941 resultados para Derivados de petróleo
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The Potengi river estuary is located in the region of Natal (RN, Brazil), comprising a population of approximately 1,000,000 inhabitants. Besides the dominant urban presence, the estuary has fragments of mangrove forest. The objective of this study is to determine the aliphatic hydrocarbons found in the bottom sediments of this estuary, identifying their levels, distribution and their possible origins through the diagnostic rates, indexes and results comparisons with the local anthropic and natural characteristics. The samples were obtained according to a plan that allowed sampling of the estuary up to 12 km upstream from it as mounth. 36 stations were selected, grouped into 12 cross sections through the course of the river and spaced on average by 1 km. Each section consisted of three stations: the right margin, the deepest point and the left margin. The hydrocarbon n-alkanes from C10 to C36, the isoprenoids pristane and phytane, the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) and the total resolved hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography. N-alkanes, pristane, phytane and UCM were detected only at some stations. In the other, the concentration was below the detection limit defined by the analytical method (0.1 mg / kg), preventing them from being analyzed to determine the origin of the material found. By using different parameters, the results show that the estuary receives both the input of petrogenic hydrocarbons, but also of biogenic hydrocarbons, featuring a mixture of sources and relatively impacted portions. Based on the characteristics and activities found in the region, it is possible to affirm that petrogenic sources related to oil products enter the estuary via urban runoff or boats traffic, boat washing and fueling. Turning to the biogenic source, the predominant origin was terrestrial, characterized by vascular plants, indicating contribution of mangrove vegetation. It was evident the presence of, at specific points in the estuary, hydrocarbon pollution, and, therefore is recommended the adoption of actions aimed at interrupting or, at least, mitigating the sources potentially capable of damp petrogenic hydrocarbons in the estuary studied.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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The oily sludge is a complex mix of hydrocarbons, organic impurities, inorganic and water. One of the major problems currently found in petroleum industry is management (packaging, storage, transport and fate) of waste. The nanomaterials (catalysts) mesoporous and microporous are considered promising for refining and adsorbents process for environment protection. The aim of this work was to study the oily sludge from primary processing (raw and treated) and vacuum residue, with application of thermal analyses technique (pyrolysis), thermal and catalytic pyrolysis with nanomaterials, aiming at production petroleum derived. The sludge and vacuum residue were analyzed using a soxhlet extraction system, elemental analysis, thin layer chromatography, thermogravimetry and pyrolysis coupled in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py GC MS). The catalysts AlMCM-41, AlSBA-15.1 e AlSBA-15.2 were synthesized with molar ratio silicon aluminum of 50 (Si/Al = 50), using tetraethylorthosilicante as source of silicon and pseudobuhemita (AlOOH) as source of aluminum. The analyzes of the catalysts indicate that materials showed hexagonal structure and surface area (783,6 m2/g for AlMCM-41, 600 m2/g for AlSBA-15.1, 377 m2/g for AlSBA-15.2). The extracted oily sludge showed a range 65 to 95% for organic components (oil), 5 to 35% for inorganic components (salts and oxides) and compositions different of derivatives. The AlSBA-15 catalysts showed better performance in analyzes for production petroleum derived, 20% increase in production of kerosene and light gas oil. The energy potential of sludge was high and it can be used as fuel in other cargo processed in refinery
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La temática abordada en esta tesis es la participación del capital extranjero en la producción de etanol (alcohol carburante) en Brasil. El recorte temporal elegido parte del inicio de la implementación abierta del recetario neoliberal en el país, para terminar en el 2010, momento en que los impactos más profundos de la crisis global empezaron a sentirse en el gigante sudamericano. El etanol de caña de azúcar se encuentra en el cruce de varias dimensiones críticas para las formaciones sociales contemporáneas. Por un lado, es un bien energético, en un contexto mundial de gran volatilidad del suministro de combustibles líquidos de origen fósil. Como tal, además, se presenta como alternativa más limpia en términos medioambientales, respecto a los derivados de petróleo. Por fin, su origen agrario le pone en relación directa con la cuestión del uso de la tierra, preocupaciones por la soberanía alimentaria y el empleo rural. La liberalización supuso una ruptura histórica del patrón de actuación del Estado en la agroindustria de caña de azúcar en Brasil. Esa retracción supuso el consiguiente ímpetu para la centralización de capitales, y, a partir del establecimiento de una larga coyuntura de elevación de precios del petróleo, implicó una entrada inédita de capital extranjero en esa actividad. La perspectiva que adoptamos para la investigación se inscribe en la tradición sistémica, dialéctica e histórica. Eso implicó reconstruir un marco holístico que llegara al nivel de concreción de cadenas productivas. Se han reinterpretado los avances teóricos en el campo conocido como “cadenas productivas globales”, rescatando su origen en la escuela de los sistemas-mundo, y volviendo a reforzar la centralidad de seguir el valor a lo largo de una cadena productiva mercantil: los flujos de valor o las transacciones entre sus nodos componentes, y el movimiento del valor-capital, o de concentración, centralización y formas de propiedad de los capitales individuales que componen los distintos nodos desde la financiación hasta el consumo final de este carburante...
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Sedimentos de mangue contaminados ou não com produtos derivados do petróleo foram avaliados quanto à atividade microbiana e enzimática. Os maiores valores de C na biomassa microbiana foram obtidos nas áreas de transição e restinga, independentemente da contaminação. No mangue contaminado,a biomassa microbiana encontrada na área de transição significativamente menor que as outras áreas. Os maiores valores de qCO2 foram encontrados no mangue contaminado, indicando que a população microbiana gasta mais energia para a manutenção da sua biomassa. Os maiores resultados das atividades enzimáticas, principalmente arilsulfatase, B-glucosidase e fosfatase, foram obtidos na área de transição no mangue contaminado.
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Sedimentos de mangue contaminados ou não com produtos derivados do petróleo foram avaliados quanto à atividade microbiana e enzimática. Os maiores valores de C da biomassa microbiana foram obtidos nas áreas mais próximas ao mar, independentemente da contaminação. Os valores obtidos foram, em média, 73% maiores do que o observado para a área mais longe do mar. Os sedimentos da área contaminada não apresentaram menores valores de Cmic/Corg e nem maiores valores de qCO2 o que demonstra o desenvolvimento de uma população de microrganismos bem adaptada às condições reinantes. É interessante que trabalhos posteriores estudem a diversidade destes microrganismos e o possível impacto que estas mudanças poderiam causar no caso de se adotar estratégias para recuperação desta área.
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A presente monografia tem como finalidade registrar os aspectos jurídicos que regulam a extração da atividade da exploração, produção, transporte, refino de petróleo, gás natural, e seus derivados, além de identificar o potencial de risco que decorre dessa exploração em face ao meio ambiente e ao seu entorno. Países crescem, prosperam através da exploração dos seus recursos naturais, com isso provocam a degradação do meio ambiente explorado, tema recentemente abordado, até mesmo pela falta de conhecimento do homem em relação ao meio ambiente. O impacto ambiental decorrente de acidentes de carga, descarga e transporte, ocasiona derramamento na água e vai muito além do que um impacto visual, afetando diretamente a fauna e flora da região atingida. E, também por ser uma atividade comercial de grande destaque na economia internacional, e, por degradar intensamente o meio ambiente passa a ser alvo de severas críticas.
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The study of a promising alternative for the treatment of produced water from the oil industry envisaging its reuse was the focus of this work. Millions of liters of water are generated per day, containing heavy metals in low concentrations (< 0,15 mg/L for Pb, <0,04 mg/L for Cd, <0,04 mg/L for Ni). The technology applied to extract these metals from aqueous phase was the solvent extraction and the extratants used were vegetable oils originated from coconut oil. They can be used in natural form or as derivatives, known as MAC - Mixture of Carboxílics Acids. The determination of the heavy metal con¬centrations in a complex matrix was made by using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique (AAS). On the bench tests using synthetics aqueous solutions containing metals, vegetable oils showed no power to extract the metals studied. The extractant MAC was selective for the Pb> Cd> Ni, in the concentration of 8% in the same organic phase. In this condition, the lower efficiency of extraction obtained was 92% for the Pb, 69% for the Cd, in the range of pH ranging from 6 to 8. An experimental planning was conducted for continuous tests. The device used was called MDIF Misturador-Decantador à Inversão de Fases and the aqueous phase was produced water from Pólo Indutrial de Guamaré/RN . No correlation between the studied variables (concentration of metal, concentration of extratant and agitation in the mixing chamer) could be obtained, because of possible factors which occurred as: variation in the composition of the studied sample, phenomena of precipitation and complexation of metals in the reservoir of feed, solubility of extratant
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Incluye Bibliografía
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Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)