995 resultados para Couto, Mia, 1955-. O gato e o escuro Teses
Resumo:
En este artÃculo se examina la relación existente entre los salarios de las regiones españolas y su potencial de mercado en el perÃodo 1955-1995. Se prueba la existencia de una estructura espacial de los salarios, en la que los salarios disminuyen al alejarnos de las regiones de renta elevada. Este resultado refuerza la hipótesis de la existencia de una dinámica aglomerativa en España durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Sin embargo, el efecto del potencial de mercado sobre los salarios disminuye en la segunda parte del perÃodo (1975-1995). Este resultado es consistente con la apertura de una senda de dispersión en la localización de la actividad industrial a partir de mediados de los setenta
Resumo:
En este artÃculo se examina la relación existente entre los salarios de las regiones españolas y su potencial de mercado en el perÃodo 1955-1995. Se prueba la existencia de una estructura espacial de los salarios, en la que los salarios disminuyen al alejarnos de las regiones de renta elevada. Este resultado refuerza la hipótesis de la existencia de una dinámica aglomerativa en España durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Sin embargo, el efecto del potencial de mercado sobre los salarios disminuye en la segunda parte del perÃodo (1975-1995). Este resultado es consistente con la apertura de una senda de dispersión en la localización de la actividad industrial a partir de mediados de los setenta
Resumo:
The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.
Resumo:
En este artÃculo se examina la relación existente entre los salarios de las regiones españolas y su potencial de mercado en el perÃodo 1955-1995. Se prueba la existencia de una estructura espacial de los salarios, en la que los salarios disminuyen al alejarnos de las regiones de renta elevada. Este resultado refuerza la hipótesis de la existencia de una dinámica aglomerativa en España durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Sin embargo, el efecto del potencial de mercado sobre los salarios disminuye en la segunda parte del perÃodo (1975-1995). Este resultado es consistente con la apertura de una senda de dispersión en la localización de la actividad industrial a partir de mediados de los setenta
Resumo:
En este artÃculo se examina la relación existente entre los salarios de las regiones españolas y su potencial de mercado en el perÃodo 1955-1995. Se prueba la existencia de una estructura espacial de los salarios, en la que los salarios disminuyen al alejarnos de las regiones de renta elevada. Este resultado refuerza la hipótesis de la existencia de una dinámica aglomerativa en España durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Sin embargo, el efecto del potencial de mercado sobre los salarios disminuye en la segunda parte del perÃodo (1975-1995). Este resultado es consistente con la apertura de una senda de dispersión en la localización de la actividad industrial a partir de mediados de los setenta
Resumo:
In an epidemiologic investigation of mortality among workers in a Swiss rubber-goods factory the cancer mortality in the period 1955-1975 has been studied in all male workers active on 1 January 1955 in (a) a rubber-goods factory and (b) a munitions factory, the latter as reference population. The two groups numbered some 1000 each. Both factories were located in the same Central Swiss village where no other industry was present. Mortality in each industry is compared with that in the Swiss population in general (SMR) and the mortalities of the two industries are compared with each other. The results tend to confirm that rubber workers are exposed to a higher risk of cancer mortality. Three particular types of cancer are briefly discussed: cancer of the stomach, of the lower urinary tract, and glioblastoma.
Resumo:
The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.
Resumo:
Visando avaliar o efeito de diferentes nÃveis de compactação nos atributos fÃsicos: densidade do solo, porosidade total, conteúdos volumétricos de sólidos e de água e distribuição dos poros para retenção de água/ar, diferentes quantidades de massa de um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro textura média foram introduzidas mediante uma prensa hidráulica em anéis de PVC de 0,88 dm³. Utilizando fórmulas desenvolvidas na mecânica dos solos e com os valores de densidades obtidos no feixe de raios-gama e densidade de partÃculas, observou-se que a aplicação de uma carga (pressão) sobre o solo reduziu linearmente tanto a porosidade total como o espaço de aeração, e aumentou na mesma magnitude os conteúdos volumétricos de sólidos e o de água.
Resumo:
Este estudo foi desenvolvido para identificar, caracterizar e comparar a estrutura da dependência espacial dos micronutrientes boro, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco solúveis em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro sob pivô central após 14 anos de uso intensivo, no sul do Estado de Mato Grosso. O esquema de amostragem consistiu de coletas de 132 amostras com espaçamento regular de 167 m, especialmente idealizado para determinar a variabilidade espacial em distância de até 1 m. Com exceção do zinco, o uso intensivo propiciou um aumento significativo nas concentrações desses nutrientes na camada mais afetada pelo manejo (0-20 cm), mesmo assim insuficientes para atingir o nÃvel crÃtico estabelecido para a região. Cerca de 95% das amostras de boro, 75% das amostras de cobre, 95% das amostras de manganês e 1,5% das amostras de zinco apresentaram valores abaixo do nÃvel crÃtico, distribuÃdos diferentemente pelos quadrantes, o que mostra que as práticas de fertilização e/ou as operações de preparo de solo não foram eficientes na distribuição e homogeneização dos fertilizantes.
Resumo:
O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Nova Baden, da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), em Lambari, MG, objetivando avaliar o desempenho dos adubos verdes guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) e crotalária-júncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), com e sem incorporação da biomassa, na recuperação da fertilidade de um solo (Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro distrófico) degradado, cultivado com braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.). Empregou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições, colocando-se nas parcelas o manejo da biomassa, e nas subparcelas, as leguminosas e a braquiária. As três culturas foram manejadas na fase final de florescimento das leguminosas, quando se fizeram amostragens de biomassa para determinação de produção de matéria seca, concentração e conteúdo de nutrientes. Realizaram-se avaliações de amostras de solo em três épocas (90, 120 e 150 dias após o manejo) e seis profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60 e 60-80 cm). O guandu se destacou na primeira avaliação quanto à s melhorias na fertilidade do solo, e a crotalária-júncea, de mineralização mais lenta, na segunda. Na terceira avaliação, não foram encontrados benefÃcios dos adubos verdes nas propriedades quÃmicas do solo.
Resumo:
Este trabalho foi elaborado com o objetivo de verificar o efeito das palhas de milho e lab-lab, dos tipos de manejos do solo e da presença de uma fonte externa de N, no evolvimento de CO2 e na mineralização de N. Usou-se um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro distrófico textura argilosa fase cerrado, da região de Sete Lagoas (MG), com histórico de uso envolvendo cinco anos sob plantio direto e plantio convencional com arado de disco e arado de aiveca. Amostras de solo (0-20 cm) foram incubadas a 25ºC durante 55 dias, na presença e na ausência de palhada residual e de fonte externa de N aplicada no inÃcio e 25 dias após. De modo geral, a palhada de milho apresentou maior taxa de CO2 evolvido do que o lab-lab (935 e 764 mig CO2 g-1 solo, respectivamente). O tipo de palhada residual influenciou mais o evolvimento de CO2 do que os manejos de solo. A adição de N aumenta a taxa de CO2 evolvida, apenas quando N é aplicado no inÃcio do perÃodo de incubação. A disponibilidade de N e o tempo de imobilização são alterados pela relação C/N da palhada incorporada e pelo preparo do solo.
Resumo:
Este experimento de campo, instalado em janeiro de 1994, teve os objetivos: 1) avaliar a eficiência do fosfato natural de Gafsa farelado (FGF) na recuperação de pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk num Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro textura argilosa do Distrito Federal, e 2) verificar efeitos de interações entre fontes de P (fosfato natural de Gafsa e superfosfato triplo (SFT) e incorporação do fosfato com grade e adubação complementar (N, Ca, Mg, K, S e micronutrientes), sobre a disponibilidade de forragem. Os fosfatos foram aplicados na dose de 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5. O delineamento foi o de blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, com o tratamento incorporação nas parcelas e o fatorial, fontes de P vs. adubação complementar, nas subparcelas, perfazendo 12 tratamentos com quatro repetições. A resposta à aplicação dos fosfatos só foi efetivada com aplicação simultânea de adubação complementar; a incorporação com grade foi essencial para aumentar a eficiência do FGF; ao ser incorporado com grade, o FGF teve desempenho tão bom quanto o SFT; sem incorporação, o FGF proporcionou produção de matéria seca inferior à proporcionada pelo SFT (p<0,05).
Resumo:
Os principais efeitos do fogo como manejo de solo estão relacionados a alterações biológicas e quÃmicas do solo. A queima pode ainda alterar a umidade do solo em razão de mudanças na taxa de infiltração, na taxa de transpiração, na porosidade e na repelência do solo à água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as caracterÃsticas fÃsicas de um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro muito argiloso, plano, fase campo cerrado, submetido à ação do fogo, após ser utilizado durante 20 anos em pastagem nativa sem queima. Uma área de 1,25 ha foi submetida à ação bienal do fogo, e uma área adjacente, do mesmo tamanho, foi mantida protegida da ação do fogo. Após seis anos, não houve variações marcantes nas caracterÃsticas fÃsicas do solo induzidas pelo fogo, exceto no aumento da umidade do solo nas parcelas não queimadas. Nas parcelas onde se aplicou o fogo, observou-se tendência para o aumento da microporosidade, que pode ser atribuÃda à compactação promovida pelo impacto das gotas de chuva no solo desnudado pelo fogo. Conclui-se, entretanto, que a queima bienal não foi suficiente para provocar degradação no perÃodo estudado.
Resumo:
Com a base per endinsar-se en l'anhlisi de l'articulació espacial d'un territori, proposo postular que aquesta articulació, és a dir, l'espai social en cada moment determinat, és la resultant dels efectes de la formació social vigent sobre una situació genealbgica del territori en el qual intervé. Segons aixb, la variable articuladora en cada formació social estarh formada pel procés de producció i reproducció de valor en la seqükncia: 1) producció de valor; 2) utilització dels diversos recursos productius, tot aprofitant-se de la mobilitat diferencial dels factors; 3) circulació del valor, i 4) gestió i/o apropiació de l'excedent i repartiment social del valor. Tot aixb sobre un territori en el qual s'articularan diverses funcionalitzacions de manera que possibilitin, i maximalitzin si és possible, el resultat per part del bloc gestor-apropiador de l'excedent.