L'évolution et les lépidoptères: la nomenclature et le classement, les lépidoptères et l'évolution, les dessins des ailes (étude méthodique comparée), les écailles des ailes. Tableau synoptique de la variation et de la distribution géographique des Papilionidae et Pieridae paléarctiques.

Mode of access: Internet.

Taschenbuch der Raupen mitteleuropäischer Grossschmetterlinge.

Mode of access: Internet.

Beiträge zur Morphologie und Morphogenie des männlichen Genitalapparates der Rhopaloceren.

Vita.

Die Morphologie der Generationsorgane der Schmetterlinge und ihre Bedeutung für die Artbildung.

Mode of access: Internet.

Liste des papillons (macrolépidoptères) de la region Namuroise.

Mode of access: Internet.

Zur Morphologie der skandinavischen Schmetterlingseier.

"Literatur über Schmetterlingseier": p. 295-297.

The Lepidoptera of Ceylon.

Mode of access: Internet.

Description des cols : ou passages des Alpes /

"Insectes et papillions trouvés par M. Jurine": v. 2, p. 99-135. -- " ... Histoire naturelle.": v. 2, p. 136-155.

Correspondenzblatt für Sammler von Insecten, insbesondere von Schmetterlingen.

Paged continuously.

Charles Darwin and the Origin of species; addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries,

Includes bibliographical references and index.

The Nature library.

v.1. Bird neighbors.--v.2. Game birds.--v.3. Bird homes.--v.4. Animals.--v.5. Fishes.--v.6. Butterflies.--v.7. --v.8. Insects.--v.9. Wild flowers.--v.10. Mushrooms.

Wahre Parthenogenesis bei Schmetterlingen und Bienen ...

Bibliographical footnotes.

Monarchs across the Pacific: the Columbus hypothesis revisited

The 'Columbus hypothesis' suggests that the annual north-south return migration of Danaus plexippus in North America is a very recently evolved behaviour, less than 200 years old. This hypothesis rests, in part, on an analysis of the 19th century spread of the monarch across the Pacific that assumes a continuous east to west movement and is based predominantly on one publication. We review all the contemporary literature and present new analysis of the data. The movement of the monarch across the Pacific in the second half of the 19th century is best explained by a model which involves no more than three spot introductions, directly or indirectly aided by human movement, followed by natural spread of the monarch across island groups. Contemporary records refer to 'boom' and 'bust' population cycles on newly settled islands, which may have led to high rates of monarch movement. We see no evidence in the records to suggest an east to west sweep by monarch populations as suggested by the Columbus hypothesis. (C) 2004 The Linnean Society of London.

Monarchs in Australia: On the winds of a storm?

The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, is one of Australia's best-known exotic butterflies, being first recorded here in the spring/summer of 1870/1871. However, the source of the original population is unknown. Using historical records we suggest that the most likely source of the founder population was from Vanuatu and/or New Caledonia. Many almost simultaneous 'first records' for the butterfly in Australia suggest that a large, well-distributed population was present when first noticed. While such a population may have developed from a limited number of individuals flying across the Coral Sea, the well documented, very dramatic appearance of large monarch populations in Australia does not appear to fit this model. Rather, we hypothesise that large numbers of monarchs were carried to Australia on cyclonic winds: no fewer that 3 cyclones hit the Queensland coast in early 1870. If one or more of these cyclones tracked from the Vanuatu/New Caledonia chain, then they may have transported monarchs. Once established on the central/northern Queensland coast, natural migration would account for the appearance of butterflies further south.

Distribution of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae), in western North America

The standard model for the migration of the monarch butterfly in western North America has hitherto been movement in the autumn to overwintering sites in coastal California, followed by a return inland by most individuals in the spring. This model is based largely on observational and limited tagging and recovery data. In this paper we test the model by plotting many years of museum and collection records on a monthly basis on a map of the region. Our plots suggest a movement of Oregon, Washington and other north-western populations of summer butterflies to California in the autumn, but movement of more north-easterly populations (e.g. from Idaho and Montana) along two pathways through Nevada, Utah and Arizona to Mexico. The more westerly of these two pathways may follow the Colorado River south as indicated by museum records and seasonal temperature data. The eastern pathway may enter northern Utah along the western scarp of the Wasatch Mountains and run south through Utah and Arizona. Further analysis of distributions suggests that monarch butterflies in the American West occur primarily along rivers, and there are observations indicating that autumn migrants often follow riparian corridors. More data are needed to test our new model; we suggest the nature of the data required. (c) 2005 The Linnean Society of London.