A poesia ibero-americana de José de Anchieta

El poeta José de Anchieta, a través de sus poesías, contribuyó para la formación de la literatura en suelo brasileño. Con eso, él proporcionó un encuentro entre los dos mundos lo Nuevo y lo Viejo, América y Europa representados en la unión entre los pares antagónicos que son constantes en la poética anchietana, como lo sagrado y lo profano, la muerte y la vida, lo simple y lo erudito. Su poética traduce, por lo tanto, las huellas de la antropofagia cultural, en que el indio y el blanco son uno sólo; el pagano y el cristiano, juntos, caminan para el centro de sus ideologías concebidas por la catequesis y por el popular. En esa amalgama entre las culturas, él construye un nuevo código cultural-lingüístico-literario, formando una nueva identidad para la tierra brasileña, abriendo las puertas para el barroco. Sus poemas están en cuatro lenguas: portugués, tupí, latín y español. Y de ese conjunto, nuestra disertación analiza el corpus en lengua española, que en el suelo americano deja de ser española y se vuelve ibero-americana. Como fuentes de estudio crítico-teórico, nos basamos, como ejemplos, en las obras de Haroldo de Campos, Severo Sarduy, Eugênio D Ors, Lezama Lima, Oswald de Andrade, Alfredo Bosi, Massaud Moisés. Así, esta disertación muestra, por el medio de la poesía iberoamericana de José de Anchieta el rasgo del inicio de nuestra literatura así como del barroco americano y, además, conjuga su poesía dentro del espacio de los Clásicos una vez que se comunica con estos desde el proceso de su producción. En esa intercomunicación, José de Anchieta promueve una apertura para la consciencia poética que hace parte de los grandes poetas de la Literatura Universal. Él une el Brasil, con sus matas vírgenes, con su primitivismo, al Mundo, con su censura desmedida ante la visión del Paraíso

Origens dos instrumentos de formação da política comercial norte-americana

L'objectif de cet article est de montrer l'existence de traces historiques permettant de lier les concepts de libre-échange et protectionnisme, tous les deux employés dans la politique de commerce extérieur des Etats-Unis. Parallèlement, on cherche à souligner l'importance de la législation et des principes formulés dans ce pays et leur rôle explicatif concernant les motivations de la structure du commerce international après 1945. Ce rôle a en effet contribué à qu'on puisse mieux comprendre les tournées de négociations du GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) jusqu'à la création de l'OMC (Organisation Mondiale du Commerce), en 1995. on traite également des raisons pour lesquelles le commerce international aux Etats-Unis est non seulement une question d'Etat mais encore une question de la société.

Surto de leishmaniose tegumentar americana em Itaporanga, São Paulo (Brasil)

O presente trabalho relata os aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos de surto de leishmaniose tegumentar americana na região Sudoeste do estado de São Paulo, área de colonização antiga, não associada a derrubadas de matas. Foram examinados 231 indivíduos, observando-se: a) Sessenta e sete indivíduos (29%) apresentavam leishmaniose confirmada pela histopatologia das lesões cutâneas e intradermorreação de Montenegro. Destes casos, 40 (59,7%) eram homens; b) a idade variou entre 2 (5 casos) e 86 anos (1 caso); c) de acordo com o tipo de lesão, observou-se: 54 (80, 6%) pacientes apresentavam úlceras, 13 (19,4%) nódulos, 4 (5,9%) lesões úlcero-vegetantes e 3 (4,4%) cicatrizes típicas; d) a intradermorreção de Montenegro apresentou 94,7% de positividade nos casos de leishmaniose-doença. Este estudo reforça observações prévias de que, além da forma clássica de transmissão, a leishmaniose pode ser transmitida no intra e peri-domicílio.

Desempenho de cultivares de alface americana em resposta a diferentes doses de torta de filtro

Com objetivo de estudar o desempenho de três cultivares de alface americana (Júlia, Tainá e Grandes Lagos) em quatro doses de torta de filtro (0; 10; 20 e 40 ton ha-1), sob cultivo protegido (túnel alto), foi conduzido um experimento na Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, em área de Latossolo Vermelho (textura argilosa), nos meses de março a maio de 2009. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3 x 4 (cultivares x doses) com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características agronômicas: circunferência da planta (CP), massa fresca total (MFT), massa fresca comercial (MFCo), massa fresca da cabeça (MFCa), diâmetro do caule (DC), número de folhas comerciais (NFC), comprimento do caule (CC) e número de folhas totais (NFT). As cultivares Júlia e Tainá responderam à adubação com torta de filtro até a dose de 40 ton-1. A cultivar Grandes Lagos respondeu à adubação com torta de filtro até a dose de 35 ton ha-1 para MFT e MFCa e até 40 ton-1 para MFCo. A cultivar Grandes Lagos apresentou melhor desempenho em MFT, MFCo, CC e CP, em relação às demais cultivares, e equiparou-se com a cultivar Tainá em MFCa e NFC e com a cultivar Júlia em DC. Todas as cultivares tiveram comportamentos semelhantes quanto a NFT. A adubação orgânica com torta de filtro aumenta a produtividade de cultivares de alface americana.

MANEJO da IRRIGAÇÃO da CULTURA da ALFACE (Lactuca sativa L.) ATRAVÉS do TANQUE CLASSE A

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de irrigação, baseados em frações da evaporação do Tanque Classe A (ECA) (0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00) sobre o comportamento produtivo da cultura da alface, variedade Mesa 659 (tipo americana), cultivada em uma estufa plástica e irrigada por gotejamento, foi conduzido um experimento durante o período de julho a setembro de 1993. O comportamento produtivo foi avaliado através da determinação da matéria fresca (MFP), produtividade (PROD) e eficiência do uso de água (EUA). Os resultados de MFP e PROD mostraram resposta quadrática, indicando acréscimo em ambos à medida que aumentaram as lâminas de irrigação aplicadas até o nível 0,75 da ECA, apresentando valores máximos de 818,72 g e 90,97 t.ha-1, respectivamente. Os dados relativos à EUA revelaram resposta linear decrescente, significando que à medida que os níveis de irrigação aumentam ocorre uma diminuição na EUA.

Produtividade da alface americana submetida a diferentes lâminas de irrigação

With the aim of minimizing the difficulties faced by the producers on cultivating the crisphead lettuce (Lactuta sativa L), specifically those related to the lack of technical information about the quantity of water to be applied, a study was made in order to determine the effect of various water depths on crisphead lettuce yielding characteristics. The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), from October to December 2008 in greenhouse. A randomized block design with five treatments and four repetitions was applied. The treatments, consisting of the five respective evaporation factors; , 0.30 EVm; 0.60 EVm; 0.90 EVm; 1.20 EVm; 1.50 EVm (evaporate depth), were done according to an evaporated depth of a reduced pan. The results showed that: The maximum commercial yield, 36.5 t ha(-1), was estimated by applying a 164.8 mm depth, which corresponded to a water reposition factor of 98 %; the highest water usage efficiency (962.45 kg ha(-1) mm(-1)) was attained when an irrigation depth of 50.10 mm (30%) was used.

Clonagem do abacateiro variedade Duke 7 (Persea americana Mill.) por alporquia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Os paradigmas do desenvolvimento na história latino-americana

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Comentario a la presentação do José Antonio Ocampo: Os paradigmas do desenvolvimento na história latino-americana"

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Comentario a la presentação do José Antonio Ocampo: Os paradigmas do desenvolvimento na história latino-americana"

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Diagnóstico da qualidade da água na microbacia do córrego recanto, em americana, no estado de São Paulo

The environmental degradation observed in the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí watershed has been one of the principal preoccupations of the environmental agencies in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. In this context, there is inserted the Americana county which is cut by streams of unsuitable quality for the human consumption and other uses. The main goal of the present work was evaluated the water quality of the Recanto Creek, affluent of the Quilombo stream, at the Americana county, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The research was developed in the period from March of 2007 to March of 2008, when it was measured the flow and the following physical-chemical water quality parameters: temperature; turbidity; pH; dissolved oxygen (OD); phosphorus (P); ammonia nitrogen (NH 4); nitrate (NO 3); chemical demand of oxygen (DQO), besides total coliforms. The results demonstrated a variation of the flow from 34.3 to 375.2 L s -1, during the evaluated period. The parameters dissolved oxygen, phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate presented values out of the limits recommended for rivers of class 3, like the Recanto Creek, suggesting water pollution due to the organic matter disposal.

Produtos naturais no comportamento defensivo de Apis mellifera L.

The goal was to investigate the influence of natural products such as lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), dried avocado leaves (Persea americana), coffee husk (Coffea arabica) and castor bean (Ricinus communis) in the defense of Apis mellifera, as well the effect of these products on the population development of the beehive. Defensive behavior was evaluated by time of first sting (TFS) and number of stingers (NS), and population development, by open brood area and operculated brood. It was observed that the treatment with smoke + seven castor beans presented significant increase in the TFS, for treatment without and with smoke. Regarding NS, it was verified that the treatments with smoke + seven castor bean and smoke + 20% coffee husk were different from the treatment without and with smoke. The other treatments did not differ significantly with respect to the use of smoke or its absence. The application of coffee husk and castor bean did not interfere in the development of the population, suggesting that these compounds were not toxic. It can be concluded that the use of castor bean and coffee husk in smoke may represent an important tool for the reduction of defensiveness, without promoting toxicity for A. mellifera.

Alface americana fertirrigada com diferentes doses de ácido fosfórico e hidróxido de potássio

Fertirrigation with phosphoric acid has been considered as an option to avoid drips from clogging. In some cases, this acid cause soil acidification and it can be substituted bypotassium hydroxide. This study had the objective of evaluating the effects of different phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide doses, applied via fertirrigation, on soil fertility, plant nutrition and lettuce yield, compared to the conventional fertilization system. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse, in the College of Agricultural Sciences, FCA/UNESP, Botucatu-SP-Brazil. The experimental design was the completely randomized block, with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments consisted of the combinations of doses (25% and 50% of the recommended complete dose for the lettuce) and application ofcomplete dose (100%) of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) applied via fertirrigation, and a control (conventional fertilization system). The results showed that P and K availability in soil and nutrient concentration in plants were affected by treatments. Low phosphorus and potassium doses, applied via fertirrigation, were not efficient for the appropriate development of lettuce plants. The results showed that agronomic characteristics and commercial lettuce were affected by doses and application systems, especially the treatment with application of P and K full dose fertirrigation.

Amplifiability of mitochondrial, microsatellite and amelogenin DNA loci from fecal samples of red brocket deer Mazama americana (Cetartiodactyla, Cervidae)

We tried to amplify mitochondrial, microsatellite and amelogenin loci in DNA from fecal samples of a wild Mazama americana population. Fifty-two deer fecal samples were collected from a 600-ha seasonal semideciduous forest fragment in a subtropical region of Brazil (21°20′, 47°17′W), with the help of a detection dog; then, stored in ethanol and georeferenced. Among these samples 16 were classified as fresh and 36 as non-fresh. DNA was extracted using the QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit. Mitochondrial loci were amplified in 49 of the 52 samples. Five microsatellite loci were amplified by PCR; success in amplification varied according to locus size and sample age. Successful amplifications were achieved in 10/16 of the fresh and in 13/36 of the non-fresh samples; a negative correlation (R = -0.82) was found between successful amplification and locus size. Amplification of the amelogenin locus was successful in 22 of the 52 samples. The difficulty of amplifying nuclear loci in DNA samples extractedfrom feces collected in the field was evident. Some methodological improvements, including collecting fresh samples, selecting primers for shorter loci and quantifying the extracted DNA by real-time PCR, are suggested to increase amplification success in future studies. © FUNPEC-RP.

Evaluation of metals in water and sediments of micro-basins in the city of Americana, São Paulo state, Brazil

Water pollution found in major rivers in Brazil has its origin from urban sewage discharges and industrial effluent, carried out by small streams and rivers crossing cities. Therefore, studies related to hydrographic micro-basins offer the opportunity to establish environmental management strategies for restoring water resources, based on diagnosis of the water quality. Despite this understanding, few studies in urban and rural areas have been performed in a systematic manner in Brazilian micro-basins. The main goal of this research was to diagnose the water resources in micro-basins in the region of the district of Americana, São Paulo state, Brazil, through the quantification of metals in water and sediment. The methodology was based on the investigation of metals (Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), in four micro-basins, determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The most significant result showed high concentration levels of chromium (969 μg L-1), downstream of the discharge of sewage from the city of Nova Odessa. This concentration in the river was above the allowed limit of Brazilian regulation agency (50 μg L-1 for Cr). Also high levels of Cr were found in the sediment (98.9 μg g-1) collected at the same monitored site. These results are important indicators of environmental performance and anthropogenic activities to help the government establish environmental management strategies aimed at the reduction of water pollution. © 2013 WIT Press.