading the historical record indicates that it is no longer so easy to argue that history is simply prior to its forms. Since the mid-1990s a new wave of research has formed around wider debates in the humanities and social sciences, such as decentering the subject, new analytics of power, reconsideration of one-dimensional time and three-dimensional space, attention to beyond-archival sources, alterity, Otherness, the invisible, and more. In addition, broader and contradictory impulses around the question of the nation - transnational, post-national, proto-national, and neo-national movements ��� have unearthed a new series of problematics and focused scholarly attention on traveling discourses, national imaginaries, and less formal processes of socialization, bonding, and subjectification. New Curriculum History challenges prior occlusions in the field, building upon and departing from previous waves of scholarship, extending the focus beyond the insularity of public schooling, the traditional framework of the self-contained nation-state, and the psychology of the schooled individual. Drawing on global studies, historical sociology, postcolonial studies, critical race theory, visual culture theory, disability studies, psychoanalytics, Cambridge school structuralisms, poststructuralisms, and infra- and transnational approaches the volume holds together not despite but because of differences and incommensurabilities in rereading historical records. Audience: Scholars and students in curriculum studies, history, education, philosophy, and cultural studies will be interested in these chapters for their methodological range, their innovations and their deterritorializations."--publisher website

Kansallisvaltion ter��smiehest�� valtakunnan sovittelijaksi : Poliisikulttuurin psykohistorialliset solmukohdat 1930-1997

From Steely Nation-State Superman to Conciliator of Economical Global Empire ��� A Psychohistory of Finnish Police Culture 1930-1997 My study concerns the way police culture has changed within the societal changes in Finnish society between 1930 and 1997. The method of my study was psycho-historical and post-structural analysis. The research was conducted by examining the psycho-historical plateaus traceable within Finnish police culture. I made a social diagnosis of the autopoietic relationship between the power-holders of Finnish society and the police (at various levels of hierarchical organization). According to police researcher John P. Crank, police culture should be understood as the cognitive processes behind the actions of the police. Among these processes are the values, beliefs, rituals, customs and advice which standardize their work and the common sense of policemen. According to Crank, police culture is defined by a mindset which thinks, judges and acts according to its evaluations filtered by its own preliminary comprehension. Police culture consists of all the unsaid assumptions of being a policeman, the organizational structures of police, official policies, unofficial ways of behaviour, forms of arrest, procedures of practice and different kinds of training habits, attitudes towards suspects and citizens, and also possible corruption. Police culture channels its members��� feelings and emotions. Crank says that police culture can be seen in how policemen express their feelings. He advises police researchers to ask themselves how it feels to be a member of the police. Ethos has been described as a communal frame for thought that guides one���s actions. According to sociologist Martti Gr��nfors, the Finnish mentality of the Protestant ethic is accentuated among Finnish policemen. The concept of ethos expresses very well the self-made mentality as an ethical tension which prevails in police work between communal belonging and individual freedom of choice. However, it is significant that it is a matter of the quality of relationships, and that the relationship is always tied to the context of the cultural history of dealing with one���s anxiety. According to criminologist Clifford Shearing, the values of police culture act as subterranean processes of the maintenance of social power in society. Policemen have been called microcosmic mediators, or street corner politicians. Robert Reiner argues that at the level of self-comprehension, policemen disparage the dimension of politics in their work. Reiner points out that all relationships which hold a dimension of power are political. Police culture has also been called a canteen culture. This idea expresses the day-to-day basis of the mentality of taking care of business which policing produces as a necessity for dealing with everyday hardships. According to police researcher Timo Korander, this figurative expression embodies the nature of police culture as a crew culture which is partly hidden from police chiefs who are at a different level. This multitude of standpoints depicts the diversity of police cultures. According to Reiner, one should not see police culture as one monolithic whole; instead one should assess it as the interplay of individuals negotiating with their environment and societal power networks. The cases analyzed formed different plateaus of study. The first plateau was the so-called ���Rovaniemi arson��� case in the summer of 1930. The second plateau consisted of the examinations of alleged police assaults towards the Communists during the Finnish Continuation War of 1941 to 1944 and the threats that societal change after the war posed to Finnish Society. The third plateau was thematic. Here I investigated how using force towards police clients has changed culturally from the 1930s to the 1980s. The fourth plateau concerned with the material produced by the Security Police detectives traced the interaction between Soviet KGB agents and Finnish politicians during the long 1970s. The fifth plateau of larger changes in Finnish police culture then occurred during the 1980s as an aftermath of the former decade. The last, sixth plateau of changing relationships between policing and the national logic of action can be seen in the murder of two policemen in the autumn of 1997. My study shows that police culture has transformed from a ���stone cold��� steely fixed identity towards a more relational identity that tries to solve problems by negotiating with clients instead of using excessive force. However, in this process of change there is a traceable paradox in Finnish policing and police culture. On the one hand, policemen have, at the practical level, constructed their policing identity by protecting their inner self in their organizational role at work against the projections of anger and fear in society. On the other hand, however, they have had to safeguard themselves at the emotional level against the predominance of this same organizational role. Because of this dilemma they must simultaneously construct both a distance from their own role as police officers and the role of the police itself. This makes the task of policing susceptible to the political pressures of society. In an era of globalization, and after the heyday of the welfare state, this can produce heightened challenges for Finnish police culture.

Mobility and security: the perceived benefits of citizenship for resettled young people from refugee backgrounds

In recent decades, the meaning and value of formal state citizenship has shifted dramatically. In the same period, scholarship on citizenship has drawn attention to the proliferation of alternative forms of sub-, supra- and transnational citizenship, at times obscuring the ongoing importance of formal state citizenship. For refugees, however, formal state citizenship remains a critical and widely shared goal. Drawing on interviews with 51 young people from refugee backgrounds in Melbourne, Australia, this article explores the intersecting themes of mobility and security that were identified by participants as the most important benefits of acquiring formal state citizenship in the country of resettlement. In contrast to the insecurity of forced migration, formal state citizenship provides a privileged mobility that enables refugee-background youth to maintain and create transnational identities and attachments and to be protected while doing so, while also granting a secure status within the nation state and insurance against further displacement in an uncertain future. In offering these forms of mobility and security, formal state citizenship contributes to a sense of ontological security among refugee-background youth, providing an important foundation for building national and transnational futures.

National media regulations in an age of convergent media: Beyond globalisation, neo-liberalism and internet freedom theories

There is a widely held view that the nation-state has become less central to media and communications policy over the last two decades. As Jan van Cuilenberg and Denis McQuail (2003, p. 181) observed in their overview of trends in communications policy-making, 'the old normative media policies have been challenged and policy-makers are searching for a new communications policy paradigm'. There are characteristically five factors put forward as to why the nation-state has become less central to media in the twenty-first century

Cultural Trauma and Life Stories

The purpose of this work is to use the concepts of human time and cultural trauma in a biographical study of the turning points in the recent history of Estonia. This research is primarily based on 148 in-depth biographical interviews conducted in Estonia and Sweden in 1995-2005, supplemented by excerpts from 5 collections and 10 individually published autobiographies. The main body of the thesis consists of six published and of two forthcoming separate refereed articles, summarised in the theoretical introduction, and Appendix of the full texts of three particular life stories. The topic of the first article is the generational composition and the collective action frames of anti-Soviet social mobilisation in Estonia in 1940-1990. The second article details the differentiation of the rites of passage and the calendar traditions as a strategy to adapt to the rapidly changed political realities, comparatively in Soviet Estonia and among the boat-refugees in Sweden. The third article investigates the life stories of the double-minded strategic generation of the Estonian-inclined Communists, who attempted to work within the Soviet system while professing to uphold the ideals of pre-war Estonia. The fourth article is concentrated on the problems of double mental standards as a coping strategy in a contradictory social reality. The fifth article implements the theory of cultural trauma for the social practice of singing nationalism in Estonia. The sixth article bridges the ideas of Russian theoreticians concerning cultural dialogue and the Western paradigm of cultural trauma, with examples from Estonian Russian life stories. The seventh article takes a biographical look at the logic of the unraveling of cultural trauma through four Soviet decades. The eighth article explores the re-shaping of citizen activities as a strategy of coping with the loss of the independent nation state, comparatively in Soviet Estonia and among Swedish Estonians. Cultural trauma is interpreted as the re-ordering of the society s value-normative constellation due to sharp, violent, usually political events. The first one under consideration was caused by the occupations of the Republic of Estonia by the Soviet army in 1940-45. After half a century of suppression the memories of these events resurfaced as different stories describing the long-term, often inter-generational strategies of coping with the value collapse. The second cultural trauma is revealed together with the collapse of the Soviet power and ideology in Estonia in 1991. According to empirical data, the following three trauma discourses have been reconstructed: - the forced adaptation to Soviet order of the homeland Estonians; - the difficulty of preserving Estonian identity in exile (Sweden); - the identity crisis of the Russian population of Estonia. Comparative analyses of these discourses have shown that opposing experiences and worldviews cause conflicting interpretations of the past. Different social and ethnic groups consider coping with cultural trauma as a matter of self-defence and create appropriate usable pasts to identify with. Keywords: human time, cultural trauma, frame analysis, discourse, life stories

Towards Multiculturalism in Turkish Public Service Broadcasting

The announcement of Turkey as a European Union (EU) candidate country in the Helsinki Summit (10, 11 December 1999) marked a distinct change of identity policy and attitudes towards its citizens. A result in the shift of mindset has been the launch of the first public service broadcasting TV channel for Kurdish people on the 1st of January 2009. TRT 6 (��e��) broadcasting in unofficial Kurdish language is run by Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT). The thesis attempts to elaborate on the discussions surrounding the launch of TRT 6, Turkey���s first public service broadcasting TV channel for its Kurdish citizens. The research aims at finding the discourses of multiculturalism and public service broadcasting through the mainstream Turkish newspapers, Cumhuriyet, Hurriyet, Sabah, Taraf and Zaman. The method used for the research is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and the representative newspapers of the Turkish print media are under the question: How has the launch of TRT 6, as the first public service broadcasting channel of Turkey in Kurdish language, been discussed by Turkish daily newspapers in terms of multiculturalism and minority media? The most significant results of the research is that the concerning newspapers have mostly discussed the launch of TRT 6 in the same line with their political affiliation. Thus it is comprehensively concluded that the selected newspapers proved holding a high level of political parallelism, and low professionalism. However, it should be noted that Taraf differs itself from others while challenging the hegemonic discourses embedded in the articles of the other newspapers. Moreover, the study detected three types of discourses: Pro-multiculturalism discourse, Unification discourse, and Assimilation discourse. It can be concluded that in Turkey, media owners and even individual journalists have incentives to form ideological alliances with political parties, and media appears to be an instrument of power struggle. Today, Turkey seems to restore Kurdish identity in its identity policy and aims to proceed with the negotiation for membership of the European Union (EU). The country still strives to transform from the traditional nation-state to a multiethnic democratic state, with multiculturalism as a policy discussed throughout the two terms that the AKP government has been in power. However, this transformation is not an easy process because of the deep-rooted traditions of the nation-state structure that has also polarized the Turkish press.

La conexi��n ��rabe : una hip��tesis sobre el surgimiento sociopol��tico de Israel en Palestina

Abstract: Recent scholarship has shown that there is no solid archaeological or epigraphic evidence to deem the narratives about the rise to kingship of David and his son Solomon as reflecting the rise and consolidation of Israel as a Nation-State during the 10th century BCE. It is rather during the 9th century in the Palestinian highlands that we can find the emergence of a socio-political entity named B��t Humri/ya or Israel in the contemporary archaeological and epigraphic records, but with an ambiguous character as a state. In this paper, it is suggested the possibility that the rise of such a polity and the constitution of an ethnogenesis are notably and directly related to the appearance of the Arabian network of exchanges in the early first millennium BCE in the Near East. Furthermore, from a critical point of view, one may suggest that there is no direct ethnic connection between the kingdoms of Israel and Judah and the later Jewish cults of Yahweh in Palestine.

Padr��es geoac��sticos de fundo e sub-fundo na Ba��a de Sepetiba: implica����es no conhecimento da geologia do holoceno

A Ba��a de Sepetiba, localizada entre a Ba��a de Guanabara e a Ba��a de Ilha Grande, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, est�� inserida em um cen��rio estrat��gico para o desenvolvimento econ��mico do Estado. Isto ocorre devido ao aumento da concentra����o populacional, que est�� diretamente relacionado com o turismo, com a presen��a de portos e de ��reas industriais. Sendo assim, se faz necess��rio estudar sua estrutura geol��gica e din��mica sedimentar para entender sua evolu����o ao longo do tempo e para uma utiliza����o mais racional desta ��rea. Utilizando-se da s��smica rasa de alta resolu����o e da sonografia de varredura lateral juntamente com dados pret��ritos de amostragem superficial de sedimentos, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar sua geologia holoc��nica. A investiga����o, em subsuperf��cie, da geologia estrutural e sedimentar dessa ba��a, atrav��s da interpreta����o de 09 perfis s��smicos, baseada na determina����o de diferentes tipos de ecotexturas, revelou a presen��a de diferentes pacotes sedimentares depositados ao longo do Holoceno. Ao todo, foram encontrados 15 tipos de ecotexturas perfazendo 14 camadas sedimentares, que est��o relacionados em 4 Grupos de acordo com sua distribui����o. J�� a investiga����o em superf��cie atrav��s dos registros sonogr��ficos, baseada nos diferentes graus de reflex��o ac��stica (backscattering) e parametrizada pelos dados de amostragem direta pret��rita, identificou 6 padr��es sonogr��ficos distintos. Com isso foi confeccionado um novo mapa de distribui����o textural dos sedimentos superficiais da Ba��a de Sepetiba. Com a correla����o dos dados de s��smica rasa com os dados sonogr��ficos, foi poss��vel ainda sugerir a prov��vel exist��ncia de neotectonismo na ��rea de estudo.

Mapeamento dos remanescentes de manguezal, a partir da interpreta����o de ortofotos coloridas, e an��lise dos vetores de press��o antr��pica, como subs��dio ao planejamento para conserva����o do ecossistema no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Manguezal �� um ecossistema costeiro que ocorre nas regi��es tropicais e subtropicais do planeta, ocupando a zona entremar��s dos oceanos, e sendo caracterizado pela presen��a de vegeta����o arb��rea adaptada �� condi����es adversas de salinidade, substrato, baixa oxigena����o e submers��o peri��dica. A press��o sobre os manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro vem se intensificando nas ��ltimas d��cadas, e est��o associadas a vetores de press��o como os aterros, desmatamentos, queimadas, corte seletivo de madeira, captura predat��ria de moluscos e crust��ceos, lan��amento de efluentes de origens diversas, a superexplota����o dos recursos pesqueiros e a utiliza����o de t��cnicas e apetrechos inadequados. Considerando a inexist��ncia de mapeamento integrado e atualizado dos remanescentes de manguezal, indicando sua localiza����o e dimensionamento, o presente estudo veio suprir essa demanda, construindo uma ferramenta consistente para a an��lise dos principais vetores a que est��o expostos, subsidiando a proposi����o de a����es para a conserva����o e monitoramento desse ecossistema. Essas a����es consideram a necessidade de preserva����o da biodiversidade, da manuten����o da atividade pesqueira, da estabilidade da linha de costa, e da subsist��ncia de diversas popula����es que habitam a regi��o costeira. O mapeamento dos manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foi elaborado a partir da interpreta����o visual de ortofotografias coloridas do ano de 2005, na escala 1:10.000, tendo sido realizadas checagens de campo para identifica����o da verdade terrestre. Os remanescentes mapeados totalizam uma ��rea de aproximadamente 17.720 ha, estando distribu��dos por sete regi��es hidrogr��ficas localizadas na zona costeira fluminense. Esses ocorrem com mais freq����ncia, e com maiores dimens��es, nas regi��es da ba��a da Ilha Grande, Guandu(Sepetiba) e ba��a de Guanabara. O estudo contemplou ainda o levantamento e sistematiza����o de dados cartogr��ficos e de sensoriamento remoto, e a identifica����o e an��lise dos principais vetores de press��o que atuam sobre esses, a partir da adapta����o da metodologia da An��lise de Cadeia Causal. Nessa an��lise foram identificados como principais problemas ambientais dos manguezais fluminenses, a Modifica����o de habitats e comunidades, a Polui����o, e a Explora����o n��o sustent��vel dos recursos pesqueiros, todos associados aos diferentes vetores de press��o j�� relacionados. Por fim, foram apresentadas propostas de a����es para subsidiar a implementa����o da Pol��tica Estadual para a Conserva����o dos Manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, contemplando os n��veis operacional, de planejamento, e pol��tico. A reativa����o do Grupo T��cnico Permanente sobre Manguezais �� de vital import��ncia para a retomada dessas discuss��es e para a implementa����o de a����es, apoiado na amplia����o dos conhecimentos sobre esse rico ecossistema e, integrando e fortalecendo a atua����o dos diversos atores envolvidos, buscando assim garantir a integridade dos manguezais fluminenses

Cr^4������YAG���������QNd���YAG������������������������

���������������������������������������������������������������������Nd���YAG���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������808nm���������������Nd���YAG���������������Q���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������90������Cr^4������YAG���������������������������������Q������������������119mW���������������������������465mW���������������������1064nm������������16ns������������������18���18kHz���������������������3���4��J������������������������61mW������������Q

���������������������������������������������

���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

Uma An��lise da Desigualdade de Cr��dito entre os Munic��pios do Rio de Janeiro 2000 a 2009

O objetivo desta disserta����o �� analisar a distribui����o regional do cr��dito no estado do Rio de Janeiro, em particular o comportamento de ag��ncias e a distribui����o do movimento financeiro banc��rio, e suas rela����es com a din��mica de desenvolvimento econ��mico no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para cumprir com este objetivo foram constru��dos indicadores a partir de dados relativos �� atividade econ��mica e do balan��o consolidado das ag��ncias banc��rias dos 92 munic��pios fluminenses para o per��odo de 2000 a 2009. Atrav��s da an��lise destes indicadores conclui-se que a despeito da forte concentra����o econ��mica e de cr��dito na regi��o metropolitana do estado do Rio de Janeiro, as cidades do interior vem apresentando um dinamismo diferenciado evidenciando certa tend��ncia �� desconcentra����o do cr��dito, acompanhando a tend��ncia de desconcentra����o econ��mica, refor��ando a rela����o entre desenvolvimento econ��mico e financeiro e a concep����o de que o movimento financeiro se concentra no entorno de cidades de forte dinamismo econ��mico.

A preliminary study on the fishery resources of the mangrove swamps of Sundarbans, West Bengal

West Bengal holds an important position in fisheries development as the state has all types of captive, culture freshwater and brackish water fisheries. A survey of forest areas of Sundarbans indicates the total annual catch to be 2500 metric tonnes. On average 4,000 persons are engaged in daily fishing with 1.5 kilogrammes of fish catch per fisherman per day and during the 6 months from September to February on an average 6,000 persons are engaged in fishing. About 70% of total catch of fish is collected during this period. Statistical analysis of the data collected for the study has clearly indicated that a rational and scientific exploitation of fish species inhabiting the rivers and creeks of Sundarbans estuary has immense economic potentialities.