Kestävä kehitys ja yritysvastuu – yritysvastuun raportointi suomalaisissa pörssiyrityksissä

Yritysvastuun ja kestävän kehityksen merkitys yritystoiminnassa kasvaa jatkuvasti tuoden mukanaan myös uusia vaatimuksia yrityksen toiminnalle ja raportoinnille. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on antaa kokonaiskuva yritysvastuun raportoinnista suurissa suomalaisessa pörssiyhtiössä. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään myös GRI:n merkitystä raportoinnissa ja sen taloudellisten indikaattoreiden hyödyntämistä. Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan tarkemmin yritysvastuun taloudellista ulottuvuutta, mittareita ja tavoitteita ja tarkastellaan, onko niissä havaittavissa toimialakohtaisia eroja. Tutkimus on kvalitatiivinen, mutta siinä on hyödynnetty myös määrällistä analyysiä. Tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto koostuu 26 suuren suomalaisen pörssiyhtiön vuoden 2010 yritysvastuuraporteista ja vuosikertomuksista. Suurin osa kohdeyrityksistä raportoi yritysvastuusta, mutta raportoinnin laajuudessa on eroja. Yritykset julkaisevat toteumatietoja laajemmin kuin tavoitteita. Tavoitepoikkeamien analysointi on vielä vähäistä. Rahoitustoimiala raportoi yritysvastuusta muita toimialoja vähemmän. Kaksi kolmasosaa tutkimuksen kohdeyrityksistä ilmoitti soveltavansa GRI:n mukaista raportointioh-jeistoa. Yritysten väliset erot raportointiohjeiston soveltamisen välillä ovat suuret. Merkittäviä toimialakohtaisia eroja yritysvastuun tai taloudellisen vastuun raportoinnissa ei ole.

The accumulation of financial and social capital as a means to achieve a sustained competitive advantage for consumer co-operatives

By so far, scholars have discussed how the characteristics of consumer co-operatives (cooperative principles, values and the dual role of members as the users and owners) can potentially give them a competitive advantage over investor-owned firms (IOFs). In addition, concern for the community (as partly derived from locality and regionality) has been seen as a potential source of success for consumer co-operatives. On the other hand, the geographicbound purpose of consumer co-operation causes that consumer co-operative can be regarded as a challenging company form to manage. This is because, according to the purpose of consumer co-operation, co-operatives are obligated to 1) provide the owners with services and goods that are needed and do so at more affordable prices than their competitors do and/or 2) to operate in areas in which competitors do not want to operate (for example, because of the low profitability in certain area of business or region). Thus, consumer co-operatives have to operate very efficiently in order to execute this geographic-bound corporate purpose (e.g. they cannot withdraw from the competition during the declining stages of business). However, this efficiency cannot be achieved by any means; as the acceptance from the important regional stakeholders is the basic operational precondition and lifeline in the long run. Thereby, the central question for the survival and success of consumer co-operatives is; how should the consumer co-operatives execute its corporate purpose so it can be the best alternative to its members in the long run? This question has remained unanswered and lack empirical evidence in the previous studies on the strategic management of consumer cooperation. In more detail, scholars have not yet empirically investigated the question: How can consumer co-operatives use financial and social capital to achieve a sustained competitive advantage? It is this research gap that this doctoral dissertation aims to fulfil. This doctoral dissertation aims to answer the above questions by combining and utilizing interview data from S Group co-operatives and the central organizations in S Group´s network (overall, 33 interviews were gathered), archival material and 56 published media articles/reports. The study is based on a qualitative case study approach that is aimed at theory development, not theory verification (as the theory is considered as nascent in this field of study). Firstly, the findings of this study indicate that consumer co-operatives accumulate financial capital; 1) by making profit (to invest and grow) and 2) by utilizing a network-based organizational structure (local supply chain economies). As a result of financial capital accumulation, consumer co-operatives are able to achieve efficiency gains but also remain local. In addition, a strong financial capital base increases consumer co-operatives´ independence, competitiveness and their ability to participate in regional development (which is in accordance with their geographically bound corporate purpose). Secondly, consumer cooperatives accumulate social capital through informal networking (with important regional stakeholders), corporate social responsibility (CSR) behaviour and CSR reporting, pursuing common good, and interacting and identity sharing. As a result of social capital accumulation, consumer co-operatives are able to obtain the resources for managing; 1) institutional dependencies and 2) customer relations. By accumulating both social and financial capital through the above presented actions, consumer co-operatives are able to achieve sustained competitive advantage. Finally, this thesis provides useful ideas and new knowledge for cooperative managers concerning why and how consumer co-operatives should accumulate financial and social capital (to achieve sustained competitive advantage), while aligning with their corporate purpose.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Shipping Views of Baltic Sea Shipping Companies on the Benefits of Responsibility

The safety of shipping operations in the Baltic Sea is an extensively studied issue due to the density of traffic and the ecological sensitivity of the area. The focus has, however, mainly been on ship technology or on traffic control measures and the operative safety aspect of shipping is in a minor position in maritime safety studies and is lacking in terms of solutions. Self-regulatory and voluntary measures could be effective ways to improve the operational safety of shipping. Corporate social responsibility, or CSR, is one example of a voluntary measure that the shipping companies can take. CSR can enhance maritime safety and improve the shipping companies’ competitiveness. The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge of CSR in the maritime sector and study its applicability and benefits to the shipping companies. The research comprises of a theory part and a questionnaire study, which examine the significance of corporate social responsibility in shipping companies’ maritime safety and competitiveness. The aim of the questionnaire study is to find out how corporate social responsibility is implemented in the shipping companies. According to the literature review, responsible actions can produce financial and time costs, but due to these actions cost savings in the form of learning and increased efficiency can be achieved. Responsible actions can also produce concrete improvements and a reputation of responsibility that can lead to both cost savings and increase in the company’s income. CSR is recognised as having real business benefits in terms of attracting customers and high-quality employees. In shipping, CSR usually focuses on environmental issues. Environmental social responsibility in shipping is mainly motivated by the need to comply with existing and forthcoming regulation. Shipping companies engage in CSR to gain competitive advantage and to increase maritime safety. The social aspects of CSR take into account the well-being and skills of the employees, corporation and other stakeholders of the company. The questionnaire study revealed that the most common CSR measures in shipping companies are environmental measures, and that environmental concerns are considered to be the most important reason to engage in CSR. From the preliminary question about the concept of CSR it can also be seen that safety issues are commonly considered to be a part of CSR and safety gains are the second most important reason to engage in CSR. From the questionnaire, it can also be extrapolated that gaining a better reputation is one of the most important reasons to engage in CSR in the first place. For example, the main economic benefit was seen to be the increase of customer numbers as a result of a better reputation. Based on the study, it would seem that companies are starting to realise that they might gain competitive advantage and be favoured as shippers if they engage in sustainable, responsible operations and present themselves as “green”.

Yhteiskuntavastuun merkitys suomalaisen elintarvikeketjun toimittajavalinnassa

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan yhteiskuntavastuun merkitystä suomalaisen elintarvikeketjun toimittajavalinnassa. Tutkimuksen keskeisimpänä tavoitteena on vastata kysymykseen "Millainen merkitys yhteiskuntavastuulla on suomalaisen elintarvikeketjun toimittajavalinnassa?". Muita tavoitteita on tutkia lainsäädännnön vaikutusta elintarvikeketjujen yhteiskuntavastuukäytäntöihin, miten sidosryhmien vaatimukset vaikuttavat Keskon yhteiskuntavastuukäytäntöihin sekä kuinka Keskon yhteiskuntavastuukäytännöt vaikuttavat toimittajiensa toimintatapoihin. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osio on kerätty suomalaisen elintarvikeketjun Kesko Oyj:n vuosittaisesta yhteiskuntavastuuraportista ja kyseisen yrityksen yhteiskuntavastuun asiantuntijalle tehdystä haastattelusta.

Balancing creativity and risk intelligence in professional knowledge-intensive business services

The main strengths of professional knowledge-intensive business services (P-KIBS) are knowledge and creativity which needs to be fostered, maintained and supported. The process of managing P-KIBS companies deals with financial, operational and strategic risks. That is why it is reasonable to apply risk management techniques and frameworks in this context. A significant challenge hides in choosing reasonable ways of implementing risk management, which will not limit creative ability in organization, and furthermore will contribute to the process. This choice is related to a risk intelligent approach which becomes a justified way of finding the required balance. On a theoretical level the field of managing both creativity and risk intelligence as a balanced process remains understudied in particular within KIBS industry. For instance, there appears to be a wide range of separate models for innovation and risk management, but very little discussion in terms of trying to find the right balance between them. This study aims to shed light on the importance of well-managed combination of these concepts. The research purpose of the present study is to find out how the balance between creativity and risk intelligence can be managed in P-KIBS. The methodological approach utilized in the study is strictly conceptual without empirical aspects. The research purpose can be achieved through answering the following research supporting questions: 1. What are the characteristics and role of creativity as a component of innovation process in a P-KIBS company? 2. What are the characteristics and role of risk intelligence as an approach towards risk management process implementation in a P-KIBS company? 3. How can risk intelligence and creativity be balanced in P-KIBS? The main theoretical contribution of the study conceals in a proposed creativity and risk intelligence stage process framework. It is designed as an algorithm that can be applied on organizational canvas. It consists of several distinct stages specified by actors involved, their roles and implications. Additional stage-wise description provides detailed tasks for each of the enterprise levels, while combining strategies into one. The insights driven from the framework can be utilized by a vast range of specialists from strategists to risk managers, and from innovation managers to entrepreneurs. Any business that is designing and delivering knowledge service can potentially gain valuable thoughts and expand conceptual understanding from the present report. Risk intelligence in the current study is a unique way of emphasizing the role of creativity in professional knowledge-intensive industry and a worthy technique for making profound decisions towards risks.

Conflicting genomes, the demic theory & biodiversity

Organismic-centered Darwinism, in order to use direct phenotypes to measure natural selection's effect, necessitates genome's harmony and uniform coherence plus large population sizes. However, modern gene-centered Darwinism has found new interpretations to data that speak of genomic incoherence and disharmony. As a result of these two conflicting positions a conceptual crisis in Biology has arisen. My position is that the presence of small, even pocket-size, demes is instrumental in generating divergence and phenotypic crisis. Moreover, the presence of parasitic genomes as in acanthocephalan worms, which even manipulate suicidal behavior in their hosts; segregation distorters that change meiosis and Mendelian ratios; selfish genes and selfish whole chromosomes, such as the case of B-chromosomes in grasshoppers; P-elements in Drosophila; driving Y-chromosomes that manipulate sex ratios making males more frequent, as in Hamilton's X-linked drive; male strategists and outlaw genes, are eloquent examples of the presence of real conflicting genomes and of a non-uniform phenotypic coherence and genome harmony. Thus, we are proposing that overall incoherence and disharmony generate disorder but also more biodiversity and creativeness. Finally, if genes can manipulate natural selection, they can multiply mutations or undesirable characteristics and even lethal or detrimental ones, hence the accumulation of genetic loads. Outlaw genes can change what is adaptively convenient even in the direction of the trait that is away from the optimum. The optimum can be "negotiated" among the variants, not only because pleiotropic effects demand it, but also, in some cases, because selfish, outlaw, P-elements or extended phenotypic manipulation require it. With organismic Darwinism the genome in the population and in the individual was thought to act harmoniously without conflicts, and genotypes were thought to march towards greater adaptability. Modern Darwinism has a gene-centered vision in which genes, as natural selection's objects can move in dissonance in the direction which benefits their multiplication. Thus, we have greater opportunities for genomes in permanent conflict.

Consumer online communication of corporate social responsibility in the sin industry context: Cases in the global online gambling industry.

So-called sin industries are often related to harmfulness, unethical business, and unproductiveness. Nowadays, the alcohol, gambling, and tobacco industries are most often considered to be part of sin industries, which is also the context of this study. However, the definition of a sin industry is always related to time and culture. Despite the controversies of sin industries, there are studies that have shown that corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement is even more important for sin industries than for normal industries and that CSR has a positive effect on firm value in sin industries. With CSR this study refers to an ideology where company takes mostly voluntary actions towards various groups of stakeholders and the environment. In other words, the company goes beyond the legal norms and regulations. In particular, the purpose of this thesis is to find out how companies, operating in the online gambling industry, communicate about their CSR actions to consumers at their web pages. The online environment is essential for this study as online gambling environment is a source of many controversies in comparison to the traditional gambling halls and casinos. These include, for example, greater accessibility, anonymity, and availability of the service. This study uses qualitative textual analysis as its approach, more precisely the discourse analysis. In addition, as this study focuses on large international companies and their actions, also case study approach will be presented. The cases studied are Mybet, Unibet, and Bwin.Party. In order to study the subject, elements from discourse analysis are combined with insights of essential CSR theories, and the specific characteristics of the online gambling industry. As a background for the framework, this study uses the framework of Du & Vieira (2012). After analyzing the discourses of CSR communication and CSR practices, it seems that all of the case companies still do not use all the potential that the online environment provides in terms of CSR or stakeholder communication. There are large differences between different communication tools used at different web pages (gambling pages vs. corporation pages) and between the firms’ CSR profiles. Moreover, there are large differences in the CSR practices used in the web pages of the case companies. The findings of this study are partially alarming as the case companies represent the largest companies in the industry. There are major varieties between the companies’ CSR communication and clear shortcomings in some parts of the online communication. Moreover, the trust of the consumer was broken in some places. If this is the standard that the biggest players in the industry have set with regards to CSR communication, it is probable that the smaller players are performing even worse. Moreover, the regulators are most likely concentrating on the larger companies, so the smaller companies might have fewer incentives and pressure to perform according to the regulations or exceeding the legislation. The conclusions of this thesis provide insights to managers, regulators, and scholars. Suggestions for future studies are provided as well.

Paperi- ja selluteollisuus: Kestävän kehityksen rooli alalla ja alan tulevaisuus: Delfoi-tutkimus

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli hahmottaa paperi- ja selluteollisuuden nykytilaa ja tulevaisuutta kirjallisuuden sekä empiirisen tutkimuksen avulla. Tutkimuksen avulla hahmotettiin erityisesti kestävän kehityksen ja CSR:n merkitystä paperi- ja selluteollisuudessa, paperi- ja selluteollisuuden tämänhetkistä tilannetta sekä kilpailuedun lähteitä ja liiketoiminnan mahdollisuuksia alalla tulevaisuudessa. Tutkimuksen tutkimusmenetelmä oli kvalitatiivinen ja tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin Delfoi-menetelmää. Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta, että kestävä kehitys on tärkeä aihe paperi- ja selluteollisuudessa ja sen voidaan olettaa tulevaisuudessa olevan alalla vieläkin merkityksellisempi. Ympäristöllisistä tekijöistä ja näkökulmista on metsäteollisuudessa puhuttu jo vuosikymmenten ajan ja alan kansainvälistyminen sekä alalla viime aikoina tapahtuneet muutokset ovat nostaneet kiinnostusta kestävää kehitystä kohtaan entisestään. Tutkimuksen mukaan paperi- ja selluteollisuuden nykytilanne on tällä hetkellä haastava ja kilpailu alalla on kovaa. Syitä alan haastavaan tilanteeseen ovat alalla viime aikoina tapahtuneet muutokset ja kilpailun kiristyminen. Tulevaisuuden kilpailuedun lähteinä alalla voidaan nähdä muun muassa kestävään kehitykseen liittyvät tekijät, uudet tuotteet sekä materiaalit, markkinarakojen hyödyntäminen sekä kannattavuuden parantaminen. Uusia liiketoiminnan mahdollisuuksia alalla tulevaisuudessa ovat erikoistuotteet, bioenergia, innovaatiot, sivutuotteiden käyttö, kierrätettävät materiaalit, pakkausmateriaalit sekä biotalous.

Integrating corporate social responsibility into business in Finnish consumer goods companies

The motives for this study originated from the notion that surprisingly little academic literature is found on actually managing and putting corporate social responsibility (CSR) into practice, in comparison with the definitions and frameworks of the concept itself. Regardless of the author, CSR has been considered consisting of three dimensions: economic, social and environmental. The question behind the three dimensions has always been whether socially and environmentally responsible behavior can lead to increased economic performance and improve the competitiveness of a company. Most of the current CSR development has related to the quantification of environmental and social performance in order to review these along with the established financial key ratios, which are based on the law and the reporting obligation of the companies. However, the previous research has mainly focused on US companies whereas studies with a European viewpoint, let alone Nordic, have been mostly lacking. Furthermore, it has been discovered recently that the integration of corporate responsibility into business is identified as the greatest challenge in CSR management in Finnish large companies. Therefore the integration of CSR into business in Finnish consumer goods companies provided an interesting, topical and somewhat obscure purpose for this study. This was further divided into three research questions concerning the reasons for CSR engagement, the role of the stakeholders and the practice of corporate responsibility. This study did not aim to build a new theory; instead an explorative viewpoint was regarded more appropriate. Accordingly, qualitative research approach and case study design were adopted in the study. Semi-structured theme interviews were used as a primary data collection method and complemented with secondary data such as websites, responsibility reports and another recent CSR study. There were four Finnish managers as interviewees of whom three presented companies and one non-profit organization. The results were somewhat convergent but differences arose as a result of the companies being at different stages as regards corporate responsibility. However, this provided only more insight into the implementation of CSR. The voluntary CSR initiatives, responsibility reporting, stakeholders and CSR management were identified as the most important viewpoints on the practical side of CSR, besides a key requirement for the integration of CSR into business to be credible was found to be a favorable management attitude. Based on the findings of this study it was admitted that giving concrete advice on CSR management is really a challenge and there is no one generally accepted and right manner to integrate corporate responsibility successfully into business.

Suomalaisten lihanjalostajien vastuullisuusviestintä niiden verkkosivuilla

Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli tarkastella suomalaisten lihanjalostajien vastuullisuusviestintää yritysten omilla verkkosivuilla. Lihanjalostajat ovat viime vuosina joutuneet monien mediakohujen kohteeksi koskien vastuullisuusasioita, joten tutkimuksen aihe on varsin ajankohtainen. Kuluttajat vaativat yhä vastuullisempia toimintatapoja ja viestintää lihanjalostajayrityksiltä, joten kiinnostavaa oli tietää, millä tavoin alan yritykset näihin vaatimuksiin vastaavat. Tutkimuskysymyksiä oli kaksi: mitä vastuullisuuden osa-alueita suomalaiset lihanjalostajat käsittelevät verkkosivuillaan? ja miten suomalaiset lihanjalostajat viestivät vastuullisuudestaan verkkosivuillaan? Tutkimuksen tärkeimmät teoreettiset käsitteet olivat CSR (corporate social responsibility) eli yritysvastuu, viestintä ja vastuullisuusviestintä. Tarkasteltaviksi yrityksiksi valittiin Suomen kolme suurinta lihanjalostusyritystä: Atria, HK Ruokatalo ja Snellman Lihanjalostus. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osuus toteutettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena kahdessa eri osassa kumpaankin tutkimuskysymykseen erikseen vastaten. Empiriaosuus koostui verkkosivujen sanallisesta sisällönanalyysistä sekä semioottisesta analyysistä. Aineistona toimivat yritysten verkkosivut www.atria.fi, www.hookoo.fi sekä www.snellman.fi ja aineiston keruu ja analysointi toteutettiin huhti–toukokuussa 2014. Tuloksista ilmeni, että kaikki toimijat käsittelivät verkkosivuillaan tutkimuksessa määritellyt neljä lihanjalostusalan merkittävintä vastuullisuuden osa-aluetta: tuoteturvallisuuden, eläinten hyvinvoinnin, ympäristön sekä ravitsemuksen. Atrialla oli eniten avainsanoja eri vastuullisuuselementeistä verkkosivuillaan, HK:lla toiseksi eniten ja Snellmanilla vähiten. Semioottisessa analyysissä kävi kuitenkin ilmi, että Snellmanilla on verkkosivullaan eniten vastuullisuuteen liittyviä merkkejä ja symboleita. Kaikille toimijoille yhteisiä merkkejä vastuullisuusviestinnässä oli maatila, ydinperhe, suomalaisuus ja luonto. Tutkimustulokset kertovat, miten suomalaiset lihanjalostajat lähestyvät vastuullisuusviestintää verkkosivuillaan. Yritykset, jotka panostavat jo verkkosivujen etusivulta asti näyttävään vastuullisuusviestintään sekä sanojen että merkkien muodossa, voivat vaikuttaa kuluttajien mielikuviin yrityksen vastuullisuudesta voimakkaasti. Monet kuva-, teksti-, väri- ja otsikkovalinnat konnotoivat tarkasteltujen yritysten kohdalla jostain vastuullisuuden osa-alueesta ja rakentavat näin vastuullisen toimijan kuvaa verkkosivuilla kävijöille.

Vastuullisten hankintojen toteutuminen ja kehitys suomalaisissa yrityksissä

Kuluttajien valveutuminen ja globalisaatio 2000-luvulla lukeutuvat suurimpiin taustasyihin sille, että vastuullisuus on noussut entistä tärkeämpään rooliin yritysten toiminnassa. Hankinnat ovat tämän vastuullisen toiminnan kannalta yksi kriittisimpiä osa-alueita, sillä yrityksen on hallittava hankintaketjunsa hyvin pystyäkseen takaamaan vastuullisten toimipojen ulottumisen aina sen alkupäähän asti. Tämä Pro Gradu-tutkielma kartoittaa Suomen yritysten vastuullisten hankintojen nykytilaa ja sen kehitystä viimeisen vuosikymmenen aikana. Tavoitteena on selvittää, miten vastuullisia hankintoja toteutetaan tämän päivän suomalaisissa yrityksissä ja ovatko aiempien tutkimuksien havaitsemat ongelmat vielä olemassa ja jos ovat, niin missä mittakaavassa. Tämä tutkimus on toteutettu sähköisenä kyselytutkimuksena, joka lähetettiin eri alojen yrityksille ympäri Suomea. Suomalaisten yritysten hankintojen vastuullisuus on mennyt eteenpäin viime vuosikymmenen tilanteesta, mutta kasvu näyttäisi olevan enemmän määrällistä kuin laadullista. Vastuullisia hankintoja toteuttaa yhä useampi yritys, mutta samat ongelmat vaivaavat vielä suurta osaa kaikista yrityksistä. Puutteita löytyy erityisesti sopimusosaamisessa, dokumentoinnissa ja informaationkulussa.

Implementatiоn оf Sustainability-Оriented Innоvatiоns in Business - Studying Оrganizatiоnal and External Capabilities: Evidence frоm Pоland

The cоncept оf sustainability-оriented innоvatiоn is recent and still under researched. The aim оf the Thesis is tо cоntribute tо the field and investigate hоw dо cоmpanies оperating in Pоland apply sustainability-оriented innоvatiоn (SОI) tо their cоre business activities, what are the differences between variоus business fоrms оf оrganizatiоn in terms оf SОI, and what type оf capabilities facilitate implementatiоn оf SОI. Given early stage оf empirical research оn sustainability-оriented innоvatiоn, an explоratоry-descriptive case study research strategy was taken applying qualitative methоds. 6 interviews with managers and CEОs оf 4 cоmpanies lоcated in Warsaw were cоnducted. In additiоn, twо academic expert panels with specialists frоm University оf Lоdz and Lappeenranta University оf Technоlоgy were carried оut in оrder tо suppоrt the findings. The study fоund оut that in case оf cоmpanies which purpоse is tо create pоsitive impact and develоp sustainable prоducts оr services by using innоvative apprоaches, SОI activities are embedded in оrganizatiоnal culture and prоcess sо that it is difficult tо differentiate between main business activities and SОI. In the оther twо cases SОI practices were in line with cоre business activities thus reflected the main оperatiоns and were determined as a part оf CSR strategy. Activities are industry specific and are cоntingent upоn resоurces and capabilities pоssessed. Amоng list оf success factоrs management suppоrt, CEО’s persоnal values, dedicated and mоtivated team, investments in research and develоpment, оrganizatiоnal culture, nоn-hierarchical cоmmunicatiоns channels, empоwerment оf emplоyees, prоvisiоn оf time and space fоr failures were identified as key оrganizatiоnal capabilities facilitating integratiоn оf SОI practices. Whereas market demand, NGОs’ pressure, regulatiоns enfоrced, access tо external funding, netwоrking and cооperating present external оr cоllabоrative capabilities suppоrting implementatiоn оf sustainability оriented innоvatiоn in cоmpanies. SОI takes a systemic apprоach that drives the transfоrmatiоn tо becоme sustainable business embedding and integrating sоcial, envirоnmental and ecоnоmic value creatiоn tоgether.

Yhteiskuntavastuu Suomen suurimmissä yrityksissä arvonäkökulmasta

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää suomalaisten suuryritysten yhteiskuntavastuurn raportointikäytänteitä ja niiden yhteyttä yritysten liiketoimintaprosesseihin. Aineisto muodostui Suomen viidenkymmen suurimman yrityksen vuoden 2013 yhteiskuntavastuuraporteista. Tulosten mukaan yritykset raportoivat erityisesti ympäristöön liittyvistä tekijöistä. Raportoinnin intensiteetti on voimakkainta yrityksillä, jotka toimivat ympäristöintensiivisillä toimialoilla. Liiketoimintanäkökulmasta tarkastellen yritysten yhteiskuntavastuualoitteet ovat yhä voimakkaammin sidoksissa niiden liiketoimintaan.

Breathing disorders in congestive heart failure: gender, etiology and mortality

We investigated the relationship between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) while awake as well as mortality. Eighty-nine consecutive outpatients (29 females) with congestive heart failure (CHF; left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF <45%) were prospectively evaluated. The presence of SDB and of CSR while awake before sleep onset was investigated by polysomnography. SDB prevalence was 81 and 56%, using apnea-hypopnea index cutoffs >5 and >15, respectively. CHF etiologies were similar according to the prevalence of SDB and sleep pattern. Males and females were similar in age, body mass index, and LVEF. Males presented more SDB (P = 0.01), higher apnea-hypopnea index (P = 0.04), more light sleep (stages 1 and 2; P < 0.05), and less deep sleep (P < 0.001) than females. During follow-up (25 ± 10 months), 27% of the population died. Non-survivors had lower LVEF (P = 0.01), worse New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification (P = 0.03), and higher CSR while awake (P < 0.001) than survivors. As determined by Cox proportional model, NYHA class IV (RR = 3.95, 95%CI = 1.37-11.38, P = 0.011) and CSR while awake with a marginal significance (RR = 2.96, 95%CI = 0.94-9.33, P = 0.064) were associated with mortality. In conclusion, the prevalence of SDB and sleep pattern of patients with Chagas' disease were similar to that of patients with CHF due to other etiologies. Males presented more frequent and more severe SDB and worse sleep quality than females. The presence of CSR while awake, but not during sleep, may be associated with a poor prognosis in patients with CHF.