Biochemical responses, morphometric changes, genotoxic effects and CYP1A expression in the armored catfish Pterygoplichthys anisitsi after 15 days of exposure to mineral diesel and biodiesel

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Histopathological alterations, EROD activity, CYP1A protein and biliary metabolites in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata exposed to benzo(a)pyrene

This study compared for seabream, Sparus aurata exposed to benzo(a)pyrene-B(a)P-, the response of molecular cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) and cellular histopathology biomarkers. Male gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata specimens were exposed for 20 days via water to a series of high B(a)P concentrations. CYP1A was assessed by measuring enzymatic activity (EROD) and CYP1A protein content, and cellular responses were evaluated by routine histopathological methods. In addition, biliary metabolites were measured in order to verify that B(a)P was absorbed and metabolised. Histological lesions, both in liver and gills, increased in parallel to B(a)P concentrations, with the majority of changes representing rather non-specific alterations. Hepatic EROD and CYP1A proteins data showed a concentration-dependent induction, while in the gills, EROD activity but not CYP1A proteins showed a non-monotonous dose response, with a maximum induction level at 200 microg B(a)P.L-1 and decreasing levels thereafter. The findings provide evidence that short-term, high dose exposure of fish can result in significant uptake and metabolism of the lipophilic B(a)P, and in pronounced pathological damage of absorptive epithelia and internal organs.

Towards science-based sediment quality standards-Effects of field-collected sediments in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Sediments can act as long-term sinks for environmental pollutants. Within the past decades, dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted significant attention in the scientific community. To investigate the time- and concentration-dependent uptake of DLCs and PAHs in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their associated toxicological effects, we conducted exposure experiments using suspensions of three field-collected sediments from the rivers Rhine and Elbe, which were chosen to represent different contamination levels. Five serial dilutions of contaminated sediments were tested; these originated from the Prossen and Zollelbe sampling sites (both in the river Elbe, Germany) and from Ehrenbreitstein (Rhine, Germany), with lower levels of contamination. Fish were exposed to suspensions of these dilutions under semi-static conditions for 90 days. Analysis of muscle tissue by high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and of bile liquid by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that particle-bound PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PAHs were readily bioavailable from re-suspended sediments. Uptake of these contaminants and the associated toxicological effects in fish were largely proportional to their sediment concentrations. The changes in the investigated biomarkers closely reflected the different sediment contamination levels: cytochrome P450 1A mRNA expression and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in fish livers responded immediately and with high sensitivity, while increased frequencies of micronuclei and other nuclear aberrations, as well as histopathological and gross pathological lesions, were strong indicators of the potential long-term effects of re-suspension events. Our study clearly demonstrates that sediment re-suspension can lead to accumulation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in fish, resulting in potentially adverse toxicological effects. For a sound risk assessment within the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive and related legislation, we propose a strong emphasis on sediment-bound contaminants in the context of integrated river basin management plans.

(Table 1) Hepatic EROD activity and and retinoid concentrations in the liver, and plasma thyroid hormones of northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) from Bjørnøya

We investigated whether the hepatic cytochrome P450 1A activity (measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD)) and plasma thyroid hormone and liver retinoid concentrations were explained by liver and blood levels of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs) in free-ranging breeding northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) from Bjornoya in the Norwegian Arctic. Hepatic EROD activity and liver levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQs) were positively correlated, suggesting that hepatic EROD activity is a good indicator for dioxin and dioxin-like HOC exposure in breeding northern fulmars. There were not found other strong relationships between HOC concentrations and hepatic EROD activity, plasma thyroid or liver retinoid concentrations in the breeding northern fulmars. It is suggested that the HOC levels found in the breeding northern fulmars sampled on Bjornoya were too low to affect plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones and liver levels of retinol and retinyl palmitate, and that hepatic EROD activity is a poor indicator of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and pesticide exposure.

Identificação do transcrito CYP1A no peixe Phalloceros caudimaculatus e resposta para a exposição a beta-naftoflavona e amostras ambientais de sedimento

Contaminantes orgânicos, como os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), podem atingir corpos da água e possuem potencial para causar efeitos tóxicos em organismos. A exposição aos HPAs causa indução nos níveis de citocromo P450 1A (CYP1A) em peixes, e portanto, é utilizado como um biomarcador de contaminação ambiental. O guarú Phalloceros caudimaculatus ocorre naturalmente em ambientes aquáticos dulcícolas e mixohalinos na América do Sul. O presente estudo identificou a sequência nucleotídica do transcrito CYP1A de P. caudimaculatus, que codifica uma proteína com 521 aminoácidos, e que apresenta 91% e 70% de identidade com CYP1A de killifish e paulistinha, respectivamente. A partir desta sequência foi possível realizar a avaliação dos níveis de mRNA de CYP1A deste peixe por RTq-PCR. Foi realizada uma caracterização de sua indução órgão- e tempo-dependente frente a exposição ao HPA beta-naftoflavona (BNF) e ao elutriato preparado a partir de sedimento de dois corpos da água possivelmente contaminados com HPAs. Foi constatado um aumento significativo nos níveis de mRNA de CYP1A em fígado, brânquia, intestino, cérebro, nadadeira anal de macho adultos e em alevinos na primeira hora de exposição a 1 µM de BNF, em relação ao grupo controle. O rim e as nadadeiras caudal e dorsal apresentaram indução de CYP1A após duas horas de exposição ao BNF. As maiores induções nos peixes dos grupos expostos ao BNF em relação ao controle foram de 176 no rim e 122 vezes no cérebro, observadas respectivamente após 8 e 48 horas de exposição. Os níveis de mRNA de CYP1A nos órgãos e tecidos de alevino, mantiveramse induzidos pela exposição ao BNF até o final das 96 horas de exposição. A exposição dos peixes ao elutriato produzido a partir dos sedimentos coletados em dois locais potencialmente contaminados causou indução do CYP1A no fígado de 22 e 122 vezes em relação ao controle. Os resultados demonstram que a indução de CYP1A em Phalloceros caudimaculatus ocorre em tempos curtos de exposição, além da variação de acordo com o tempo de exposição e com o órgão analisado. Além disso, foi demonstrado que tecidos externos também podem ser utilizados para tais análises e que o elutriato feito a partir de sedimento de locais que recebem descargas de contaminantes podem causar indução de CYP1A nos organismos.

Rapid identification of cytochrome P450cam variants by in vivo screening of active site libraries

The selection of cytochrome P450 enzymes from large variant libraries, and the subsequent use of these enzymes in preparative scale biotransformations, remains a formidable challenge due to the complexities of the associated electron transport systems. Here, a powerful approach for the generation and screening of P450cam libraries for new function is presented that is both flexible and robust. A targeted library was generated wherein only the P450cam active-site amino acids Y96 and F98 were fully randomized and biotransformations, using a novel P450cam whole-cell system, were screened by GC–MS for the hydroxylation of diphenylmethane. One in 50 of the reactions screened, including 16 different variants, produced 4-hydroxydiphenylmethane with up to 92% conversion observed in the case of the Y96A variant. These results demonstrate a primary example of the screening of P450cam libraries in a format that is compatible with extension to preparative scale reactions.

The cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme CYP2E1 in the biological processing of industrial chemicals : consequences for occupational and environmental medicine

The importance of the isoform CYP2E1 of the human cytochrome P-450 superfamily of enzymes for occupational and environmental medicine is derived from its unique substrate spectrum that includes a number of highly important high-production chemicals, such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, solvents and industrial monomers (i.a. alkanes, alkenes, aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons). Many polymorphic genes, such as CYP2E1, show considerable differences in allelic distribution between different human populations. The polymorphic nature of the human CYP2E1 gene is significant for inter-individual differences in toxicity of its substrates. Since the substrate spectrum of CYP2E1 includes many compounds of basic relevance to industrial toxicology, a rationale for metabolic interactions of different CYP2E1 substrates is provided. In-depth research into the inter-individual phenotypic differences of human CYP2E1 enzyme activities was enabled by the recognition that the 6-hydroxylation of the drug chlorzoxazone is mediated by CYP2E1. Studies on CYP2E1 phenotyping have pointed to inter-individual variations in enzyme activities. There are consistent ethnic differences in CYP2E1 enzyme expression, mostly demonstrated between European and Japanese populations, which point to a major impact of genetic factors. The most frequently studied genetic polymorphisms are the restriction fragment length polymorphisms PstI/RsaI (mutant allele: CYP2E1*5B) located in the 5′-flanking region of the gene, as well as the DraI polymorphism (mutant allele: CYP2E1*6) located in intron 6. These polymorphisms are partly related, as they form the common allele designated CYP2E1*5A. Striking inter-ethnic differences between Europeans and Asians appear with respect to the frequencies of the CYP2E1*5A allele (only approximately 5% of Europeans are heterozygous, but 37% of Asians are, whilst 6% of Asians are homozygous). Available studies indicate a wide variation in human CYP2E1 expression, which are very likely based on complex gene-environment interactions. Major inter-ethnic differences are apparent on the genotyping and the phenotyping levels. Selected cases are presented where inter-ethnic variations of CYP2E1 may provide likely explanations for unexplained findings concerning industrial chemicals that are CYP2E1 substrates. Possible consequences of differential inter-individual and inter-ethnic susceptibilities are related to individual expressions of clinical symptoms of chemical toxicity, to results of biological monitoring of exposed workers, and to the interpretation of results of epidemiological or molecular-epidemiological studies.

Interactions of ingested food, beverage, and tobacco components involving human cytochrome P4501A2, 2A6, 2E1, and 3A4 enzymes

Human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are involved in the oxidation of natural products found in foods, beverages, and tobacco products and their catalytic activities can also be modulated by components of the materials. The microsomal activation of aflatoxin B1 to the exo-3,9-epoxide is stimulated by flavone and 7,8-benzoflavone, and attenuated by the flavonoid naringenin, a major component of grapefruit. P4502E1 has been demonstrated to play a potentially major role in the activation of a number of very low-molecular weight cancer suspects, including ethyl carbamate (urethan), which is present in alcoholic beverages and particularly stone brandies. The enzyme (P4502E1) is also known to be inducible by ethanol. Tobacco contains a large number of potential carcinogens. In human liver microsomes a significant role for P4501A2 can be demonstrated in the activation of cigarette smoke condensate. Some of the genotoxicity may be due to arylamines. P4501A2 is also inhibited by components of crude cigarette smoke condensate. The tobacco-specific nitrosamines are activated by a number of P450 enzymes. Of those known to be present in human liver, P4501A2, 2A6, and 2E1 can activate these nitrosamines to genotoxic products.

Influence of cytochrome P-450 inhibitors on the inhalative uptake of methyl chloride and methylene chloride in male B6C3F1 mice

Dichloromethane (DCM) is thought to be metabolized in vivo by two independent pathways: a glutathione (GSH) dependent pathway that yields CO2 and a cytochrome P-450 mediated one that yields both CO and CO2 (Gargas et al 1986). With a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) model, Andersen et al (1987) calculate the quantitative parameters for both metabolic pathways. Using the kinetic parameters thus obtained and the results of two carcinogenicity studies with rodents (Serota et al 1986; NTP 1985), the authors then estimate the tumour risk for humans.

Non-major-histocompatibility-complex genetics of ankylosing spondylitis

There is strong evidence from twin and family studies indicating that a substantial proportion of the heritability of susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and its clinical manifestations is encoded by non-major-histocompatibility-complex genes. Efforts to identify these genes have included genomewide linkage studies and candidate gene association studies. One region, the interleukin (IL)-1 gene complex on chromosome 2, has been repeatedly associated with AS in both Caucasians and Asians. It is likely that more than one gene in this complex is involved in AS, with the strongest evidence to date implicating IL-1A. Identifying the genes underlying other linkage regions has been difficult due to the lack of obvious candidates and the low power of most studies to date to identify genes of the small to moderate magnitude that are likely to be involved. The field is moving towards genomewide association analysis, involving much larger datasets of unrelated cases and controls. Early successes using this approach in other diseases indicates that it is likely to identify genes in common diseases like AS, but there remains the risk that the common-variant, common-disease hypothesis will not hold true in AS. Nonetheless, it is appropriate for the field to be cautiously optimistic that the next few years will bring great advances in our understanding of the genetics of this condition.

Cytochrome P4504f, a potential therapeutic target limiting neuroinflammation

Inflammatory processes are involved in the pathogenesis and/or progression of acute central nervous system (CNS) infection, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders among others indicating the need for novel strategies to limit neuroinflammation. Eicosanoids including leukotrienes, particularly leukotriene B-4 (LTB4) are principle mediator(s) of inflammatory response, initiating and amplifying the generation of cytokines and chemokines. Cytochrome P450 (Cyp), a family of heme proteins mediate metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds, such as eicosanoids and leukotrienes. Cytochrome P4504F (Cyp4f) subfamily includes five functional enzymes in mouse. We cloned and expressed the mouse Cyp4f enzymes, assayed their relative expression in brain and examined their ability to hydroxylate the inflammatory cascade prompt LTB4 to its inactive 20-hydroxylated product. We then examined the role of Cyp4fs in regulating inflammatory response in vitro, in microglial cells and in vivo, in mouse brain using lipopolysacharide (LPS), as a model compound to generate inflammatory response. We demonstrate that mouse brain Cyp4fs are expressed ubiquitously in several cell types in the brain, including neurons and microglia, and modulate inflammatory response triggered by LPS, in vivo and in microglial cells, in vitro through metabolism of LTB4 to the inactive 20-hydroxy LTB4. Chemical inhibitor or shRNA to Cyp4fs enhance and inducer of Cyp4fs attenuates inflammatory response. Further, induction of Cyp4f expression lowers LTB4 levels and affords neuroprotection in microglial cells or mice exposed to LPS. Thus, catalytic activity of Cyp4fs is a novel target for modulating neuroinflammation through hydroxylation of LTB4. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The 21-dehydroxylation of corticosteroids: evidence for an enol intermediate and the hydroxylation of steroids by fungal cyto-chrome P450: evidence for a stepwise mechanism

Two enzyme mechanisms were examined: the 21-dehydroxylation of corticosteroids by the anaerobe Eubacterium l en tum, and the hydroxylation of steroids by fungal cytochrome P450. Deuterium labelling techniques were used to study the enzymic dehydroxylation. Corticosteroids doubly labelled (2H) at the C-21 position were incubated with a culture of Eubacterium lentum. It was found that t he enzymic dehydroxylation proceeded with the loss of one 2H f rom C-21 per molecule of substrate. The kinetic isotope ef fect f or the reaction was found to be k~kD = 2. 28. These results suggest that enzyme/substr ate binding in this case may proceed via t he enol form of the substrate. Also , it appears that this binding is, at least in part, the rate determining step of t he reaction. The hydroxylation of steroids by fungal cytochrome P450 was examined by means of a product study. Steroids with a double bond at the A8 (9), ~( lO ), or ~ (ll) position were synthesized. These steroids were then incubated with fungal strains known to use a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase to hydroxylate at positions allylic to these doubl e bonds. The products formed in these incubations indicated that the double bonds had migrated during allylic hydroxylat ion. This suggests that a carbon centred radical or ion may be an intermediate i n the cytochrome P450 cat alytic cycle.

Modulation de l'expression et de l'activité de la NADPH P450 réductase chez le lapin.

L’activité catalytique du cytochrome P450 dépend de la disponibilité d’électrons produits par la NADPH P450 réductase (NPR). Notre étude a pour but de déterminer comment l’expression de la NPR est modulée chez le lapin. Afin de comprendre comment l’expression de la NPR est modulée, des hépatocytes de lapins témoins ont été incubés pendant 2, 4, 24 et 48 heures en présence de plusieurs activateurs de facteurs de transcription connus du cytochrome P450. De plus, des lapins ayant reçu une injection sous-cutanée de térébenthine afin de produire une réaction inflammatoire aseptique sont sacrifiés 48 heures plus tard dans le but d’étudier les effets de l’inflammation sur l’expression de la NPR. La rosiglitazone, le fénofibrate, l’acétate de plomb et le chlorure de cobalt (des inducteurs des PPAR, PPAR, AP-1 et HIF-1), après 48 heures d’incubation, n’ont provoqué aucun changement d’expression ou d’activité de la NPR. Après 48 heures d’incubation, la dexaméthasone (Dexa) a augmenté la quantité d’ARNm (QT-PCR), l’expression et l’activité de la NPR (p<0,05), en plus d’augmenter l’ARNm des récepteurs nucléaires CAR (récepteur constitutif à l’androstane) et PXR (récepteur X prégnane) (p<0.05). Le phénobarbital (PB) a augmenté seulement l’activité de la NPR (p<0.05). Par contre, après 48 heures d’incubation, la combinaison PB et Dexa a augmenté la quantité d’ARNm, ainsi que l’expression et l’activité de la NPR (p<0.05). La combinaison de PB et Dexa a induit une augmentation d’ARNm des récepteurs nucléaires CAR, PXR et RXR (récepteur X du rétinoïde) plus précocement, soit après 2 heures d’incubation (p<0.05). Le PD098059 (PD), un bloqueur de l’activation de MAPK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase), et l’acide okadaïque (OA), un inhibiteur de la protéine phosphatase 2A (PP2A), ont bloqué l'augmentation d'expression et d'activité de la NPR induite par le PB après 48 heures d’incubation. La réaction inflammatoire aseptique a diminué l’expression et l’activité de la NPR après 48 heures d’incubation (p<0.05). On conclue que la dexaméthasone et le phénobarbital sont des inducteurs potentiels de la NPR et que les voies de signalisation de CAR, PXR et RXR semblent être impliquées dans le contrôle de cette induction. Des études supplémentaires devront être complétées afin de confirmer ces résultats préliminaires.

Characterizing the Expression of Cytochrome P450s in Breast Cancer Cells

Une résistance aux agents anticancéreux utilisés dans le traitement du cancer du sein est souvent associée à un échec de traitement. Des variations dans le devenir des agents anticancéreux dans l’organisme, sont des facteurs pouvant expliquer des phénomènes de résistance. Notre but était d’évaluer l’impact des isoenzymes du CYP450s, dans le métabolisme local des agents anticancéreux. Notre premier objectif était de valider un gène rapporteur pour nos analyses de PCR en temps réel. Pour ce faire, nous avons criblé l’expression de 6 gènes rapporteurs dans 23 lignées cellulaires. NUP-214 a été démontré comme étant le gène rapporteur le plus stable avec un écart-type de seulement 0.55 Ct. Notre deuxième objectif était de déterminer le niveau d’expression des ARNm de 19 isoformes du CYP450 dans plusieurs lignées cellulaires du cancer du sein. Les ARNm des CYP450s ont démontré une très grande variabilité entre les lignées cellulaires. Les isoformes CYP1B1 et CYP2J2 démontrent l’expression la plus importante pour la majorité des lignées. Notre troisième objectif était d’évaluer la corrélation entre l’expression des isoformes des CYP450s et leur activité métabolique en utilisant les substrats spécifiques du CYP1B1 et 2J2, 7-éthoxyrésorufine et ébastine, respectivement. Une forte corrélation (r2=0.99) fut observée entre l’activité métabolique vis-à-vis l’ébastine et l’expression du CYP2J2. De même, le métabolisme du 7-éthoxyrésorufine était fortement corrélé (r2=0.98) avec l’expression du CYP1B1. En résumé, ces résultats suggèrent que le métabolisme local des agents anticancéreux pourrait significativement moduler le devenir des agents anticancéreux dans l’organisme, et pourrait être ainsi, une source de résistance.

L’inhibition des cytochromes P450 dans les cas d’insuffisance rénale chronique : rôle de l’hormone parathyroïdienne.

L’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) est associée à une réduction du métabolisme de plusieurs médicaments, due à une diminution du cytochrome P450 (CYP450) hépatique. Nos études précédentes ont montré que l’IRC affecte l’activité in vivo et in vitro, de même que l’expression protéique et génique des différents isoformes du CYP450, via la présence du sérum urémique et de l’hormone parathyroïdienne (PTH). Ce projet de doctorat se divise en quatre parties. Premièrement, nous avons développé une méthode d’analyse de l’activité du CYP450, à l’aide de la production du 3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-4-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl] furan-2(5H)-one (DFH) à partir du 3-[(3,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-5,5-dimethyl-4-[4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl] furan-2(5H)-one (DFB). Cette méthode nous a permis de mieux quantifier l’activité dans les études subséquentes. Deuxièmement, l’activité du CYP450 3A est diminuée chez les patients atteints d’IRC. De plus, il a déjà été démontré que des toxines urémiques dialysables seraient impliquées puisque l’hémodialyse prévient cette inhibition du CYP450. Par contre, le mécanisme expliquant l’amélioration transitoire la composition du sérum de patients atteints d’IRC par l’hémodialyse n’est pas connu. L’objectif du projet est d’évaluer l’effet de l’hémodialyse sur l’expression protéique et génique, de même que sur l’activité du CYP450 3A2 dans un modèle d’hépatocytes de rat en culture. Troisièmement, la déficience en calcidiol est fréquente dans les cas d’IRC et l’étiologie est peu connue. Nous avons récemment montré que l’IRC est associée à une diminution du métabolisme des médicaments par le foie suite à une réduction des différents isoformes du CYP450 en partie médiée par l’hormone parathyroïdienne (PTH). La 25-hydroxylation de la vitamine D, au niveau du foie, permet la formation du calcidiol par différents isoformes du CYP450 (CYP2C11, 27A1, 2R1, 3A2 et 2J3) et pourrait être ainsi altérée en présence d’IRC. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de a) confirmer la diminution de synthèse de calcidiol en présence d’IRC et b) évaluer le rôle de la PTH dans la déficience en calcidiol. Finalement, afin de mieux comprendre les inhibitions du CYP450, nous avons étudié les voies de signalisation impliquées dans la régulation du CYP450 en présence d’IRC et avec la PTH puisque les mécanismes d’action demeurent imprécis. La contribution des facteurs de transcription et des récepteurs nucléaires suivants est étudiée ; le récepteur pregnane X (PXR), le récepteur constitutif androstane (CAR) et le facteur nucléaire kappa B (NF-κB), puisqu’ils sont potentiellement activés par le récepteur de la PTH et ces molécules ont été précédemment impliqués dans la régulation du CYP450. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’hémodialyse des patients atteints d’IRC améliore transitoirement l’expression du CYP450 lorsque des hépatocytes sont mis en culture avec du sérum provenant de ces patients. Aussi, la 25-hydroxylation de la vitamine D est affectée par l’IRC. Les voies de signalisation du NF-κB et les facteurs nucléaires PXR et CAR sont impliqués dans l’inhibition du CYP450. En conclusion, l’IRC affecte, non seulement le métabolisme des médicaments mais aussi l’hydroxylation de la vitamine D, un des rôles endogènes effectués par le CYP450. Ces études nous permettent de mieux comprendre les effets de l’IRC afin de mieux cibler les traitements de choix pour les patients qui en sont atteints.