Efeito de diferentes volumes de calda no controle do ácaro-da-leprose Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) em citros

Estudou-se o efeito de diferentes volumes de calda no controle do ácaro-da-leprose, Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes), na cultura de citros (Citrus sinensis), em dois ensaios de campo, instalados em 1992 e 1993. Os ensaios foram delineados em blocos casualizados. Utilizou-se do óxido de fenbutatina (Torque 500 SC) a 0,01, 0,02, 0,04 e 0,08% de i.a., aplicado à razão de 5, 10, 20 e 40 litros de calda por planta. Os ácaros foram contados previamente e após a aplicação, amostrando-se 10 frutos/planta. Efetuou-se a retirada dos ácaros, com máquina de varredura, e as contagens com auxílio de microscópio estereoscópico. Concluiu-se que o óxido de fenbutatina independentemente das concentrações e volumes de calda, apresentou alta eficiência no controle do ácaro da leprose com reduções no número de ácaros durante o período do ensaio que variaram de 88,2 a 100% até 63 dias da aplicação (ensaio 1) e 75,4 a 100% até 123 dias (ensaio 2). A eficiência dependeu mais do volume do que da concentração, uma vez que, quanto maior o volume da calda, maior a redução da população. Aplicação de 40 l da calda/planta causou reduções médias de 99,3% e 96,7%, independente da concentração.

Biologia de Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) é um ácaro predador comumente encontrado em plantas cítricas (Citrus spp.). Alimentado com pólen de mamoneira (Ricinus communis ) e a 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% de UR e 14 horas de fotofase, a maioria das larvas eclodiu entre 12 e 24 horas. A duração do estágio de larva foi freqüentemente em torno de 24 horas, e a duração das fases de protoninfa e deutoninfa entre 24 e 48 horas. O ciclo de ovo a adulto durou 5 a 6 dias. A estimativa da capacidade inata de crescimento da população (r m) foi 0,122 fêmeas/ fêmea/ dia; a duração média de uma geração (T) 18,7 dias; a taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro) 9,82 fêmeas/ fêmea e a razão finita de aumento (1)1,13.

Ácaros da família Phytoseiidae associados aos citros no município de Lavras, Sul de Minas Gerais

A ocorrência das espécies de ácaros predadores pertencentes à família Phytoseiidae, em folhas de laranjeira `Valência' (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), foi avaliada durante três anos em Lavras (MG), através de levantamentos quinzenais. Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma e Euseius alatus DeLeon foram as espécies mais freqüentes, a primeira representando 66,2% dos ácaros coletados e a segunda 29,8%. Ambos os ácaros foram encontrados ao longo de todos os anos, sendo que I. zuluagai apresentou maior ocorrência entre abril e setembro (outono e inverno), período de temperaturas amenas e baixa precipitação pluvial. A espécie E. alatus, ao contrário, apresentou maior ocorrência entre outubro e fevereiro, que correspondeu a um período de temperaturas elevadas e alta precipitação pluvial. Outras espécies levantadas e respectivas porcentagens de ocorrência foram: Amblyseius compositus Denmark & Muma (2,6 %), Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant) (1,1 %) e Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) (0,3 %), sendo A. compositus a mais freqüente e as demais ocasionais.

Cultivo de embriões imaturos de citros em diferentes concentrações de carvão ativado e ácido giberélico

Adição de carvão ativado e giberelina no meio de cultura podem proporcionar melhores condições no desenvolvimento de embriões imaturos de citros. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de carvão ativado e GA3 (ácido giberélico) no cultivo de embriões imaturos provenientes do cruzamento entre laranjeira 'Pêra Rio' x tangerineira 'Poncã'. Após 118 dias da polinização, frutos imaturos, com 3 a 4 cm de diâmetro, foram coletados, suas sementes removidas e tratadas com álcool (70%) por cinco minutos, hipoclorito de sódio (2%) por 20 minutos e, posteriormente, lavadas três vezes em água destilada e autoclavada. em condições assépticas, os tegumentos das sementes foram separados, os embriões globulares excisados e inoculados em tubos de ensaio contendo 15 mL do meio MT, acrescido de carvão ativado (0; 0,5; 1; 1,5 e 2 g L-1) e GA3 (0; 0,01; 0,1; 1 e 10 mg L-1). Após a inoculação, os embriões permaneceram por 90 dias em sala de crescimento a 27+1ºC, fotoperíodo de 16 horas e irradiância de 32 mmol m-2 s-1. Maior comprimento da parte aérea foi obtido em meio MT, acrescido de 0,1 e 1 mg L-1 de GA3, combinado com 2 g L-1 de carvão ativado. Maior comprimento do sistema radicular, massa da matéria fresca e número de folhas de plântulas foram obtidos em meio MT, acrescido de 0,01 mg L-1 de GA3, na ausência de carvão ativado. A adição de carvão ativado influenciou na concentração de ácido giberélico acrescido no meio de cultura.

Comparative analysis of differentially expressed sequence tags of sweet orange and mandarin infected with Xylella fastidiosa

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Distribution and biological role of the oligopeptide-binding protein (OppA) in Xanthomonas species

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Viabilidade de crescimento micelial de Coprinus comatus em meio de cultura à base de resíduos orgânicos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the mycelial growth of the Coprinus comatus strain CCO 01/01 in culture based on organic residues of Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane bagasse), Citrus sinensis (orange bagasse), Ananas comosus (pineapple residues) and Musa sp. (banana leaf), supplemented with wheat bran in the proportions of 0, 10 and 20%, kept at 27 degrees C. The mycelial growth of C. comatus was evaluated daily by measurement of the diameter of the colony during seven days of incubation. The banana leaf was considered the best residue for the cultivation of the C. comatus even without supplementation, meaning lower production costs. The supplementation of pineapple residues with 10% of wheat bran favored fungi growth. Sugar-cane bagasse was suitable for the growth of the C. comatus provided it is enriched with wheat bran. The orange bagasse, without pH correction, was not appropriate for the mycelial growth of C. comatus.

Distribution and habitat preference of Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in an orange orchard and a forest fragment

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Presence of Xylella fastidiosa in sweet orange fruit and seeds and its transmission to seedlings

Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited bacterium, causes several economically important diseases in North, Central, and South America. These diseases are transmitted by sharpshooter insects, contaminated budwood, and natural root-grafts. X. fastidiosa extensively colonizes the xylem vessels of susceptible plants. Citrus fruit have a well-developed vascular system, which is continuous with the vascular system of the plant. Citrus seeds develop very prominent vascular bundles, which are attached through ovular and seed bundles to the xylem system of the fruit. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit of cvs. Pera, Natal, and Valencia with characteristic symptoms of citrus variegated chlorosis disease were collected for analysis. X. fastidiosa was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in all main fruit vascular bundles, as well as in the seed and in dissected seed parts. No visual abnormalities were observed in seeds infected with the bacterium. However, the embryos of the infected seeds weighed 25% less than those of healthy seeds, and their germination rate was lower than uninfected seeds. There were about 2,500 cells of X. fastidiosa per infected seed of sweet orange, as quantified using real-time PCR techniques. The identification of X. fastidiosa in the infected seeds was confirmed by cloning and sequencing the specific amplification product, obtained by standard PCR with specific primers. X. fastidiosa was also detected in and recovered from seedlings by isolation in vitro. Our results show that X. fastidiosa can infect and colonize fruit tissues including the seed. We also have shown that X. fastidiosa can be transmitted from seeds to seedlings of sweet orange. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of X. fastidiosa in seeds and its transmission to seedlings.

Eficiência de extratos de plantas medicinais e aromáticas em atrair a abelha africanizada (Apis mellifera L.) em cultura de abacateiro (Persea americana Mili.)

The objective of the experiment was to test attractive substances for Africanized honey bees, Apis mellifera L., in avocado, Persea americana Mill. Were pulverized extracts of lemon grass (Cympobogon citratus), ocimum (Ocimum sellowii), Lippia alba, orange leaves (Citrus sinensis), eucaliptus leaves (Eucalyptus sp), eugenol and linalol and the frequency of bees on flowers were evaluated. The frequency of honey bees did increase with the application of the extracts falsa melissa, eucaliptus leaves and orange leaves, used as attractants in Quintal variety. The products tested in Eppendorf tubes did not increased the frequency the bees in Quintal and Fortuna varieties.

Tabela de vida ecológica do minador-dos-citros, Phyllocnistis citrella stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

The construction of ecological life tables is a useful tool to understand the population dynamics of insects in the field. In this work, ecological life tables were developed for Phyllocnistis citrella (Stainton) in an orchard of Citrus sinensis situated in Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, Sao Paulo State, during 2002. The occurrence of generation overlay in the field was avoided by obtaining the eggs from infestation on young citrus plants (Citrus limonia) kept under controlled conditions. The samples were taken every other day and the number of live, dead, predated and parasitized individuals were recorded. The occurrence of arthropod predators was determined through visual search on the plants of the orchard. The key factors of mortality acting on P.citrella populations were: pupae parasitism caused by Ageniaspis citricola (Logvinovskaya), action of uncertain factors on prepupae and predation of 3rd-instar larvae. The most abundant arthropod predators belonged to the families Formicidae, Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae, Reduviidae e Araneae. In two of five generations of P. citrella, approximately 4% of A. citricola pupae were hyperparasitized by Galeopsomyia fausta (LaSalle) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

Avaliação dos teores nutricionais em laranjeira 'Valência', sob fertirrigação

This work aimed to compare fertigation to conventional fertilization in a five-year-old 'Valência' orange orchard, irrigated by microsprinklers. The conventional fertilization, using the recommended dosage for the crop, was parceled out in three during the year. In the fertigation treatments a complete dose, 1/2 and 1/3 of the conventional fertilization dose, parceled out in ten in a year, were used. Trunk circumference and leaf volume, leaf chlorophyll content and fruit yield and quality were measured. For the first year, significant differences among the treatments for the evaluated parameters were not observed; however, it was noticed that fertigation treatments caused less nutritional unbalance, obtained by DRIS. The fertigation treatment using half dosage showed the best result regarding to fruit yield and quality.

Consumo e custo de energia elétrica na cultura de citros irrigado por gotejamento e microaspersão, com três lâminas de água

The objective of this work was to analyze the consumption, electric energy cost, and economic results of irrigated citrus (Citrus sinensis). The treatments consisted of a dripping irrigation system with one and two lateral distribution lines, a micro sprinkler irrigation system and a treatment without irrigation. For each irrigation system, three water depths were used: 100%, 75% and 50% of Etc (citrus evapotranspiration). The electric energy cost for two tariff groups, Group A and Group B, was studied. For Group A, the expenses with energy were determined for the Conventional Binomial Structure tariff, the Hour-seasonal tariff (green and blue) and the special tariff for nocturnal irrigation. The kWh cost for the tariff systems were obtained from the website of CPFL (São Paulo State Power and Light Company, Brazil). The best relation between the electric energy consumption (kWh.ha -1) and productivity (t.ha -1) occurred in the treatment irrigated with 50% of the Etc. The irrigated treatments increased productivity. The biggest productivity was observed in the irrigation treatments with 50% of the Etc when compared to the ones with 100% of the Etc. The blue and green Hour-seasonal tariff system of Group A (nocturnal irrigation) was the best option. A biggest economic turnover occurred in the treatments irrigated with 50% of the Etc.

Effect of an acid diet allied to sonic toothbrushing on root dentin permeability: An in vitro study

This study quantified alterations in root dentin permeability after exposure to different acid beverages. Twenty-five third molars were sectioned below the cementoenamel junction, the root segment was collected, and the pulp tissue was removed. The root segments were connected to a hydraulic pressure apparatus to measure the permeability of root dentin after the following sequential steps, with 5 specimens in each: 1) phosphoric acid etching for 30 s (maximum permeability), 2) root planning to create new smear layer, 3) exposure to different acid substances for 5 min (orange, cola drink, vinegar, white wine, lemon juice), 4) toothbrushing with sonic toothbrush for 3 min, 5) toothbrushing with sonic toothbrush plus dentifrice for 3 min. Considering step I as 100%, the data were converted into percentage and each specimen was its own control. Data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post test at 5% significance level. All acidic substances increased dentin permeability significantly after scraping (p<0.05). Toothbrushing after exposure to acid substances decreased dentin permeability and the association with dentifrice accentuated the decrease (p<0.05), except for the specimens treated with cola drink. Thus, it may be concluded that all tested acid fruit juices increased dentin permeability, and toothbrushing with or without dentifrice can decrease root dentin permeability after dentin exposure to acid diet.

Geoinformação na gestão dos recursos hídricos em sub-bacia hidrográfica

By remote sensing, geodatabase digital processing, information and expeditions to Capivara's sub-basin, was possible to identify the changes in the landscape mainly the expansion of eucalyptus, sugar-cane, and orange trees, being the last two, mainly on the Periferic Depression of Basaltic Cuesta. A significant portion of the soil on this geological area is formed from sandstones, providing high permeability to them, making them important places to groundwater recharge areas as sensible to contamination by pesticides. Throughout last decade was observed that the native vegetation fragments stabilization, keeping a reason of 26.5% on the land used between 2000 and 2010. The pasture decrease being substituted by eucalyptus, sugar-cane and orange trees call attention for the changes in the agribusiness model demanded by the current economic and social necessity. Pasture decrease followed by erosions decrease on sub-basin is evidence that these two aspects are strongly related.