Source Memory for Mental Imagery: Influences of the Stimuli’s Ease of Imagery.

The present study investigated how ease of imagery influences source monitoring accuracy. Two experiments were conducted in order to examine how ease of imagery influences the probability of source confusions of perceived and imagined completions of natural symmetric shapes. The stimuli consisted of binary pictures of natural objects, namely symmetric pictures of birds, butterflies, insects, and leaves. The ease of imagery (indicating the similarity of the sources) and the discriminability (indicating the similarity of the items) of each stimulus were estimated in a pretest and included as predictors of the memory performance for these stimuli. It was found that confusion of the sources becomes more likely when the imagery process was relatively easy. However, if the different processes of source monitoring-item memory, source memory and guessing biases-are disentangled, both experiments support the assumption that the effect of decreased source memory for easily imagined stimuli is due to decision processes and misinformation at retrieval rather than encoding processes and memory retention. The data were modeled with a Bayesian hierarchical implementation of the one high threshold source monitoring model.

Nocturnality and species survival.

Surveys of butterfly and moth diversity in tropical forest fragments suggest that nocturnality confers a dispersal, and possibly a survival, advantage. The butterfly faunas of smaller fragments were depauperate; in contrast, the species richness of nocturnal moths was similar in all fragments and even in pasture. The lack of correlation between butterfly and moth species richness among fragments (r2 = 0.005) is best explained by movements of moths at night when ambient conditions in forest and pasture are most similar; butterflies face substantial daytime temperature, humidity, and solar radiation barriers. This interpretation is supported by information on birds, beetles, and bats.

Evolutionary history of the recruitment of conserved developmental genes in association to the formation and diversification of a novel trait

The origin and modification of novel traits are important aspects of biological diversification. Studies combining concepts and approaches of developmental genetics and evolutionary biology have uncovered many examples of the recruitment, or co-option, of genes conserved across lineages for the formation of novel, lineage-restricted traits. However, little is known about the evolutionary history of the recruitment of those genes, and of the relationship between them -for example, whether the co-option involves whole or parts of existing networks, or whether it occurs by redeployment of individual genes with de novo rewiring. We use a model novel trait, color pattern elements on butterfly wings called eyespots, to explore these questions. Eyespots have greatly diversified under natural and sexual selection, and their formation involves genetic circuitries shared across insects.

Die schmetterlingsfauna Nordwest-Deutschlands : insbesondere die lepidopterologischen verhältnisse der umgebung von Göttingen /

"Litteratur": p. [xiii]-xviii.

L'évolution et les lépidoptères: la nomenclature et le classement, les lépidoptères et l'évolution, les dessins des ailes (étude méthodique comparée), les écailles des ailes. Tableau synoptique de la variation et de la distribution géographique des Papilionidae et Pieridae paléarctiques.

Mode of access: Internet.

Taschenbuch der Raupen mitteleuropäischer Grossschmetterlinge.

Mode of access: Internet.

Beiträge zur Morphologie und Morphogenie des männlichen Genitalapparates der Rhopaloceren.

Vita.

Die Morphologie der Generationsorgane der Schmetterlinge und ihre Bedeutung für die Artbildung.

Mode of access: Internet.

Liste des papillons (macrolépidoptères) de la region Namuroise.

Mode of access: Internet.

Zur Morphologie der skandinavischen Schmetterlingseier.

"Literatur über Schmetterlingseier": p. 295-297.

The Lepidoptera of Ceylon.

Mode of access: Internet.

Description des cols : ou passages des Alpes /

"Insectes et papillions trouvés par M. Jurine": v. 2, p. 99-135. -- " ... Histoire naturelle.": v. 2, p. 136-155.

Correspondenzblatt für Sammler von Insecten, insbesondere von Schmetterlingen.

Paged continuously.

Charles Darwin and the Origin of species; addresses, etc., in America and England in the year of the two anniversaries,

Includes bibliographical references and index.

The Nature library.

v.1. Bird neighbors.--v.2. Game birds.--v.3. Bird homes.--v.4. Animals.--v.5. Fishes.--v.6. Butterflies.--v.7. --v.8. Insects.--v.9. Wild flowers.--v.10. Mushrooms.