El delito de trata de personas: análisis del nuevo artículo 177 bis CP desde la óptica del cumplimiento de compromisos internacionales de incriminación

El artículo analiza los elementos esenciales del nuevo delito de trata de personas que incorporado al CP mediante la reforma de 2010. Asimismo explora la tipificación de la trata de personas en Derecho comparado, los compromisos internacionales adquiridos por el Estado español acerca de la incriminación de esta conducta y su nivel de cumplimiento con el nuevo delito.

Reação de bis-inserção de 1,2-difenilacetileno na ligação Pd-C de ciclometalados

The present paper deals with the bis-insertion reactions of 1,2-diphenylacetylene into Pd-C bond of the cyclopalladated complexes [Pd(dmba)(µ-NCO)]2 (1) and [Pd(dmba)(MeCN)2](NO3) (2) (dmba = N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, MeCN = acetonitrile). Two new complexes [Pd{PhC=CPh-CPh=CPhC6H4CH2N(CH 3)2}(NCO)] (3) and [Pd{PhC=CPh-CPh=CPhC6H4CH2N(CH 3)2}(NO3 )] (4) were obtained and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.

Selective Ortho-Hydroxylation–Defluorination of 2-Fluorophenolates with a Bis(m-oxo)dicopper(III) Species

The bis(mu-oxo) dicopper(III) species [Cu-III 2(mu-O)(2)(m-XYLMeAN)](2+) (1) promotes the electrophilic ortho-hydroxylation-defluorination of 2-fluorophenolates to give the corresponding catechols, a reaction that is not accomplishable with a (eta(2) : eta(2)-O-2) dicopper(II) complex. Isotopic labeling studies show that the incoming oxygen atom originates from the bis(mu-oxo) unit. Ortho-hydroxylation-defluorination occurs selectively in intramolecular competition with other ortho-substituents such as chlorine or bromine

Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of oligomethylene- and p-phenylene-bis(methylene)-linked bis(+)-huprines

We have synthesized a series of dimers of (+)-(7R,11R)-huprine Y and evaluated their activity against Trypanosoma brucei, Plasmodium falciparum, rat myoblast L6 cells and human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), and their brain permeability. Most dimers have more potent and selective trypanocidal activity than huprine Y and are brain permeable, but they are devoid of antimalarial activity and remain active against hAChE. Lead optimization will focus on identifying compounds with a more favourable trypanocidal/anticholinesterase activity ratio.

Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of oligomethylene- and p-phenylene-bis(methylene)-linked bis(+)-huprines

We have synthesized a series of dimers of (+)-(7R,11R)-huprine Y and evaluated their activity against Trypanosoma brucei, Plasmodium falciparum, rat myoblast L6 cells and human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), and their brain permeability. Most dimers have more potent and selective trypanocidal activity than huprine Y and are brain permeable, but they are devoid of antimalarial activity and remain active against hAChE. Lead optimization will focus on identifying compounds with a more favourable trypanocidal/anticholinesterase activity ratio.

Extração líquido-líquido de ferro(III) e titânio(IV) pelo ácido bis-(2-etil-hexil) fosfórico (D2EHPA) em meio de ácido sulfúrico

This work presents a study on the separation of Fe(III) and Ti(IV) from sulfuric acid leaching solutions of ilmenite (FeTiO3) using liquid-liquid extraction with D2EHPA in n-dodecane as extracting agent. The distribution coefficients (K D) of the elements related to free acidity and concentration of Fe(III) and Ti(IV) were determined. Free acidity was changed from 3x10-2 to 11.88 mol L-1 and D2EHPA concentration was fixed at 1.5 mol L-1. Recovery of final products as well as recycling of wastes generated in the process were also investigated. The LLE process as a feasible alternative to obtain high-purity TiO2.

Estudos de relações estrutura-atividade quantitativas (QSAR) de bis-benzamidinas com atividade antifúngica

This paper describes 2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR studies against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neofarmans for a set of 20 bisbenzamidines. In the studies of 2D-QSAR with C. albicans it was obtained a correlation between log MIC-1 and lipolo component-Z (r² = 0.68; Q² = 0.51). In the case of C. neofarmans a correlation between log MIC-1 and lipolo component-Z and of Balaban index (r² = 0.85; Q² = 0.6) was obtained. 3D-QSAR studies using CoMFA showed that the steric fields contributed more to the predicted activities for Candida albicans (94.9%) and Cryptococcus neofarmans (97.9%).

Synthesis and antifungal activity of halogenated aromatic bis-γ-lactones analogous to avenaciolide

Here we describe the total syntheses and characterization by elemental analyses, infrared and NMR spectroscopy of three new compounds analogous to avenaciolide, a bis-γ-lactone isolated from Aspergillus avenaceus that possesses antifungal activity, where the octyl group of the natural product was replaced by aromatic groups containing chlorine and fluorine atoms. The effects of the avenaciolide, the novel compounds and their synthetic precursors on mycelia development and conidia germination of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium solani were evaluated in vitro. The title compounds were almost as active as avenaciolide. The absolute structures of the chlorinated analogs were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.

Syntheses, characterization and antifungal activity of tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(ii) bis(n-r-sulfonyldithiocarbimate)zincate(ii)

Four new compounds with the general formula [Fe(phen)3][Zn(RSO2N=CS2)2], where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, R = 4-FC6H4 (1), 4-ClC6H4 (2), 4-BrC6H4 (3) and 4-IC6H4 (4), respectively, were obtained by the reaction of the appropriate potassium N-R-sulfonyldithiocarbimate (RSO2N=CS2K2) and tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II) sulfate, with zinc(II) acetate dihydrate in dimethylformamide. The elemental analyses and the IR data were consistent with the formation of the expected complexes salts. The ¹H and 13C NMR spectra showed the signals for the cationic iron(II) complex and dithiocarbimate moieties. The molar conductance data were consistent with the 1:1 cation:anion complexes in 1-4. The antifungal activities of the compounds were tested in vitro against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

Simple, mild, and highly efficient synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles and bis-benzimidazoles

A new convenient method for preparation of 2-substituted benzimidazoles and bis-benzimidazoles is presented. In this method, o-phenylenediamines were condensed with bisulfite adducts of various aldehydes and di-aldehydes under neat conditions by microwave heating. The results were also compared with results of synthesis by conventional heating under reflux. Structures of the products were confirmed by infrared, ¹H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Short reaction times, good yields, easy purification of products, and mild reaction conditions are the main advantages of this method.

Equilibrium studies of 2,2'-(5-bromo-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diyl)bis(azanediyl)dipropanoic acid with some transition-metal ions in aqueous solution

The stability constants of the 1:1 complexes formed between M2+ (M2+: Mn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, or Cd2+) and BMADA2- (BMADA: 2,2'-(5-bromo-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4 diyl)bis(azanediyl)dipropanoic acid) were determined by potentiometric pH titration in aqueous solution (I = 0.1 mol L-1, NaNO3, 25 °C). The stability of the binary M - BMADA complexes is determined by the basicity of the carboxyl or amino groups. All the stability constants reported in this work exhibit the usual trend, and the order obtained was Mn2+< Ni2+ < Cu2+ > Cd2+. The observed stability order for BMADA approximately follows the Irving - Williams sequence. In the M - BMADA complexes, the M ion is able to form a macrochelate via the pyrimidine group of BMADA.

Selective detection of fluoride based on a pyridinium n-phenolate-calix[4]pyrrole displacement assay: an undergraduate laboratory experiment

A two-step experiment is proposed for a third year class in experimental organic chemistry. Over a period of five weeks, the students synthesized calix[4]pyrrole, a receptor that is highly selective for fluoride, and a pyridinium N-phenolate dye. Subsequently, the students used the synthesized compounds to investigate a displacement assay on the basis of the competition in acetonitrile between fluoride and the dye for calix[4]pyrrole. The experiment increased the students' skills in organic synthesis and in the characterization of organic compounds, provided a very attractive and accessible illustration of important supramolecular phenomena, and allowed the study of a chromogenic chemosensor.