Étude in vitro de l’implication des cytokines de type Th17 dans la fibrose hépatique

Introduction: L’activation des cellules stellaires hépatiques (CSHs) est un point clé du processus de fibrose hépatique. Les lymphocytes T CD4+ intra-hépatiques sont une source majeure de cytokines anti-inflammatoires comme l’IL-10 et pro-inflammatoire (IL-17A), hépatoprotectrice (IL-22) produites par les Th17. Les Th17 sont impliqués dans de nombreuses pathologies inflammatoires mais l’effet de ces cellules sur les CSHs n’est pas encore élucidé. Objectif: Comprendre le rôle des cytokines de type Th17 dans le processus d’activation des CSHs. Méthodes: La lignée de CSHs humaine LX2 a été stimulée par l’IL-17A ou l’IL-22 puis comparée à des cellules traitées par le TGF-b et le tampon phosphate salin (PBS). L’activation des CSHs a été évaluée en examinant les molécules profibrotique alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), collagène de type I (COL1A1) et inhibiteur produits par les tissus des métalloprotéases matricielles I (TIMP-I) par q-PCR. L’expression protéique a été validée par immunobuvardage ou coloration au rouge de picro Sirius. L’expression membranaire de l’IL-10Rb, du TGF-b-RII et de l’IL-17RA a été mesurée par cytométrie en flux. Résultats: L’IL-17A et l’IL-22 n’activent pas les cellules LX2, car aucune induction d’a-SMA, de COL1A1 et de TIMP-I n’a été observée. Cependant, l’IL-17A et l’IL-22 sensibilisent les CSHs à l’action du TGF-b, tel que démontré par une forte expression et production d’a-SMA, collagène type I et TIMP-I. L’IL-17A, mais pas l’IL-22, induit la surexpression à la surface cellulaire du TGF-b-RII et inhibe partiellement la baisse d’expression du TGF--RII après stimulation au TGF-b. Conclusion: Nos résultats démontrent une fonction pro-fibrotique de l’IL-17A et de l’IL-22, car les deux cytokines sensibilisent les CSHs à l’action du TGF-b. L’IL-17A agit via la surexpression et la stabilisation du TGF-b-RII tandis que l’IL-22 agit probablement par des mécanismes intracellulaires.

Rôle de MTORC2 dans la sénescence et la différenciation myofibroblastique induites par l'autophagie

Il a été suggéré que l’autophagie pouvait participer au processus fibrotique en favorisant la différenciation du fibroblaste en myofibroblaste. La sénescence cellulaire a aussi été montrée comme impliquée dans la réparation tissulaire et la fibrose. Des liens ont été établis entre autophagie et sénescence. Cette étude a pour but d’investiguer les liens possibles entre autophagie, sénescence et différenciation myofibroblastique afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires régulant la réparation tissulaire et la fibrose. Les fibroblastes carencés en sérum pendant quatre jours montrent des ratios LC3B-II/-I élevés et des niveaux de SQSTM1/p62 diminués. L’augmentation de l’autophagie est accompagnée d’une augmentation de l’expression des marqueurs de différenciation myofibroblastique ACTA2/αSMA et collagènes de type 1 et 3 et de la formation de fibres de stress. Les fibroblastes autophagiques expriment les marqueurs de sénescence CDKN1A (p21) et p16INK4a (p16) et montrent une augmentation de l’activité beta-galactosidase associée à la sénescence. L’inhibition de l’autophagie à l’aide de différents inhibiteurs de phosphoinositide 3-kinase de classe I et de phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase de classe III (PtdIns3K) ou par inhibition génique à l’aide d’ARN interférant ATG7 bloquent l’expression des marqueurs de différenciation et de sénescence. L’expression et la sécrétion de CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) sont augmentées chez les fibroblastes autophagiques. L’inhibition de l’expression du CTGF par interférence génique prévient la différenciation myofibroblastique, démontrant l’importance de ce facteur pro-fibrotique pour la différenciation induite par l’autophagie. La phosphorylation de la kinase RPS6KB1/p70S6K, cible du complexe MTORC1, est abolie dans les fibroblastes autophagiques. La phosphorylation d’AKT à la Ser473, une cible du complexe MTORC2, diminue lors de la carence en sérum des fibroblastes mais est suivie d’une rephosphorylation après 2 jours. Ce résultat suggère la réactivation de MTORC2 lors d’une autophagie prolongée. Ceci a été vérifié par inhibition de l’autophagie dans les fibroblastes carencés en sérum. Les inhibiteurs de PtdIns3K et le siRNA ATG7 bloquent la rephosphorylation d’AKT. L’inhibition de la réactivation de MTORC2, et donc de la rephosphorylation d’AKT, est aussi obtenue par exposition des fibroblastes à la rapamycine, le Torin 1 ou par inhibition génique de RICTOR. Ces traitements inhibent l’augmentation de l’expression du CTGF ainsi que des marqueurs de différenciation et de sénescence, démontrant le rôle central joué par MTORC2 dans ces processus. Le stress oxydant peut induire la sénescence et la carence en sérum est connue pour augmenter la quantité de ROS (reactive oxygen species) dans les cellules. Afin d’investiguer le rôle des ROS dans la différenciation et la sénescence induites par l’autophagie, nous avons incubés les fibroblastes carencés en sérum en présence de N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Le NAC diminue la production de ROS, diminue les marqueurs d’autophagie, de sénescence et de différenciation myofibroblastique. Le NAC inhibe aussi la phosphorylation d’AKT Ser473. L’ensemble de ces résultats identifient les ROS en association avec une autophagie prolongée comme des nouveaux activateurs du complexe MTORC2. MTORC2 est central pour l’activation subséquente de la sénescence et de la différenciation myofibroblastique.

Lifetime Overproduction of Circulating Angiotensin-(1-7) Attenuates Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction and Remodeling

We evaluated the development of arterial hypertension, cardiac function, and collagen deposition, as well as the level of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the heart of transgenic rats that overexpress an angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7)-producing fusion protein, TGR(A1-7)3292 (TG), which induces a lifetime increase in circulating levels of this peptide. After 30 days of the induction of the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension model, DOCA-TG rats were hypertensive but presented a lower systolic arterial pressure in comparison with DOCA-Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In contrast to DOCA-SD rats that presented left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, DOCA-TG rats did not develop cardiac hypertrophy or changes in ventricular function. In addition, DOCA-TG rats showed attenuation in mRNA expression for collagen type I and III compared with the increased levels of DOCA-SD rats. Ang II plasma and LV levels were reduced in SD and TG hypertensive rats in comparison with normotensive animals. DOCA-TG rats presented a reduction in plasma Ang-(1-7) levels; however, there was a great increase in Ang-(1-7) (approximate to 3-fold) accompanied by a decrease in mRNA expression of both angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the LV. The mRNA expression of Mas and Ang II type 1 receptors in the LV was not significantly changed in DOCA-SD or DOCA-TG rats. This study showed that TG rats with increased circulating levels of Ang-(1-7) are protected against cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis and also present an attenuated increase in blood pressure after DOCA-salt hypertension. In addition, DOCA-TG rats showed an important local increase in Ang-(1-7) levels in the LV, which might have contributed to the attenuation of cardiac dysfunction and prefibrotic lesions. (Hypertension. 2010;55:889-896.)

The connective tissue of the adductor canal - a morphological study in fetal and adult specimens

The adductor canal is a conical or pyramid-shaped pathway that contains the femoral vessels, saphenous nerve and a varying amount of fibrous tissue. It is involved in adductor canal syndrome, a claudication syndrome involving young individuals. Our objective was to study modifications induced by aging on the connective tissue and to correlate them to the proposed pathophysiological mechanism. The bilateral adductor canals and femoral vessels of four adult and five fetal specimens were removed en bloc and analyzed. Sections 12 mu m thick were obtained and the connective tissue studied with Sirius Red, Verhoeff, Weigert and Azo stains. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs of the surfaces of each adductor canal were also analyzed. Findings were homogeneous inside each group. The connective tissue of the canal was continuous with the outer layer of the vessels in both groups. The pattern of concentric, thick collagen type I bundles in fetal specimens was replaced by a diffuse network of compact collagen bundles with several transversal fibers and an impressive content of collagen III fibers. Elastic fibers in adults were not concentrated in the thick bundles but dispersed in line with the transversal fiber system. A dynamic compression mechanism with or without an evident constricting fibrous band has been proposed previously for adductor canal syndrome, possibly involving the connective tissue inside the canal. The vessels may not slide freely during movement. These age-related modifications in normal individuals may represent necessary conditions for this syndrome to develop.

Excessiva atividade de remodelamento ventricular sinaliza limitada resposta terapêutica ao manejo agressivo da insuficiência cardíaca avanaçada

Introdução: Níveis de fator de necrose tumoral–alfa (TNF-α), N-peptídeo do pró-colágeno III (PIIINP) e metaloproteinase de matriz –1 (MMP-1), marcadores biológicos de remodelamento ventricular, estão elevados em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC), talvez refletindo elevadas pressões de enchimento. A correlação destes marcadores com variáveis clínicas e hemodinâmicas permanece pouco compreendida, particularmente no contexto ambulatorial da IC. Objetivo: Avaliar níveis séricos de marcadores biológicos de remodelamento ventricular em pacientes com IC, comparando tratamento guiado por ecocardiografia (ECO), buscando redução de pressões de enchimento, versus tratamento convencional (CLÍNICO), baseado em sinais e sintomas. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado. Pacientes estáveis com IC e fração de ejeção menor do que 40% foram alocados entre os grupos de tratamento e submetidos a ecocardiograma e coletas de sangue no início do estudo e em 180 dias. TNF-α e MMP- 1 foram medidos por ELISA, e PIIINP, por radioimunoensaio. Resultados: Incluiu-se 80 pacientes, com 59 ± 15 anos e fração de ejeção de 26 ± 7%; 25% isquêmicos e 52% masculinos. Houve redução dos marcadores biológicos intragrupos, não havendo diferença entre os tratamentos. No grupo CLÍNICO, os níveis de TNF-α, MMP-1 e PIIINP apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os momentos basal e final (respectivamente, 3,11 ± 2,90 versus 1,24 ± 0,60 pg/mL p < 0,0003; 2,66 ± 1,00 versus 1,16 ± 0,40 ng/mL p < 0,0001; 6,12 ± 2,60 versus 3,89 ± 1,60 μg/L p < 0,0001). De maneira semelhante, tal diferença também foi observada no grupo ECO para os três marcadores (respectivamente, 3,90 ± 4,90 versus 1,40 ± 1,30 pg/mL p < 0,0001; 2,50 ± 0,90 versus 1,09 ± 0,40 ng/mL p < 0,0001; 6,09 ± 2,60 versus 3,50 ± 1,30 μg/L p<0,0001). Ao final da intervenção, no entanto, não foi observada diferença significativa dos valores de TNF-α , MMP-1 e PIIINP entre os dois grupos de tratamento (p = 0,7; p = 0,8; e p = 0,2; respectivamente). A combinação dos valores basais das variáveis biológicas gerou um escore que se associou significativamente com o comportamento final das pressões atrial direita e sistólica da artéria pulmonar. Pacientes com marcadores biológicos basais no quartil 75% mantiveram níveis superiores de pressões atrial direita (13 mmHg; p = 0,034) e sistólica de artéria pulmonar (60 mmHg; p = 0,007) ao final do seguimento. Conclusão: Independente do tratamento alocado, houve redução dos níveis de marcadores biológicos ao final do seguimento; no entanto, níveis basais mais elevados destes marcadores foram preditores de menor redução das pressões em átrio direito e sistólica da artéria pulmonar. Os dados sugerem que indicativos de intenso processo de remodelamento ventricular se associam à progressão da IC e a pressões de enchimento elevadas.

End-to-end arterial anastomosis with fibrin glue in larger arteries: histology, hydroxyproline concentration and tensile strength study in carotids of rabbits

A anastomose arterial término-terminal é demorada, requer tempo prolongado de oclusão vascular e esta associada a necrose focal, infiltração leucocitária e, conseqüentemente, à fibrose e calcificação da parede arterial. A cola de fibrina é uma alternativa para a anastomose microvascular e pode evitar estas alterações com menor aderência aos tecidos vizinhos e melhor coaptação das bordas arteriais. OBJETIVO: Comparar o processo cicatricial de anastomoses convencionais com anastomoses feitas com cola de fibrina em artérias maiores. MÉTODOS: em 22 coelhos, ambas carótidas foram seccionadas transversalmente e reconstruídas por meio de anastomose término-terminal com 4 pontos simples de reparo e cola de fibrina de um lado (G1), e com 8 pontos separados do outro lado (G2). Após 3 e 15 dias, os animais foram destinados aleatoriamente para estudo de força tênsil concentração de hidroxiprolina (8 animais) e avaliação histológica das anastomoses (3 animais). As lâminas histológicas foram coradas pelo HE Masson e Picrossirius polarização (PSP). RESULTADOS: Após 3 e 15 dias a força tênsil aumenta em ambos os grupos, de 280,0± 32,6g para 432,2± 131,2g no Grupo 1 e de 221,4± 72,4g para 452,2± 132,0g no Grupo 2; sem diferença estatística entre os grupos em cada período. A concentração de hidroxiprolina expressa como razão hidroxiprolina/proteína, variou de 0,0816± 0,0651 para 0,0622± 0,0184 no Grupo 1 e de 0,0734± 0,0577 para 0,0460± 0,0271 no Grupo 2; sem diferença estatística entre os períodos e grupos. Os estudos histológicos mostraram discreto aumento das reações de inflamação e reparação no Grupo 2. A técnica PSP mostrou predomínio do colágeno tipo I em relação do colágeno tipo II nas anastomoses de ambos os grupos, sem diferença expressiva entre esses grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A anastomose com a cola de fibrina foi menos lesiva para a parede arterial do que a anastomose convencional. Mesmo usando menos pontos, as características de força tênsil e de cicatrização da anastomose com cola de fibrina foram similares em ambos os grupos. Os tempos de realização das anastomoses foram significativamente maiores do que na anastomose convencional.

Uso de células mononucleares da medula óssea no tratamento de tendinites induzidas experimentalmente em equinos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of cyclosporin, phenytoin, and nifedipine on the synthesis and degradation of gingival collagen in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): Histochemical and MMP-1 and -2 and collagen I gene expression analyses

Background: The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the collagen fiber distribution histologically after phenytoin, cyclosporin, or nifedipine therapy and to correlate it with collagen I and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -2 gene expression levels.Methods: Gingival samples from the canine area were obtained from 12 male monkeys (Cebus apella). The mesial part of each sample was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, whereas the distal part was processed histologically for picrosirius red and hematoxylin and eosin stainings, as well as for collagen IV immunostaining. One week after the first biopsy, the animals were assigned to three groups that received daily oral dosages of cyclosporin, phenytoin, or nifedipine for 120 days. Additional gingival samples were obtained on days 52 and 120 of treatment from two animals from each group on the opposite sides from the first biopsies.Results: Picrosirius red staining showed a predominance of mature collagen fibers in the control group. Conversely, there was an enlargement of areas occupied by immature collagen fibers in all groups at days 52 and 120, which was not uniform over each section. There was a general trend to lower levels of MMP-1 gene expression on day 52 and increased levels on day 120. Phenytoin led to increased levels of MMP-2 and collagen I gene expression on day 120, whereas the opposite was observed in the nifedipine group.Conclusion: Cyclosporin, phenytoin, and nifedipine led to phased and drug-related gene expression patterns, resulting in impaired collagen metabolism, despite the lack of prominent clinical signs.

Fibrosis-related gene expression in the prostate is modulated by doxazosin treatment

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A microscopic survey of the human temporomandibular joint disc

The articular disc of the temporomandibular joint was studied in a foetuses and children group (GI), a dentate group of adults (GII) and an edentulous, elderly group of humans (GIII) by light microscopy. The main, constituent bundles of type I collagen fibres are stratified and are orientated sagittally, transversely and obliquely in the middle portion of the disc. In the thick, posterior portion, transverse bundles constitute the main feature. In the anterior portion of the disc, the fibres are sagittally and obliquely orientated. Type III. collagen fibres, intermingled with type I collagen fibres are present in all groups. The disc is cellular in nature in foetuses and children becoming more fibrous with age. Chondroid cells are observed in all portions of the discs in groups GII and GIII. Elastic fibres are numerous in GI discs and decrease in number in the disc with age. These fibres lie parallel to the collagen fibres in all three portions of the three groups.

Sperm ultrastructure and a new type of spermiogenesis in two species of Pimelodidae, with a comparative review of sperm ultrastructure in Siluriformes (Teleostei : Ostariophysi)

During spermiogenesis, the spermatids of the pimelodid species Pimelodus maculatus and Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum show a central flagellum development, no rotation of the nucleus, and no nuclear fossa formation, in contrast to all previously described spermatids of Teleostei. These characteristics are interpreted as belonging to a new type of spermiogenesis, named here type III, which is peculiar to the family Pimelodidae. In P. maculatus and P. fasciatum, spermatozoa possess a spherical head and no acrosome; their nucleus contains highly condensed, homogeneous chromatin with small electron-lucent areas; and a nuclear fossa is not present. The centriolar complex lies close to the nucleus. The midpiece is small, has no true cytoplasmic channel, and contains many elongate and interconnected vesicles. Several spherical to oblong mitochondria are located around the centriolar complex. The flagellum displays the classical axoneme (9 + 2) and no lateral fins. Only minor differences were observed among the pimelodid species and genera. Otherwise, spermiogenesis and spermatozoa in the two species of Pimelodidae studied exhibit many characteristics that are not found in other siluriform families, mainly the type III spermiogenesis. (C) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Experimental development of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in rodents

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) following the use of bisphosphonates has become of increased interest in the scientific community, due in particular to its as-yet-unsolved pathogenesis. An experimental model of ONJ was induced in normal male rats [alendronate (ALN); 1 mg/Kg/day; n = 10] and matched controls (saline solution; n = 10). After 60 days of drug treatment, all animals were subjected to extractions of the left first lower molars and were euthanized at 3 and 28 days postsurgery. The following analyses were performed: (i) descriptive and quantitative (scores) histological evaluation, (ii) stereometry of distal sockets and (iii) biochemical measurement of C-telopeptide cross-linked collagen type I (CTX) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP). The results showed that 28 days postsurgery the animals treated with ALN had areas of exposed and necrotic bone, associated with significant infection, especially in the interalveolar septum area and crestal regions, compared with controls. The levels of CTX, BALP and bone volume, as well as the degrees of inflammation and vascularization, were significantly reduced in these animals. Therefore, analysis of the data presented suggests that ALN therapy is associated with the development of osteonecrosis in the jaws of rodents after tooth extraction. © 2012 International Journal of Experimental Pathology.

Equine tendonitis therapy using mesenchymal stem cells and platelet concentrates: A randomized controlled trial

Introduction. Tendon injury is a major cause of lameness and decreased performance in athletic equines. Various therapies for tendonitis have been described; however, none of these therapies results in complete tissue regeneration, and the injury recurrence rate is high even after long recovery periods involving rest and physiotherapy. Methods. A lesion was induced with collagenase gel in the superficial digital flexor tendon in the center portion of the metacarpal region of eight equines of mixed breed. After two weeks, the lesions of the animals in the treated and control groups were treated through the intralesional administration of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (adMSCs) suspended in platelet concentrate (PC) and with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), respectively. Serial ultrasound analyses were performed every two weeks. After 16 weeks of therapy, a biopsy was performed for histopathological, immunohistochemical and gene expression (type I collagen (COL1A1), type III collagen (COL3A1), tenascin-C (TNC), tenomodulin (TNMD), and scleraxis (SCX)) analyses. Results: Differences in the ultrasound and histopathological analyses were observed between the groups. Improved results were reported in the group treated with adMSCs suspended in PC. There was no difference in the gene expression levels observed after the different treatments. The main results observed from the histopathological evaluation of the treated group were as follows: a prevention of the progression of the lesion, a greater organization of collagen fibers, and a decreased inflammatory infiltrate. A lack of progression of the lesion area and its percentage was observed in the ultrasound image, and increased blood flow was measured by Power Doppler. Conclusions: The use of adMSCs combined with PC for the therapy of experimentally induced tendonitis prevented the progression of the tendon lesion, as observed in the ultrasound examination, and resulted in a greater organization and decreased inflammation, as observed in the histopathological evaluation. These data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this therapy for the treatment of equine tendonitis. © 2013 Carvalho et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Dissection of the role of pili and type 2 and 3 secretion systems in adherence and biofilm formation of an atypical enteropathogenic escherichia coli strain

Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) strains are diarrheal pathogens that lack bundle-forming pilus production but possess the virulence-associated locus of enterocyte effacement. aEPEC strain 1551-2 produces localized adherence (LA) on HeLa cells; however, its isogenic intimin (eae) mutant produces a diffuse-adherence (DA) pattern. In this study, we aimed to identify the DA-associated adhesin of the 1551-2 eae mutant. Electron microscopy of 1551-2 identified rigid rod-like pili composed of an 18-kDa protein, which was identified as the major pilin subunit of type 1 pilus (T1P) by mass spectrometry analysis. Deletion of fimA in 1551-2 affected biofilm formation but had no effect on adherence properties. Analysis of secreted proteins in supernatants of this strain identified a 150-kDa protein corresponding to SslE, a type 2 secreted protein that was recently reported to be involved in biofilm formation of rabbit and human EPEC strains. However, neither adherence nor biofilm formation was affected in a 1551-2 sslE mutant. We then investigated the role of the EspA filament associated with the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) in DA by generating a double eae espA mutant. This strain was no longer adherent, strongly suggesting that the T3SS translocon is the DA adhesin. In agreement with these results, specific anti-EspA antibodies blocked adherence of the 1551-2 eae mutant. Our data support a role for intimin in LA, for the T3SS translocon in DA, and for T1P in biofilm formation, all of which may act in concert to facilitate host intestinal colonization by aEPEC strains. ©2013, American Society for Microbiology.

Implante autólogo de células mononucleares provenientes de medula óssea notratamento de tendinites induzidas experimentalmente em equinos: avaliação a longo prazo - 120 dias

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)