Ruthenischer Bauer [Illustration]

Helena von Mises

Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy in deformed sediments of ODP Leg 110

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility documents the generation of tectonically produced fabrics in sediments that macroscopically show no evidence of this disruption. The fabric observed in initial accretion is largely produced by overprinting of the original sedimentary susceptibility anisotropy by an E-W horizontal tectonic shortening and vertical extension. The response of the sediments to stress during initial accretion is variable, particularly near the sediment surface, and appears to reflect the inhomogeneous distribution of strain rate in the overthrust sequence. The susceptibility anisotropy of sediments possessing scaly fabric is consistent with the strong orientation of Phyllosilicates seen in thin section, producing a Kmin normal to the scalyness. The slope sediments deposited on the accreted sequence are also affected by tectonic shortening. The accreted sequences at Sites 673 and 674 show a complex history of fabric modification, with previous tectonic fabrics overprinted by later fabric modifications, pointing to continued tectonic shortening during the accretion process. The form of the susceptibility anisotropy axes at Sites 673 and 674 is consistent with NESW shortening, probably reflected in the NW-SE surface expression of the out-of-sequence thrusts. The susceptibility anisotropy appears to document a downhole change in the trend of shortening from E to W at the surface to more NESW at depth, probably as a result of the obliquely trending basement ridge, the Tiburon Rise.

Dynamic Response of Wind Turbines to Theoretical 3D Seismic Motions Taking into Account the Rotational Component

We study the dynamic response of a wind turbine structure subjected to theoretical seismic motions, taking into account the rotational component of ground shaking. Models are generated for a shallow moderate crustal earthquake in the Madrid Region (Spain). Synthetic translational and rotational time histories are computed using the Discrete Wavenumber Method, assuming a point source and a horizontal layered earth structure. These are used to analyze the dynamic response of a wind turbine, represented by a simple finite element model. Von Mises stress values at different heights of the tower are used to study the dynamical structural response to a set of synthetic ground motion time histories

Failure locus of polypropylene nonwoven fabrics under in-plane biaxial deformation

The failure locus, the characteristics of the stress–strain curve and the damage localization patterns were analyzed in a polypropylene nonwoven fabric under in-plane biaxial deformation. The analysis was carried out by means of a homogenization model developed within the context of the finite element method. It provides the constitutive response for a mesodomain of the fabric corresponding to the area associated to a finite element and takes into account the main deformation and damage mechanisms experimentally observed. It was found that the failure locus in the stress space was accurately predicted by the Von Mises criterion and failure took place by the localization of damage into a crack perpendicular to the main loading axis.

Damage localization and failure locus under biaxial loading in glass-fiber nonwoven felts

The pattern of damage localization and fracture under uniaxial and biaxial tension was studied in glass–fiber nonwoven felts. The analyses were carried out within the framework of the finite-element simulation of plain and notched specimens in which the microstructure of the felt, made up of fiber bundles connected at the cross point through an organic binder, was explicitly represented. Following previous experimental observations, fracture by interbundle decohesion and energy dissipation by frictional sliding between the bundles were included in the model. It was found that the failure path in these materials was controlled by the maximum applied normal stress, regardless of the loading path, and that the failure locus under biaxial tension was well represented by the von Mises failure criteria. The notch sensitivity of the nonwoven felts was limited and the presence of a notch did not modify the failure path.

Branching angles of pyramidal cell dendrites follow common geometrical design principles in different cortical areas

Unraveling pyramidal cell structure is crucial to understanding cortical circuit computations. Although it is well known that pyramidal cell branching structure differs in the various cortical areas, the principles that determine the geometric shapes of these cells are not fully understood. Here we analyzed and modeled with a von Mises distribution the branching angles in 3D reconstructed basal dendritic arbors of hundreds of intracellularly injected cortical pyramidal cells in seven different cortical regions of the frontal, parietal, and occipital cortex of the mouse. We found that, despite the differences in the structure of the pyramidal cells in these distinct functional and cytoarchitectonic cortical areas, there are common design principles that govern the geometry of dendritic branching angles of pyramidal cells in all cortical areas.

Análise elastoplástica bidimensional de meios reforçados com fibras

De modo a satisfazer aspectos de resistência, custo ou conforto, o aperfeiçoamento do desempenho das estruturas é uma meta sempre almejada na Engenharia. Melhorias têm sido alcançadas dado ao crescente uso de materiais compósitos, pois estes apresentam propriedades físicas diferenciadas capazes de atender as necessidades de projeto. Associado ao emprego de compósitos, o estudo da plasticidade demonstra uma interessante alternativa para aumentar o desempenho estrutural ao conferir uma capacidade resistente adicional ao conjunto. Entretanto, alguns problemas podem ser encontrados na análise elastoplástica de compósitos, além das próprias dificuldades inerentes à incorporação de fibras na matriz, no caso de compósitos reforçados. A forma na qual um compósito reforçado por fibras e suas fases têm sua representação e simulação é de extrema importância para garantir que os resultados obtidos sejam compatíveis com a realidade. À medida que se desenvolvem modelos mais refinados, surgem problemas referentes ao custo computacional, além da necessidade de compatibilização dos graus de liberdade entre os nós das malhas de elementos finitos da matriz e do reforço, muitas vezes exigindo a coincidência das referidas malhas. O presente trabalho utiliza formulações que permitem a representação de compósitos reforçados com fibras sem que haja a necessidade de coincidência entre malhas. Além disso, este permite a simulação do meio e do reforço em regime elastoplástico com o objetivo de melhor estudar o real comportamento. O modelo constitutivo adotado para a plasticidade é o de von Mises 2D associativo com encruamento linear positivo e a solução deste modelo foi obtida através de um processo iterativo. A formulação de elementos finitos posicional é adotada com descrição Lagrangeana Total e apresenta as posições do corpo no espaço como parâmetros nodais. Com o intuito de averiguar a correta implementação das formulações consideradas, exemplos para validação e apresentação das funcionalidades do código computacional desenvolvido foram analisados.

Influence of drill speed and feed rate on bone damage

Implant failures and postoperative complications are often associated to the bone drilling. Estimation and control of drilling parameters are critical to prevent mechanical damage to the bone tissues. For better performance of the drilling procedures, it is essential to understand the mechanical behaviour of bones that leads to their failures and consequently to improve the cutting conditions. This paper investigates the effect of drill speed and feed-rate on mechanical damage during drilling of solid rigid foam materials, with similar mechanical properties to the human bone. Experimental tests were conducted on biomechanical blocks instrumented with strain gauges to assess the drill speed and feed-rate influence. A three-dimensional dynamic finite element model to predict the bone stresses, as a function of drilling conditions, drill geometry and bone model, was developed. These simulations incorporate the dynamic characteristics involved in the drilling process. The element removal scheme is taken into account and allows advanced simulations of tool penetration and material removal. Experimental and numerical results show that generated stresses in the material tend to increase with tool penetration. Higher drill speed leads to an increase of von-Mises stresses and strains in the solid rigid foams. However, when the feed-rate is higher, the stresses and strains are lower. The numerical normal stresses and strains are found to be in good agreement with experimental results. The models could be an accurate analysis tool to simulate the stresses distribution in the bone during the drilling process.

Zeitschrift für angewandte mathematik und mechanik

Mode of access: Internet.

Nation, Staat und Wirtschaft : Beiträge zur Politik und Geschichte der Zeit /

Includes bibliographical references.

Die Gemeinwirtschaft,

Mode of access: Internet.

An anisotropic viscous representation of Mohr-Coulomb failure for use is modelling coupled mantle-continent dynamics

In mantle convection models it has become common to make use of a modified (pressure sensitive, Boussinesq) von Mises yield criterion to limit the maximum stress the lithosphere can support. This approach allows the viscous, cool thermal boundary layer to deform in a relatively plate-like mode even in a fully Eulerian representation. In large-scale models with embedded continental crust where the mobile boundary layer represents the oceanic lithosphere, the von Mises yield criterion for the oceans ensures that the continents experience a realistic broad-scale stress regime. In detailed models of crustal deformation it is, however, more appropriate to choose a Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion based upon the idea that frictional slip occurs on whichever one of many randomly oriented planes happens to be favorably oriented with respect to the stress field. As coupled crust/mantle models become more sophisticated it is important to be able to use whichever failure model is appropriate to a given part of the system. We have therefore developed a way to represent Mohr-Coulomb failure within a code which is suited to mantle convection problems coupled to large-scale crustal deformation. Our approach uses an orthotropic viscous rheology (a different viscosity for pure shear to that for simple shear) to define a prefered plane for slip to occur given the local stress field. The simple-shear viscosity and the deformation can then be iterated to ensure that the yield criterion is always satisfied. We again assume the Boussinesq approximation - neglecting any effect of dilatancy on the stress field. An additional criterion is required to ensure that deformation occurs along the plane aligned with maximum shear strain-rate rather than the perpendicular plane which is formally equivalent in any symmetric formulation. It is also important to allow strain-weakening of the material. The material should remember both the accumulated failure history and the direction of failure. We have included this capacity in a Lagrangian-Integration-point finite element code and will show a number of examples of extension and compression of a crustal block with a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, and comparisons between mantle convection models using the von Mises versus the Mohr-Coulomb yield criteria. The formulation itself is general and applies to 2D and 3D problems, although it is somewhat more complicated to identify the slip plane in 3D.

The tribology of linear tape recording systems

This thesis is devoted to the tribology at the head~to~tape interface of linear tape recording systems, OnStream ADRTM system being used as an experimental platform, Combining experimental characterisation with computer modelling, a comprehensive picture of the mechanisms involved in a tape recording system is drawn. The work is designed to isolate the mechanisms responsible for the physical spacing between head and tape with the aim of minimising spacing losses and errors and optimising signal output. Standard heads-used in ADR current products-and prototype heads- DLC and SPL coated and dummy heads built from a AI203-TiC and alternative single-phase ceramics intended to constitute the head tape-bearing surface-are tested in controlled environment for up to 500 hours (exceptionally 1000 hours), Evidences of wear on the standard head are mainly observable as a preferential wear of the TiC phase of the AI203-TiC ceramic, The TiC grains are believed to delaminate due to a fatigue wear mechanism, a hypothesis further confirmed via modelling, locating the maximum von Mises equivalent stress at a depth equivalent to the TiC recession (20 to 30 nm). Debris of TiC delaminated residues is moreover found trapped within the pole-tip recession, assumed therefore to provide three~body abrasive particles, thus increasing the pole-tip recession. Iron rich stain is found over the cycled standard head surface (preferentially over the pole-tip and to a lesser extent over the TiC grains) at any environment condition except high temperature/humidity, where mainly organic stain was apparent, Temperature (locally or globally) affects staining rate and aspect; stain transfer is generally promoted at high temperature. Humidity affects transfer rate and quantity; low humidity produces, thinner stains at higher rate. Stain generally targets preferentially head materials with high electrical conductivity, i.e. Permalloy and TiC. Stains are found to decrease the friction at the head-to-tape interface, delay the TiC recession hollow-out and act as a protective soft coating reducing the pole-tip recession. This is obviously at the expense of an additional spacing at the head-to-tape interface of the order of 20 nm. Two kinds of wear resistant coating are tested: diamond like carbon (DLC) and superprotective layer (SPL), 10 nm and 20 to 40 nm thick, respectively. DLC coating disappears within 100 hours due possibly to abrasive and fatigue wear. SPL coatings are generally more resistant, particularly at high temperature and low humidity, possibly in relation with stain transfer. 20 nm coatings are found to rely on the substrate wear behaviour whereas 40 nm coatings are found to rely on the adhesive strength at the coating/substrate interface. These observations seem to locate the wear-driving forces 40 nm below the surface, hence indicate that for coatings in the 10 nm thickness range-· i,e. compatible with high-density recording-the substrate resistance must be taken into account. Single-phase ceramic as candidate for wear-resistant tape-bearing surface are tested in form of full-contour dummy-heads. The absence of a second phase eliminates the preferential wear observed at the AI203-TiC surface; very low wear rates and no evidence of brittle fracture are observed.

Creep crack growth in cast steam turbine casing steels

The creep rupture properties of cast ½Cr½Mo¼V and 1Cr1Mo¼V alloy steel used in the manufacture of power station steam generating plant. have been investigated. The effects of constraint and geometry on the creep rupture properties are also considered. The validity of various criteria controlling macroscopic creep crack growth in cast CrMoV alloys has been examined. It is found that neither the stress intensity factor nor reference stress correlate satisfactorily the creep crack growth rates at the test temperature of 550°C. Certain minimum displacements must be achieved for crack initiation and propagation. It is found that this displacement as measured by crack opening displacement or crack aspect ratio, is the same in both compact tension and centre-cracked panel geometries, is invariant with crack length and decreases with increasing constraint. The effect of constraint on creep crack growth rate in the two geometries is less conclusive. A new model describing creep crack growth in cast CrMoV alloy steels has been developed. The model is based on the results from a numerical finite element creep analysis of the relaxation and redistribution of stress ahead of an incubating creep crack . It is found that macroscopic creep crack growth in a material undergoing either plane stress or plane strain deformation can be described by a fracture stress which is based on the Von Mises equivalent stress. It has been shown that this model is capable of rationalising all of the experimental crack velocity data from the cast CrMoV alloys. The resultant degree of data correlation is far superior to that obtained when using the stress intensity factor or reference stress. A cumulative damage creep fracture model based upon the results from the numerical analysis has been developed. It is found that the model is capable of predicting the behaviour of propagating creep cracks in cast CrMoV alloys from smooth bar creep rupture data.

Controle ativo de vibração em estruturas inteligentes utilizando um controlador por modos deslizantes com compensação difusa

Smart structures and systems have the main purpose to mimic living organisms, which are essentially characterized by an autoregulatory behavior. Therefore, this kind of structure has adaptive characteristics with stimulus-response mechanisms. The term adaptive structure has been used to identify structural systems that are capable of changing their geometry or physical properties with the purpose of performing a specific task. In this work, a sliding mode controller with fuzzy inference is applied for active vibration control in an SMA two-bar truss. In order to obtain a simpler controller, a polynomial model is used in the control law, while a more sophisticated version, which presents close agreement with experimental data, is applied to describe the SMA behavior of the structural elements. This system has a rich dynamic response and can easily reach a chaotic behavior even at moderate loads and frequencies. Therefore, this approach has the advantage of not only obtaining a simpler control law, but also allows its robustness be evidenced. Numerical simulations are carried out in order to demonstrate the control system performance.