Facial selectivities in the nucleophilic additions of 2,3-unsaturated 3-arylsulfinyl pyranosides

2,3-Unsaturated 3-arylsulfinyl pyranosides undergo nucleophilic additions at C-2, with facial selectivities depending on the nucleophile and the substituent on sulfinyl sulfur. The reactions of such sugar vinyl sulfoxides lead to the addition of nucleophile preferring an axial orientation at C-2, with concomitant formation of an allylic bond at C-3 to C-4. This trend in the addition pattern is observed for primary amine, carbon and sulfur nucleophiles, whereas secondary amines prefer an equatorial addition at C-2. The effect of p-tolylthio-versus (p-isopropylphenyl)thio vinyl sulfoxide is that the equatorial nucleophilic addition is preferred even more with the latter vinyl sulfoxide. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Do stable isotopes in carbonate cement of Mio-Pleistocene Himalayan sediments record paleoecological and paleoclimatic changes?

Non-pedogenic carbonates, such as carbonate cement and nodules in the sandstones, are quite common in the terrestrial geological record. Unlike pedogenic carbonates, their stable isotope ratios lack investigations for paleo-climatic reconstructions. The present investigation therefore, explores the possibility of use of stable isotope studies of non-pedogenic carbonates from the Mb-Pleistocene Siwalik Group of sediments exposed in the Ramnagar sub-basin of the NW Himalaya. Petrographic studies reveal the dominance of micrite fabric in carbonate nodules both of pedogenic and non-pedogenic samples irrespective of specific stratigraphic unit However, calcite as cement in the sandstones shows the dominance of micrite fabric in the younger in age sediments. Seventy-two non-pedogenic carbonate samples from the carbonate nodules and cement in the Siwalik sandstones, ranging in age between similar to 1 Ma and 12.2 Ma, were analyzed for delta C-13 and delta O-18 values. The delta C-13 values vary from -24.77 parts per thousand to -1.1 parts per thousand and delta O-18 values vary from -15.34 parts per thousand to -7.81 parts per thousand. Pedogenic and non-pedogenic carbonates ranging in age between similar to 1 Ma and 6 Ma have largely similar delta C-13 values and the range of delta C-13 values indicate the dominance of C-4 type of vegetation. However, unlike pedogenic carbonates which showed the dominance of C-3 type of vegetation pre- 7 Ma on the basis of delta C-13 -depleted isotopic values (Singh et al., 2011), delta C-13 values are largely enriched in the corresponding aged non-pedogenic carbonates revealing no information on specific type of vegetation. Likewise, paleoprecipitational reconstructions from delta O-18 values in pedogenic carbonates showed a progressive increase in aridity from similar to 12 Ma to recent excluding short term increases in rainfall/monsoon intensity at around 10 Ma, 5 Ma, and 1.8 Ma (Singh et al., 2012). On the contrary, such reconstructions are not possible from the delta O-18 values of non-pedogenic carbonates and indeed the delta O-18 values of non-pedogenic carbonates are largely depleted to as much as 6 parts per thousand from the corresponding pedogenic carbonates. Such differences in delta C-13 and delta O-18 values of non-pedogenic carbonates from pedogenic carbonates are primarily due to the dependence of the former on groundwater conditions responsible for precipitating carbonate. Further, a comparison of isotopic values between non-pedogenic and pedogenic carbonates can be interpreted that post-6 Ma and pre-6 Ma non-pedogenic carbonates were largely formed by shallow and deep groundwater conditions respectively. The result of these investigative studies therefore, suggests that the stable delta C-13 and delta O-18 values of non-pedogenic carbonates, unlike the pedogenic carbonates and irrespective of nature of calcite fabric, showed their little importance in paleoclimatic and paleoecological reconstructions. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fine-tuning solid-state luminescence in NPIs (1,8-naphthalimides): impact of the molecular environment and cumulative interactions

An investigation of a series of seven angular ``V'' shaped NPIs (1-7) is presented. The effect of substitution of these structurally similar NPIs on their photophysical properties in the solution-state and the solid-state is presented and discussed in light of experimental and computational findings. Compounds 1-7 show negligible to intensely strong emission yields in their solid-state depending on the nature of substituents appended to the oxoaryl moiety. The solution and solid-state properties of the compounds can be directly correlated with their structural rigidity, nature of substituents and intermolecular interactions. The versatile solid-state structures of the NPI siblings are deeply affected by the pendant substituents. All of the NPIs (1-7) show antiparallel dimeric pi-pi stacking interactions in their solid-state which can further extend in a parallel, alternate, orthogonal or lateral fashion depending on the steric and electronic nature of the C-4' substituents. Structural investigations including Hirshfeld surface analysis methods reveal that where strongly interacting systems show weak to moderate emission in their condensed states, weakly interacting systems show strong emission yields under the same conditions. The nature of packing and extended structures also affects the emission colors of the NPIs in their solid-states. Furthermore, DFT computational studies were utilized to understand the molecular and cumulative electronic behaviors of the NPIs. The comprehensive studies provide insight into the condensed-state luminescence of aggregationprone small molecules like NPIs and help to correlate the structure-property relationships.

DC-Bias-Superposition Characteristics of Ni0.4Zn0.2Mn0.4Fe2O4 Nanopowders Synthesized by Auto-Combustion

Ni0.4Zn0.2Mn0.4Fe2O4 nanopowders were prepared by auto-combustion method. The as-synthesized powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and the powders were densified at different temperatures 400 degrees C, 500 degrees C, 600 degrees C and 700 degrees C/4 hrs using conventional sintering method. The sintered samples were characterized by XRD and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The bulk densities of the samples were increased with an increase of sintering temperature. The grain sizes of all the samples vary in between 18 nm to 30 nm. The hysteresis loops show high saturation magnetization and low coercivity, indicates that it is a soft material. The incremental permeability (permeability with magnetic field superposition) was influenced by both Delta M and H-c. A sample with higher initial permeability and favoured the attainment of a higher incremental permeability. The Q-factor was mainly determined by the sintered density and microstructure. To summarize, a uniform and dense microstructure with relatively small average grain size is favourable for obtaining better dc-bias-superposition characteristics, including permeability and Q-factor.

Effect of Ni-Zr codoping on dielectric and magnetic properties of SrFe12O19 via sol-gel route

Nanocrystalline strontium hexaferrites SrFe12-2x (Ni2+-Zr4+)(x)O-19] nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sal gel process. For densification the powders were sintered at 950 degrees C/4 h. The sintered samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area measurement, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The lattice parameter a is almost constant but c increased with x upto 0.8 and then decreased. The frequency dependent complex permittivity (epsilon and epsilon `' and permeability (mu' and mu `') and magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization (M-s), coercive field (H-c) were studied. If is observed that saturation magnetization increased gradually from 57.82 emuig to 67.2 emufg as x increased from 0.2 to 0.4 and then decreased from 672 emufg to 31.63 ernufg for x=1.0. In present study, x=0.4 shows high value of M-s 67.2 emu/g. The real part of permittivity (epsilon') remains constant upto a frequency 1 GHz and increases further with an increase of frequency, a resonance and anti resonance peak was observed above 1 GHz for all the samples. In real part of permeability (mu') the relaxation frequency is observed above 1 GHz for all the samples and it is attributed to the domain wall motion. It is well known that the permeability for polycrystalline ferrites can be described as the superposition of two different magnetizing mechanisms: spin rotation and domain wall motion. These low coercive strontium hexaferrites are suitable for magnetic recording applications in hard disks, floppy disks, video tapes, etc. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fluoranthene derivatives as blue fluorescent materials for non-doped organic light-emitting diodes

In this study, we report synthesis of symmetrically and non-symmetrically functionalized fluoranthene-based blue fluorescent molecular materials for non-doped electroluminescent devices. The solid state structure of these fluorophores has been established by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, a detailed experimental and theoretical study has been performed to understand the effect of substitution of symmetric and non-symmetric functional groups on optical, thermal and electrochemical properties of fluoranthene. These materials exhibit a deep blue emission and high PLQY in solution and solid state. The vacuum deposited, non-doped electroluminescent devices with the device structure ITO/NPD (15 nm)/CBP (15 nm)/EML (40 nm)/TPBI (30 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al were fabricated and characterized. A systematic shift in the peak position of EL emission was observed from sky blue to bluish-green with EL maxima from 477 nm to 490 nm due to different functional groups on the periphery of fluoranthene. In addition, a high luminance of >= 2000 cd m(-2) and encouraging external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1.1-1.4% were achieved. A correlation of the molecular structure with device performance has been established.

Epoxy composites containing cobalt(II)-porphine anchored multiwalled carbon nanotubes as thin electromagnetic interference shields, adhesives and coatings

Herein a facile strategy has been adopted to design epoxy based adhesive/coating materials that can shield electromagnetic radiation. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were non-covalently modified with an ionic liquid and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphine cobalt(II) (Co-TPP). The dispersion state of modified MWNTs in the composites was assessed using a scanning electron microscope. The electrical conductivity of the composites was improved with the addition of IL and Co-TPP. The shielding effectiveness was studied as a function of thickness and intriguingly, composites with as thin as 0.5 mm thickness were observed to reflect 497% of the incoming radiation. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer substrates were used to demonstrate the adhesive properties of the designed epoxy composites. Although, the shielding effectiveness of epoxy/MWNT composites with or without IL and Co-TPP is nearly the same for 0.5 mm thick samples, the lap shear test under tensile loading revealed an extraordinary adhesive bond strength for the epoxy/IL-MWNT/Co-TPP composites in contrast to neat epoxy. For instance, the lap shear strength of epoxy/IL-MWNT/Co-TPP composites was enhanced by 100% as compared to neat epoxy. Furthermore, the composites were thermally stable for practical utility in electronic applications as inferred from thermogravimetric analysis.

Dielectric investigation of high-k yttrium copper titanate thin films

We report on the first dielectric investigation of high-k yttrium copper titanate thin films, which were demonstrated to be very promising for nanoelectronics applications. The dielectric constant of these films is found to vary from 100 down to 24 (at 100 kHz) as a function of deposition conditions, namely oxygen pressure and film thickness. The physical origin of such variation was investigated in the framework of universal dielectric response and Cole-Cole relations and by means of voltage dependence studies of the dielectric constant. Surface-related effects and charge hopping polarization processes, strictly dependent on the film microstructure, are suggested to be mainly responsible for the observed dielectric response. In particular, the bulky behaviour of thick films deposited at lower oxygen pressure evolves towards a more complex and electrically heterogeneous structure when either the thickness decreases down to 50 nm or the films are grown under high oxygen pressure.

Dielectric investigation of high-k yttrium copper titanate thin films

We report on the first dielectric investigation of high-k yttrium copper titanate thin films, which were demonstrated to be very promising for nanoelectronics applications. The dielectric constant of these films is found to vary from 100 down to 24 (at 100 kHz) as a function of deposition conditions, namely oxygen pressure and film thickness. The physical origin of such variation was investigated in the framework of universal dielectric response and Cole-Cole relations and by means of voltage dependence studies of the dielectric constant. Surface-related effects and charge hopping polarization processes, strictly dependent on the film microstructure, are suggested to be mainly responsible for the observed dielectric response. In particular, the bulky behaviour of thick films deposited at lower oxygen pressure evolves towards a more complex and electrically heterogeneous structure when either the thickness decreases down to 50 nm or the films are grown under high oxygen pressure.

Simultaneous enhancement of electrical conductivity and thermopower in Bi2S3 under hydrostatic pressure

The inverse coupled dependence of electrical conductivity and thermopower on carrier concentration presents a big challenge in achieving a high figure of merit. However, the simultaneous enhancement of electrical conductivity and thermopower can be realized in practice by carefully engineering the electronic band structure. Here by taking the example of Bi2S3, we report a simultaneous increase in both electrical conductivity and thermopower under hydrostatic pressure. Application of hydrostatic pressure enables tuning of electronic structure in such a way that the conductivity effective mass decreases and the density of states effective mass increases. This dependence of effective masses leads to simultaneous enhancement in electrical conductivity and thermopower under n-type doping leading to a huge improvement in the power factor. Also lattice thermal conductivity exhibits very weak pressure dependence in the low pressure range. The large power factor together with low lattice thermal conductivity results in a high ZT value of 1.1 under n-type doping, which is nearly two times higher than the previously reported value. Hence, this pressure-tuned behaviour can enable the development of efficient thermoelectric devices in the moderate to high temperature range. We further demonstrate that similar enhancement can be observed by generating chemical pressure by doping Bi2S3 with smaller iso-electronic elements such as Sb at Bi sites, which can be achieved experimentally.

Stimuli and shape responsive `boron-containing' luminescent organic materials

Recent advancements of material science and its applications have been immensely influenced by the modern development of organic luminescent materials. Among all organic luminogens, boron containing compounds have already established their stature as one of the indispensable classes of luminescent dyes. Boron, in its various forms e. g. triarylboranes, borate dyes and boron clusters, has attracted considerable attention owing to its several unique and excellent photophysical features. In very recent times, beyond the realms of solution-state studies, luminescent boron-containing compounds have emerged as a large and versatile class of stimuli responsive materials. Based on several fundamental concepts of chemistry, researchers have come up with an admirable variety of boron-containing materials with AIE (aggregation-induced emission), mechano-responsive luminescence, thermoresponsive-luminescence as well as a number of purely organic phosphorescent materials and other standalone examples. The unique chemical as well as physical properties of boron-containing compounds are largely responsible for the development of such materials. In this review these new findings are brought together.

Influencia de diferentes períodos de destete sobre peso de la hembra al destete (PHD), peso de la camada al destete (PCD) y peso de la hembra al segundo parto (PHP2) en conejas primiparas, en el municipio de Rivas

El presente ensayo se realizó con el objetivo de medir el efecto de tres períodos de destete diferentes (20, 40 y 60 días respectivamente) sobre el Peso de la hembra al destete (PHD), Peso de la camada al destete (PCD) y Peso de la hembra al segundo parto (PHP2) en conejas primíparas. Para el análisis de los datos fue utilizado un Diseño Completamente Aleatorio (D.C.A.) con 4 repeticiones (hembras primíparas) para el destete de 20 días, 5 repeticiones para el destete de 40 días y 4 repeticiones para el destete de 60 días. La información utilizada para los análisis estadísticos provino de datos recaudados en registros reproductivos, de un conejar compuesto de 13 conejas y un padrote. La edad y peso promedio de los animales al inicio del ensayo fueron homogéneos (7 meses y 3.007 Kg respectivamente). El ensayo se realizó en el municipio de Rivas ubicado a 111 km de la ciudad de Managua, a 11º 26' de latitud Norte y 85º 44' de longitud Oeste, a una elevación de 57.77 m.s.n.m. Las variables en estudio fueron: Peso de la hembra al destete (PHD), Peso de la camada al destete (PCD), Peso de la hembra al segundo parto (PHP2). Los valores y desviación estándar para dichas variables fue de : 2.94483 ± 0.3071 Kg, promedios 2.8629 ± 1.5308 Kg y 3.0635 ± 0.2212 Kg, respectivamente. En el ANDEVA realizado para las diferentes variables, el efecto de los tratamientos sobre el Peso de la hembra al destete resultó no significativo. No así, para con las variables Peso de la camada al destete (PCD) y Peso de la hembra al segundo parto (PHP2), donde el efecto de los tratamientos sobre estas fue significativo. El efecto de la covariable (Peso de la hembra al primer parto) solamente resultó significativo para la variable Peso de la hembra al destete (PHD). Mediante la Separación de medias por la Prueba de DUNCAN se obtuvieron los siguientes promedios de las variables por tratamiento; Peso de la hembra al destete (PHD): 1.3469 Kg (t: 20 días), 2.9508 Kg (t: 40 días) y 2.9194 Kg (t: 60 días). Para el Peso de la camada al destete (PCD), los valores fueron: 1.3469 kg (t: 20 días), 2.6571 Kg (t: 40 días) y 4.6363 Kg (t: 60 días). Para el Peso de la hembra al segundo parto (PHP2) los valores fueron: 3.2895 Kg (t: 20 días), 3.0030 Kg (t: 40 días) y 2.9131 Kg (t: 60 días). Con la realización del Análisis de los Costos para hembras, se determinaron valores de 105.29, 127.42 y 148.65 (córdobas), para una hembra al destete en los tratamientos de 20, 40 y 60 días de destete respectivamente. Los costos para una hembra al segundo parto fueron: C$ 130.77 (t: 20 días), C$ 147.03 (t: 40 días) y C$168.26 (t: 60 días). Para gazapo al nacimiento los costos por tratamiento fueron los siguientes: C$ 4.43 (t: 20 días), C$ 4.60 (t: 40 días) y C$ 4.87 (t 60 días. Así también, se determinaron los costos de un gazapo al destete, obteniéndose valores de C$ 7.90, C$ 11.53 y C$15.82 para los tratamientos de 20, 40 y 60 días de destete respectivamente.

Efecto de la inclusión de saccharina sobre el comportamiento productivo de cerdos de engorde

El presente trabajo experimental se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de inclusión de dos niveles de Saccharina sobre los rendimientos productivos: Ganancia Media Diaria (GMD.); Consumo de Alimento Promedio (CAP); Conversión Alimenticia (CA) en cerdos de engorde, evaluándose la utilidad económica de los tratamientos. Se utilizaron tres tratamientos. T1: testigo; T2: 7.38 % de Saccharina y T3 : 14.76 % de Saccharina, los que estaban conformados por grupos de siete cerdos cada uno, con edades y pesos promedios de 120 días y 34.55 Kg. El análisis estadístico empleado fué un Diseño Completamente Aleatorio (DCA), para las variables GMD/Tratamiento y C.A/Tratamiento. Se obtuvieron ganancias medias diarias de T1: 750.48; T2 : 893.34; T3 : 774.29 gr/días/cerdos respectivamente. Resultando no significativa al Pr≤ O.05 para los tres tratamientos. Con la realización del análisis de costo de alimento por Kg de ganancia de peso se obtuvieron los valores de C$ 5.13 (T1); C$ 4.62 (T2); C$ 4.48 (T3) respectivamente. Al realizarse el presupuesto parcial se determinó que el tratamiento que obtuvo la mayor utilidad fue el tratamiento dos (T2) resultando de C$ 57.77 siendo para el tratamiento tres (T3 ) la utilidad de C$ 12.27 ambos tratamientos con respecto al tratamiento uno (T1). Por tanto, el tratamiento T2 es el que genera las beneficios económicos.

Diagnóstico sobre la producción y comercialización de los productos lacteos en el municipio de San Pedro de Lóvago, Chontales, Nicaragua

El trabajo fue realizado en la época de verano en el municipio de San pedro de Lóvago, Chontales donde se encuestó el 10% de los productores. La población total del municipio es de 7,125 habitantes, donde la mayoría viven en zonas rurales; la principal base de subsistencia es la ganadería siendo su principal fuente de trabajo.Es un municipio con alto potencial en su producción de leche y ocupando el segundo lugar en el departamento de chontales, cuenta con 46269 cabezas de ganado en todo el municipio con un rendimiento promedio de cuatro litros de leche por vaca y su explotación es de doble propósito, pastoreo directo y extensivo. Las prácticas de manejo, sanidad, alimentación y reproducción siguen siendo las mismas de manera tradicional. Aun no existe en la mayoría de los productores interés al cambio, los resultados muestran que la producción total de leche diaria en el municipio durante el verano es de 10,393.25 galones a diario y en invierno es de 12,000 galones aproximados. Los productores que mas elaboran en el municipio son: queso mosarela, queso moralique, cuajadas, crema, queso palmito y quesillos. El precio de la leche varia según la épocas del año siendo en verano el mejor precio pagado (C$ 14.00 por galón) debido a que existe una poca producción de leche en caso contrario en invierno que es cuando se produce el "golpe de leche" y el precio llega alcanzar hasta (C$ 4.00 por galón). La parmalat es la única empresa que recolecta leche en las cooperativas: Manantial con 1,400 galones a diario y la cooperativa San pedro con 1,104.25 galones a diario para un total de 2,504.25 en verano y 5,008.5 galones en invierno, la cual mantiene durante todo el año el precio estable por galón de C$ 12.00. La comercialización se empieza desde el productor hasta el consumidor final a través de una cadena de intermediarios. La mayor pate de los productos van destinados a la capital (80%) y otra parte se exportan a El Salvador (20%) de manera directa. La producción anual de carne en el municipio es alrededor de 3,000 kilogramos siendo los principales acopiadores o centro de venta de. novíllo de modalidad canal caliente y en pie. El matadero MASESA con un 30% de la producción total, el matadero Nandaime con 20%, el matadero CARNIC con un 10%, los corrales de tipitapa 30% y los matarifes con el 10% restante de cabezas d ganado bovino.

Determinación de la dosis óptima del insecticida chlorpyrifos aplicada por aspersión para el control de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: noctuidae), en el cultivo del maíz (Zea mays L.) en época bajo riego y primera

En el presente estudio se evaluó diferente dosis del insecticida clarpyrifos (lorsban), para el control del gusano cogollero spodoptera frugiperda (j.e Smith), (lepidóptera: noctuidae) en el cultivo de maíz. Las dosis en estudio correspondían a 1,0.5, 0.25, 0.125,0.0625 1/mz. Y un testigo sin aplicación. El resultado del estudio nos permitirá obtener la dosis óptima que controla al gusano cogollero y así bajar los costos de producción, tanto en época bajo riego como en época de primera. En la época de siembra bajo riego, la dosis de 0.25 it/mz. Y el resto de la dosis, incluso la dosis de 1 1/mz. De clarpyrifos, no obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre si, en cuanto al promedio de rendimiento se refiere. En esta época todas las dosis ameritaron un promedio de tres aplicaciones en todo el periodo del cultivo, pero sus costo determinan las diferencias, ya que utilizando dosis baja aumentamos la eficiencia del producto, debido a que con la utilización de un litro de insecticida clarpyrifos empleando dosis bajas, es posibles poder aplicarle a una mayor cantidad de áreas del cultivo en esta época. En cuanto la obtención de ganancia, entre las dosis no existió diferencias significativas, sin embargo la dosis de 0.25 1/mz. Obtuvo una ganancia de C$ 17,982.43 por manzana y la dosis de 1 litro obtuvo una ganancia de C$ 19,411.97, como es posible notar la diferencia es mínima. Por otro lado, en la época de siembra de primera, entre las diferente dosis utilizadas no existió diferencias significativas entre sí, pero todas estas fueron diferentes al testigo, en cuanto al promedio de rendimiento se refiere. Es posible señalar que la dosis de 0.5 1t/mz. Alcanzo mayores rendimientos promedios por manzana que la dosis de 1 litro, sin embargo, las dos ameritaron una aplicación promedio en todo el periodo del cultivo en esta época. En cuanto la obtención de ganancia no existió diferencias significativas entre las diferente dosis, sin embargo la dosis de 0.5 1/mz, obtuvo una ganancia de C$ 4,660.06 por manzana y la dosis de 1 litro obtuvo una ganancia de C$ 1,514.06 por manzana. Cabe destacar que en ambas épocas se obtuvieron rendimientos sumamente bajos, por un lado en la época bajo riego el gusano cogollero mantuvo una alta presión de oviposicion, conduciendo esto a un alto nivel de infestación de plantas, reduciendo drásticamente los rendimiento y por otro lado, en la época primera el rendimiento fue afectado por causa de la enfermedad conocida como “achaparramiento”. Todo los anteriores nos permite elegir la dosis óptima más adecuada y así bajar los costos de protección en ambas épocas de siembra.