Ecological risk assessment of pollution in sediment on benthic fauna in coast of Bandar Abbas

Ecological risk assessment is determination of the probability of an adverse effect occurring to an ecological system. This investigation was carried out to assess the ecological risk of sediment in coast of Bandar Abbass in 9 stations including Shilat Jetty, Hotel Amin, Poshte-Shahr, Souro, Bahonar Jetty, Powerhouse, Refinery and Rajaee Jetty from autumn 2013 to summer 2014. Results showed that Polychaete with 1177 , 1109 , 414 , 573 , ind.m2 in autumn 91 , winter 91 , spring 92 and summer 92 were the most abundant in frequency respectively. Among ecological indices, the Margalof that ranged from 4 to 7 was in a good situation while Shanoon and Berger – Parker with 1.2 (at most) and 0.32 (at least) respectively indicated an environment with probable stress. Heavy metal distribution obtained as Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn in sediment. In tissue, the distribution of heavy metals were as Crab>polychaete>Bivalve>gastropod for Pb, Gastropod>Bivalve>Polychaete>Crab for Cd, Gastropod>Crab>Polychaete>Bivalve for Cu and Gastropod>Bivalve>Crab>Polychaete for Zn. Maximum and Minimum of TOM obtained 10.16 and 1.96 percent in Posht-e-Shahr and shilat Jetty respectively and clay was the dominant grain in most area. Bioaccumulation coefficient of Zn and Cu was high in all stations. Igeo as a single index was high for Cd indicating a high risk in all stations. Potential Ecological Risk was high for Cu and Zn and goes increasingly from shilat Jetty to Rajee Jetty but goes down for Pb. Pollution index for Cu and Pb was nearly the same as Potential Ecological Risk but for Zn goes constantly. Among PAH, 5-ring and 6-ring PAhs were more concentrate comparison to other compounds in sediment. 2-ring and 3-ring, 3-ring, 4-ring and 5-ring and 5-ring PAHs were more concentrate in Gastropod, Bivalve, Crab and Polychaete respectively. HI as an index of PAH obtained 1. Ecological Risk Indices showed that the heavy metals are a serious risk for invertebrate in sediment but PAHs are not a risk for benthic community.

Assessment of the heavy metals among suspended particulates and dissolved phases in Suez Canal water

The concentrations and distribution of particulate and dissolved heavy metals, viz: Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn have been determined seasonally during 2003 in water samples collected from the Suez Canal. The presented data clarifies that the metals exhibited clear differences in their distribution between particulate and dissolved forms. The concentration of particulate heavy metals ranged between 0.09-3.13, 0.57-15.02, 0.18-3.87, 0.02-0.73, 2.74-49.62 and 0.15-5.08 µg/L for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn, respectively. In the same respect, these values for dissolved forms were 0.28-4.12, 0.57-9.08, 0.27-2.50, 0.02-1.24, 1.94-42.50 and 0.11-3.65 µg/L. The concentrations of particulate metals viz: Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn were high was compared to the dissolved forms. Dissolved copper, rather than particulate, showed the highest percentage of total copper. The particulate forms of Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn always had higher concentrations than the dissolved forms during the course of study except in the summer season. The northern part of the Suez Canal at Port Said showed mean concentrations of particulate and dissolved Cu=1.43 and 2.10, Zn=8.61 and 3.17, Pb=1.72 and 1.23, Cd=0.35 and 0.35, Fe= 23.49 and 15.83 and Mn=2.09 and 1.82 µg/L. These high concentrations may be attributed to the greater activities, particularly loading and unloading operations at Port Said harbour s industrial effluents and domestic drainage of Port Said city. In contrast, the Sinai side could be considered as reference site, as it was almost clean, i.e., without harmful outfalls, where Cu=0.16 and 0.56, Zn=2.14 and 0.94, Pb=6.29 and 3.44, Cd=0.055 and 0.088, Fe=6.29 and 3.44 and Mn=0.56 and 0.26 µg/L for particulate and dissolved metals respectively.

Chemical forms of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in sediments of the northern part of the Red Sea, Egypt

Total concentrations and chemical forms of heavy metals in sediment samples from the Gulf of Suez and the northern part of the Red Sea, collected during January 2003, were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Maximum concentrations of 49.56, 65.42, 33.52 and 3.52 µg/g were recorded for total Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd respectively at Adabiya location. These may reflect the high contribution of land-based activities in the northern part of the Gulf. Also, high percentages of heavy metals were found in the residual fraction (Cu=78.61, Zn=77.10 and Pb=66.80%) while a high percentage of Cd was found in the carbonate fraction (45.82%). However, few or negligible percentages were recorded in the exchangeable fractions (Cu=0.51, Zn=1.57 and Pb=1.74%). Concentration of Cd in the exchangeable fraction was too low to be detected.

微量元素对虫草蝠蛾幼虫生长发育的影响

结果表明虫体所含元素与环境温度的变化及自身的生理活动密切相关。应用 对应因子分析法得到的结果是: 元素Fe、P对10、11月份幼虫组的贡献值显著; Na、Ca、Mg对8、9月份的贡 献值显著; Cu、Zn、Co、Cd、Si对4、5 月份的贡献 值显著。图2表2参8

白蜡虫马氏管胞内结晶的研究

报道了白蜡虫马氏管胞内细胞质的绝大部分为两种矿质(尿酸结晶)所占据。一种为不 规则状结晶,占结晶总量的70%,大小不一,含有尿酸及Si、P、Cl、Fe、Cu、Zn和S等矿质元素。另一种为年轮状结晶,占结晶总量的30%,其体积较大,含尿酸及Cl、Ca、Al和Cu等矿质元素,起于线粒 体。结晶颗粒不排入管腔。因胞内存在大量结晶致使白蜡马氏管形 成以贮存排泄为主,溶质-水偶连排泄方式为辅的特有排泄方式。

应用平衡分配法建立长江水系沉积物金属相对质量基准

在不同的条件下,沉积物可成为环境中污染物的“源”或“汇”,而受污染的沉积物会对水生生物带来危害。因此,需要制定沉积物质量基准(SQC),以此作为评价沉积物污染及其生态效应的基础。在过去的几年中,对利用平衡分配法来建立SQC的方法进行了广泛的研究,并被认为是最有效的方法之一。采用平衡分配法,初步建立了长江水系8种重金属及类金属(Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Ni,Fe,Hg,As)的沉积物相对质量基准。结果表明,上述重金属及类金属的SQC在从长江上游到下游,总体趋势上呈降低的分布特征,并由于地域环境条件的不同,存

武汉东湖沉积物中重金属生物有效性研究

沉积物中的酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)是预测厌氧沉积物中重金属生物有效性的重要参数,SEM/AVS大于1时沉积物中重金属具有潜在生物毒性,小于1时则无生物有效性. 本文研究了东湖三个不同污染负荷的站点的同步提取金属SEM(Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Ag, Cr)和SEM/AVS的深度分布,研究表明东湖沉积物中主要重金属是Zn, Cr和Cu,约占SEM总量的90%. I站、II站沉积物中AVS是重金属生物有效性的主控因子之一,对重金属的深度分布影响较大,重金属不具有生物有效性;III站沉积

土壤环境中重金属元素的相互作用及其对吸持特性的影响

本文用正交试验法研究了Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn、As五种元素复合作用时土壤颗粒的吸附解吸特性.结果表明:供试元素的吸附过程均符合Langmiur方程,其吸持能力依次为Pb>As>Cu>Zn>Cd,而最大吸附量顺序正好相反.Cd,As为复合污染的主要因子,同时还显著地影响其它元素的吸附解吸过程.土壤对重金属元素的吸附和解吸量不仅与平衡溶液中元素浓度有关,而且还明显地受共存元素及其交互作用的影响,交互作用的结果与元素间的相对浓度及其比例有关.AsO_4~(3-)的存在使Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn的吸附解吸过程变得极

Cloning, characterization, and gene expression analysis of a novel cadmium metallothionein gene in Tetrahymena pigmentosa

A novel cadmium-inducible metallothionein (MT) gene (Tpig-MT1) was cloned and sequenced from the ciliate Tetrahymena pigmentosa. The number of deduced amino acids is 118. The polypeptide possesses CCC and CC clusters characteristic of typical Tetrahymena Cd-inducible MTs. The structure of Tpig-MT1 is different from the reported Cd-MT in T. pyriformis, T. thermophila and T. pigmentosa. Tpig-MT1 contains two intragenic tandem repeats with 72.9% identity described as Tpig-MT1 (repeat A1) and Tpig-MT1 (repeat A2). The transcriptional response of Tpig-MT1 gene to different heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb) and oxidative stress (H2O2) was measured using real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that the gene was quickly induced (1 h) by the five heavy metals and the order of expression level was Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn. The induction effect of H2O2 was 5-fold after about 15 min, but soon decreased to a non-significant level (30 min). The genetic diversity of Tetrahymena MT genes is discussed in relation to the unique structure of the Tpig-MT1 gene and other reported Cd-MT isoforms. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Acute effects of microcystins on the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes in crucian carp Carassius auratus

Recent evidences suggested that oxidative stress may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of MCs toxicity. In the present study, the acute effects of microcystins on the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes were investigated in liver of crucian carp i.p.-injected with 50 mu g MC-LReq per kg body weight (BW). We reported the cDNA sequences for four kinds of antioxidant enzyme (GSH-PX, CAT, Cu/Zn SOD, and GR) genes, and evaluated the oxidant stress induced by MCs through analyzing the transcription abundance of antioxidant enzyme genes using real-time PCR method. The time-dependent change of relative transcription abundance and expression of the antioxiclant enzyme genes were determined at 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h. The transcription abundance varied among antioxiclant enzymes, with GSH-PX and GR down-regulation, and CAT and SOD significantly upregulation. Based on these data, we tentatively concluded that the oxidant stress was induced by MCs, and caused the different response of the antioxiclant enzyme genes. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Influence of Potamogeton crispus growth on nutrients in the sediment and water of Lake Tangxunhu

An incubation experiment was performed on Potamogeton crispus (P. crispus) using sediment collected from Lake Tangxunhu in the center of China, in order to determine the effects of plant growth on Fe, Si, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mg, P, and Ca concentrations in the sediments and overlying waters. After 3 months of incubation, Ca, Mg, and Si concentrations in the water column were significantly lower, and P and Cu concentrations were significantly higher than in unplanted controls. The effect of P. crispus growth on sediment pore waters and water-extractable elements varied. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Cu, and Zn were significantly higher, and P was significantly lower, than in pore waters of the control. Water-extracted concentrations of Fe, Mg, and Si in the sediments were lower, and P was higher, than in the control. Presence of P. crispus generally enhanced concentration gradients of elements between pore waters and overlying waters but not for P. The growth of P. crispus was associated with an increase in water pH and formation of root plaques, resulting in complex effects on the sediment nutritional status.

Cloning and characterization of a new multi-stress inducible metallothionein gene in Tetrahymena pyriformis

A new multi-stress-inducible metallothionein (MT) gene isoform has been cloned and characterized from the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. Both the 5'- and 3'-UT regions of the Tp-MT2 gene are very different from the previously reported Tp-MT1 isoform in this organism and from other described MT genes in Tetrahymena pigmentosa and Tetrahymena thermophila. The putative protein sequence of Tp-MT2 contains cysteine clusters with characteristics of the typical Tetrahymena Cd-inducible MT genes. However, the sequence has a special feature of four intragenic tandem repeats within its first half, with a conserved structural pattern x(5/8)CCCx(6)CCx(6)CxCxNCxCCK. To investigate the transcriptional activities of both Tp-MT2 and Tp-MT1 genes toward heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn) and H2O2, the mRNA levels of these two isoforms were evaluated by means of real-time quantitative PCR. Results showed that Tp-MT2 had a higher basal expression level than Tp-MT1 and both genes were induced by Cd, Hg, Cu, and Zn ions after short exposure (I h), although to different extents. Cd was the most effective metal inducer of both two isoforms, but the relative expression level of Tp-MT2 was much lower than that of Tp-MT1. Different expression patterns were also shown between the two genes when treated with Cd over a period of 24 h. We suggest that TpMT-1 plays the role of a multi-inducible stress gene, while TpMT-2 may have a more specific function in basal metal homeostasis although it may have undergone a functional differentiation process. The putative functional significance and evolutionary mode of the TpMT-2 isoform are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

EFFECTS OF LOW-TEMPERATURE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE ON SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE IN WATER HYACINTH (EICHHORNIA-CRASSIPES SOLMS)

Superoxide dismutase activity in water hyacinth leaves was not sensitive to small changes in environmental pH, but declined markedly with greater pH changes. KCN inhibited superoxide dismutase activity, suggesting that the enzyme was mainly composed of the Cu-Zn form. Low temperature (2-degrees-C) treatment caused a decline in superoxide dismutase activity. This effect became more pronounced as the treatment time was prolonged. Furthermore, the decline was much more significant than reductions of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity or respiration under comparable conditions. With increasing physiological age, superoxide dismutase activity declined and was significantly lower in old than in young leaves. Therefore, superoxide dismutase activity might be employed as one of physiological parameters in studying leaf senescence.

Design and operation of integrated pilot-scale dimethyl ether synthesis system via pyrolysis/gasification of corncob

The integrated pilot-scale dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis system from corncob was demonstrated for modernizing utilization of biomass residues. The raw bio-syngas was obtained by the pyrolyzer/gasifier at the yield rate of 40-45 Nm(3)/h. The content of tar in the raw bio-syngas was decreased to less than 20 mg/Nm(3) by high temperature gasification of the pyrolysates under O-2-rich air. More than 70% CO2 in the raw bio-syngas was removed by pressure-swing adsorption unit (PSA). The bio-syngas (H-2/CO approximate to 1) was catalytically converted to DME in the fixed-bed tubular reactor directly over Cu/Zn/Al/HZSM-5 catalysts. CO conversion and space-time yield of DME were in the range of 82.0-73.6% and 124.3-203.8 kg/m(cat)(3)/h, respectively, with a similar DME selectivity when gas hourly space velocity (GHSV, volumetric flow rate of syngas at STP divided by the volume of catalyst) increased from 650 h(-1) to 1500 h(-1) at 260 degrees C and 4.3 MPa. And the selectivity to methanol and C-2(+) products was less than 0.65% under typical synthesis condition. The thermal energy conversion efficiency was ca. 32.0% and about 16.4% carbon in dried corncob was essentially converted to DME with the production cost of ca. (sic) 3737/ton DME. Cu (111) was assumed to be the active phase for DME synthesis, confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization.

杂多化合物的氧化还原性质、自组装和应用

1．利用电化学和现场紫外-可见-近红外光谱电化学的方法，系统研究了一系列过渡金属取代杂多化合物ZnW_(11)M(M = Cr，Mn，Fe，Co，Ni，Cu，Zn)的电化学行为。所有的这些化合物都在相近的电位处表现出四对连续的基于W中心的氧化还原反应。研究表明，ZnW_(11)M中基于W中心的氧化还原反应可能反映了它那个未知的缺位阴离子ZnW_(11)的氧化还原反应。此外，电活性过渡会属取代杂多化合物ZnW_(11)M(M = Cu，Fe，Mn)还表现了过渡金属M的氧化还原反应。例如：ZnW_(11)Cu~(11)表现出Cu的沉积和溶出，ZnW_(11)Fe~(III)在正电位处有一特殊的源于Fe的氧化还原反应，ZnW_(11)Mn则发生一个氧化反应和两个还原反应。根据实验结果我们提出了一些基本的反应机理。选取HNO_2为底物考察了这一系列过渡金属取代杂多化合物的电催化性能。通过比较电催化还原电流的大小，我们可以定性地排出这一系列过渡金属取代杂多化合物对HNO_2还原反应的电催化性能的顺序（由高到低）：ZnW_(11)Cu > ZnW_(11)Co > ZnW_(11)Cr和ZnW_(11)Fe > ZnW_(11)Zn、ZnW_(11)Mn和ZnW_(11)Ni。这一系列过渡金属取代杂多化合物的电催化性能的差别，可能主要是来自于它们分子结构中所取代的过渡金属元素的影响。实验证明ZnW_(11)M对HNO_2还原反应的电催化过程中产生NO气体。2．采用末端带有电荷的烷基硫醇首先自组装在金电极表面形成前体膜，在此前体膜上成功地沉积出杂多阴离子和一种阳离子聚合物的多层膜。利用多种技术对这种多层膜进行了表征，包括紫外可见光谱法、X射线光电子能谱法、反射-吸收红外光谱法、电化学石英晶体微天平法等。而且我们把这种修饰方法推广应用于不同结构类型、不同组成的杂多阴离子和同多阴离子中去，制备了它们的多层膜。利用原位EQCM技术研究了杂多酸分子的吸附动力学行为及电化学反应过程中的离子传输特性。实验结果表明，在修饰膜的电化学反应过程中，HSO_4~-离子的迁移在膜的电荷补偿中是必不可少的。修正并发展了依据原位EQCM技术考察迁移物种特性的方法，并基于此详细分析了HPA分子在各种修饰条件下电化学反应中正常及反常的频率响应及离子迁移行为。3．首次开发出来一种新颖的多层膜成膜方法-电化学生长法，并应用于制备含杂多化合物的多层膜中。通过多种技术表征，证明了电化学生长法比文献中通用的浸泡法更优越，可以在含有支持电解质的溶液里成膜而没有其它离子竞争吸附的缺点，制备出的自组装多层膜生长更均匀、超薄且功能良好。电化学生长法可望在制备其它种类的多层膜中会有广泛的应用。同时，我们也比较了这两种多层膜对于底物BrO_3~-和HNO_2还原反应的电催化作用。特别地，我们详细考察了多层膜厚度和最外层种类对电催化反应的影响。我们发现电催化性能随着多层膜层数（厚度）的增加而增长，这意味着我们可以通过调节多层膜的层数来达到最有效的催化性能，这一点是多层膜修饰电极优越于其它类型修饰电极最突出的优点之一。此外，我们还发现QPVP-Os最外层对催化反应有着一定的阻碍作用。这些影响作用可以从多层膜中电催化剂沉积量的多少和QPVP-Os最外层的屏蔽作用得以解释。4．尽管SiW_(l2)O_(40)~(4-)不能直接吸附在裸金电极的表面形成单层膜，我们成功地在预先自组装有半胱氨的金电极上制备出来了SiW_(12)O_(40)~(4-)单层膜。但是，这种SiW_(12)O_(40)~(4-)单层膜化学修饰电极的稳定性较差。基于同阳离子聚合物QPVP-Os的静电相互作用，我们成功地制备了均匀的SiW_(l2)O_(40)~(4-)多层膜。SiW_(l2)O_(40)~(4-)多层膜CMEs对BrO_3~-，H_2O_2和HNO_2的还原表现出显著的催化效应。对HNO，还原的催化效应随着层数由l到3的增加而增强，而这种催化效应的增强却随着层数由3到7而趋于平缓。由于多层膜结构是建立在同QPVP-Os的强烈的静电作用上的，因此SiW_(12)O_(40)~(4-)多层膜CMEs比单层膜CMEs有更好的稳定性。我们主要利用电化学方法（循环伏安法，CV）、紫外可见光谱法(UV-vis)、X-射线光电子能谱法(XPS)、X-射线反射法(XR)和电化学交流阻抗法(EIS)，对这种杂多阴离子自组装多层膜的成膜过程、多层膜结构和组成进行了进一步地表征。5．通过氨阳离子自由基修饰方法，把4-氨基苯甲酸修饰到玻碳电极表面。研究了该单层膜对多种电活性分子的影响，膜的阻滞行为主要是由于静电相互作用所导致的。利用循环伏安和电化学交流阻抗法考察了4-氨基苯甲酸修饰电极对不同酸度条件下铁氰化钾的电子传递情况，并测得了它的表面pKa值大约为3.1。以修饰在玻碳电极表面的4-氨基苯甲酸单层膜为前体膜，成功地静电沉积了阳离 子聚合物QPVP-Os和多种杂多化合物组成的多层膜。采用循环伏安法详细研究了这种杂多化合物单层膜和多层膜的电化学行为，并且考察了这种复合膜对三种底物BrO_3~-,HNO_2及H_2O_2的还原反应的电催化性能。6．类似地，在4-氨基苯甲酸修饰的玻碳电极表面上，我们也成功地制备了SiW_(12)的多层膜。循环伏安、X-射线光电子能谱和X-射线反射的实验结果证明多层膜的生长非常均匀而且稳定。X-射线反射实验测定了多层膜中每个SiW_(12)/QPVP-Os双层的平均厚度为30.3A。这种复合膜对Br0_3~-，HNO_2和H_2O_2还原有明显的催化活性，并且在较大的浓度范围内催化电流与浓度具有良好的线性关系。更有意义的是，随着SiW_(12)多层膜层数的增加（固定在多层膜中催化剂量的增加），多层膜的催化能力具较大程度地提高。因此，我们可以通过合理地控制多层膜的厚度来改善其催化活性及分析测定的灵敏度，从而达到最佳的催化效能和优化出最适宜的实验条件。由于电极的稳定性较好，期望可以实际用于Br0_3~-，HNO_2和H_20_2的检测。7．采用电化学生长方法在4-氨基硫酚自组装膜修饰的金电极上，制备了包含杂多阴离子（SiMo_(11)VO_(40)~(5-)和Pr(SiMo_7W_4)O_(40)~(5-)）和阳离子聚合物PDDA的多层膜修饰电极。用循环伏安法研究了多层膜修饰电极的电化学行为。在多层膜生长过程中，我们发现Mo的第三个氧化还原峰随多层膜层数的增加显著增长，而前两个氧化还原峰增长缓慢甚至不增长，这可能是由于PDDA对Mo的前两个还原峰有一定的阻碍作用所导致的。多层膜修饰电极的峰电位随pH的增加而线性负移，表明有氢离子参与到杂多阴离子的氧化还原反应中。多层膜修饰电极对BrO_3~-和HNO_2的还原反应有良好的电催化作用，Mo的第三个还原峰峰电流与BrO_3~-的浓度都有良好的线性关系，并且催化电流随着多层膜层数的增加而增长。8．我们考察了首先通过静电沉积技术（离子键组装）成膜，然后经过后续光化学反应来制备一类含聚苯胺的基于共价键结合的多层膜。通过紫外光的辐照，膜的交联结构可由离子键型转变为共价键型。溶剂刻蚀的结果表明此种共价键合多层膜有更好的稳定性。电化学实验表明，以此种方式组装在多层膜中的聚苯胺仍保留了其电化学性质。