Parâmetros métricos da traqueia e suas correlações com o perímetro torácico, peso e comprimento corporal de cães sem raça definida (Canis familiaris, Linnaeus, 1758)

The present study aimed to analyze metric data from the trachea of dogs and to correlate them with the thoracic girth, body length and weight. We used 48 dogs of unknown breed, 19 males and 29 females. The animals were weighed and then body length, thoracic girth, length and diameter of the trachea, and the number of tracheal rings were measured. The weight of dogs ranged from 4.2 to 21.5 kg, body length from 40.6 to 81.0 cm and thoracic girth from 36.0 to 63.5 cm. The trachea exhibited a total number of tracheal rings between 32 and 43, length between 13.0 and 23.4 cm, diameter of the cervical portion between 11.0 and 23.5 mm and in the thoracic portion between 8.2 and 20.9 mm. We also evaluated the tracheal termination skeletopy, which maintained relations with the 2nd (2.0%), 3 (6.3%), 4 (20.8%) or 5 (12.5%) intercostal spaces, and with the 3rd (6.3%), 4th (35.4%) or 5th (16.7%) ribs. Strong positive correlations of tracheal length with body weight (rS = 0.756, p <0.001), body length (r = 0.808, p <0.001) and thoracic girth (r = 0.735, p <0.001) were found. Therefore, the anatomical study of the trachea provides morphological subsidies for the realization of clinical and surgical procedures in this organ, being an important tool in veterinary practice.

Avaliação mesoscópica da origem, distribuição e ramificação do nervo radial no braço do gato doméstico (Felis catus domesticus, Linnaeus, 1758)

The present study evaluated the origin, distribution and ramification of the radial nerves were studied in 30 adult domestic cats. The sample included 15 females and 15 males of unknown breed. The specimens were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. The radial nerve showed many fascicles from the origin also your ramification in superficial and deep branches. Radial nerves were observed to originate, in 16 cases (26.7%), from the ventral branch of the sixth cervical spinal nerve; in 60 cases (100%), from the ventral branch of the seventh cervical spinal nerve; in 60 cases (100%), from the ventral branch of the eight cervical nerve and in 60 cases (100%), from the ventral branch of the first thoracic nerve. The radial nerves branched out, in all of the animals studied (100.0%), to the tensor fasciae antebrachii, long, accessory, medial and lateral heads of the triceps branchii and anconeus muscles. The radial nerve emits of 14 to 25 nervous branches in this region. However, the branch of the sixth cervical spinal nerve and the nervous fascicles reveal significant differences (p <= 0.05), respectively, in or with relation to sex of the animals and the studied region.

Hematological parameters in two neotropical freshwater teleost, Leporinus macrocephalus (Anostomidae) and Prochilodus lineatus (Prochilodontidae)

Leporinus macrocephalus is a non-migratory omnivore fish which occurs in waters with a relatively high oxygen rate. Prochilodus lineatus is a migratory fish that inhabits deoxygenated hypolimnion and feeds on detritus material. Red blood cell, thrombocytes and white blood cell counts, hematocrit and hemoglobin, serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride), metabolic products (total serum protein and plasma glucose) and blood cells major axis length for L. macrocephalus and P. lineatus were compared. White blood cell counts for both species indicated a similar activity of the immune functions. The concentration of total protein, sodium, calcium, magnesium and chloride, MCV, as well as red blood cells, monocytes, and thrombocytes size in L. macrocephalus were higher than in P. lineatus. However, P. lineatus had higher red blood cell counts, hematocrit and hemoglobin, which reflects a considerable adaptation to survive in an environment with low levels of oxygen.

Avaliação de método digital para análise do índice funcional do ciático em ratos

This work aimed to study the reproduction and description of technique for digital sampling images during rats gait and determination of the sciatic functional index (SFI), through a glass walkway to obtain shoots with a digital camera. After controlled injury by strangulation of sciatic nerve, with 3mm of length, during 30 seconds, using hemostatic forceps, a group of 32 rats was performed 24 hours before the lesion which served as control and 24 hours, 7, 14 and 21 days after injury. The tests consisted in the filming and shooting each animal in order to observe the view from below (by a mirror to 45 degrees) and subsequently analyzed using the IMAGE-J program. Measures were taken from the lengths of the legs (right and left), and the distance between the ankle. In the analysis of IFC, values close to zero (0) suggest that the function of the sciatic nerve is still preserved and values coming from "less one hundred" (-100) indicate total loss of function. It was verified in this study that 24 hours before surgery the average SFI was -7.07 +/- 7.88 and 24 hours after injury these values rose to an average of -77.95 +/- 13.81, being about 10 times larger, where 78% of the animals showed 60 to 100% of functional loss in motor activity, demonstrated by the gradual recovery over the days analyzed, confirming the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. These results suggest that studies can be conducted to simplify and reduce costs using the technique for digital images of footprints during rats gait in the laboratory.

Eficácia de diferentes formulações no controle da mosca haematobia irritans em bovinos naturalmente infestados

This study evaluated the effectiveness of cypermethrin (5%) associated to Dichlorvos (45%) and piperonyl butoxide (25%) against Haematobia irritans in naturally infested cattle. 60 Nelore females, aging about 50 months, were separated into four groups with 15animals each. After randomization by the number of flies, the groups were divided in the following treatments: T1 = control, T2 and T4 = treated with the association under study at concentrations of 1: 400 and 1: 800, respectively, T3 = treated with cypermethrin 15% + clorpirivos 25% + citronella 1% (positive control) at a concentration of 1:800. Counst of flies were taken 3, 7, 14 and 21 days post treatment (DPT). In the third DPT, treatments T2, T3 and T4 showed efficacy over 98%. At the seventh day, it was found in animals treated with the compound containing piperonyl butoxide efficacy of 95.61 and 97.3% in the control of flies at dose of 1: 800 and 1: 400, respectively. While cattle in the T3 group demonstrated efficacy of 93.82%. The effectiveness of antiparasitic remained above 95% at 14 degrees DPT in both groups T2 and T4. In the same experimental day, animals of group T3 showed effectiveness of 88.24%. At 21 degrees DPT, only the T2 group, was significantly decreased (P <0.05) in the number of flies when compared to other treatments. Therefore, it was found in this study, the synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide on the antiparasitic activity of synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates, representing an effective alternative in the chemotherapy control by the parasitism for horn flies in cattle.

Crescimento e marcha de acúmulo de nutrientes em plantas de beterraba cultivadas em sistema hidropônico

A produção da beterraba tem alcançado grande destaque no cenário nacional, principalmente a produção de origem hidropônica, entretanto, as pesquisas são insipientes sobre a nutrição das plantas. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o crescimento e a marcha de absorção de nutrientes pela beterraba cultivar Early Wonder, cultivado em sistema hidropônico. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos constituídos pelas épocas de amostragem: 15; 25; 35; 45; 55 e 65 dias após o transplante (DAT) e cinco repetições. As mudas de beterraba foram transplantadas para estufa da UNESP Câmpus de Jaboticabal (em abril/2007), em vasos de 5 dm3, preenchido com substrato a base de fibra de coco, constantemente irrigadas com solução nutritiva (Hoagland e Arnon). Durante o período experimental, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento das plantas e a massa seca de folha, raiz tuberosa e raízes e o acúmulo de macro e de micronutrientes na planta. O acúmulo de matéria seca da raiz tuberosa da beterraba cultivar Early Wonder foi relativamente rápido, havendo predomínio da alocação de biomassa na raiz tuberosa (55%) comparado as folhas (43%) e as raízes (2%). As maiores exigências nutricionais da beterraba foram de K, N e P para os macronutrientes e de Mn, Zn e Fe para os micronutrientes. A absorção de nitrogênio, potássio e manganês pela beterraba é mais rápida, sendo alta a partir dos 15 dias do transplantio.

Efeito do vigor e do tratamento fungicida nos testes de germinação e de sanidade de sementes de soja

Soybeans seeds with different levels of vigour, treated and or no with fungicide were submitted to the test of germination in the sand and roll substrates of paper and the test of sanity. In test of germination, there were only significant differences between treatments that used soybeans with high vigour and with low vigour, regardless of the presence or absence of fungicide treatment, in the two substrates. The soybeans with low vigour no treated provided the largest percentages of seed contaminated with fungi, in contrast, the seeds with high vigour treated. There was only a slight contamination in soybeans with low vigour treated, unlike seeds with low vigour untreated, which showed the incidence of most fungi found. In the germination of seedlings normal, there are differences between treatments that used seeds with high vigour and low vigour, and is independent of the fungicide treatment and the type of substratum used. The effect of a fungicide depends of the vigour of seeds when of the occurrence of fungi associated to the soybean seeds of the cultivar analyzed.

Crescimento e acúmulo de nutrientes em couve-flor Verona

This work consisted in an experiment installed at Unesp, Campus of Jaboticabal, from January to May 2006 and the objective was to evaluate dry matter accumulated and nutrients by cauliflower, hybrid Verona, during the cycle. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in plots subdivided on the time, with three replications. The plants were sampled at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days after sowing (DAS), and were evaluated: number of leaves, stem length, stem and curd diameter, leaf area, stem, leaves and curd dry matter and accumulate of nutrients. The cauliflower growth had four different phases. In the first one, from 0 to 30 DAS, was correspondent of the period from sowing to transplant. In the second phase, from 30 to 75 DAS, the dry matter accumulated in leaves and stem were small in comparison with the total. The third growth phase, from 75 to 97 DAS, was characterized with great dry matter accumulated, increase in the number of leaves and leaf area. This phase ended with visualization of the curd, and was the beginning to the fourth phase, from 97 to 120 DAS. In the culture estimated in 25,000 plants/ha and productivity of 25.2 t ha(-1) the accumulated quantities with of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were, corresponding to, 224.5; 54; 156; 136; 21.75; 63.5 kg ha(-1) and 714.8; 270; 236.7 and 33.3 g ha(-1), corresponding to Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu.

Produtividade de melância em diferentes níveis de adubação química e orgânica

The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of chemical and organic fertilization on watermelon (Crimson Sweet variety) yield. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, factorial scheme 5 x 4 (5 doses of chemical fertilizer 4-30-16 and 4 levels of organic fertilizer: cattle manure). Four replicates and 10 plants per plot were used. The levels of chemical fertilization tested were: 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 g per hole. In relation to the organic fertilization 0, 3, 6 and 9 L of cattle manure per hole were used. There was a positive linear correlation among all variables evaluated. Only length and diameter of fruit in the doses 0, 3 and 6 L per hole shows interaction between chemical and organic fertilizers. The highest yield (22.989 kg(-1)) was reached with 450 g per hole of 4-30-16. The watermelon yield increase was limited by nitrogen and phosphorus application when cultivated only with chemical fertilizer and cattle manure, respectively.

Curva de crescimento e acúmulo de matéria seca em couve-flor cultivada em substrato

Aiming to evaluate the curve of growth and dry matter accumulation in cauliflower cv. Verona in commercial substrate for vegetables Plantmax (R), an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six treatments, five replicates, each plot had a plan. The treatments consisted of sampling times (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days after transplantation). Evaluations of plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, leaf area, dry matter of shoot, root and whole plant, and fresh weight of the inflorescence. Furthermore, calculated the relative growth rate (RGR) of leaves, stems, roots, flowers and whole plant, presented in g day(-1) plant(-1). The hybrid of cauliflower 'Verona' shows initial slow growth, stepping up from 30 days after transplantation. The maximum accumulation of dry matter per plant was 87g at 70 DAT, with the participation of sheets of 53.8%, stem 9.9%, 30.7% of inflorescence and root 6.5%. The cultivation cauliflower Verona in substrate showed high accumulation of dry Inflorescence.

Resposta do capim-tanzânia à aplicação de manganês

The objective was to evaluate the influence of the manganese nutritional status, growth and dry matter production of Tanzania grass. For this, we used plants of Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania grown in pots filled with Oxisol (Mn = 0.6 mg dm(-3)). The experimental design was completely randomized, with five doses of manganese (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 mg dm(-3)) and four replications. The plant shoot were harvested twice, the first 42 days after sowing and the second, 30 days after the first cut. In the two sections were evaluated the number of tillers and leaves, steam diameter, plant height, shoot dry matter and in shoot-Mn concentration and root dry matter after the second cut. The application of manganese in the soil increased the levels of this nutrient in the soil and their uptake by grass, which was more than four times fold higher in the second cut compared to the first cut. The use of high rates of Mn did not affect the growth of Panicum maximum, and decreased dry matter production only for the sum of two cuts, indicating high tolerance of forage of Mn toxicity. The toxicity of Mn in forage was associated with leaf content in the first and second cut of 1,238 and 1,418 mg kg(-1), respectively.

Estoque de carbono e estabilidade de agregados de um latossolo vermelho distrófico, sob diferentes manejos

These systems of soil use and management are very important in carbon supply and stability of aggregates, because affect directly culture yields. The aim of this project is to evaluate the carbon supply and stability of Haplustox aggregates under different managements. It was utilized a completely randomized experimental design in split plot scheme, with six replications. Thus, the treatments utilized were three different soil managements ( native forest, pasture with Tanzania grass and corn). The plots were consisted by three layers (0-10; 10-20 and 20-30 cm) and were analyzed to determined the organic matter, organic carbon supply of soil ( layers and equivalent soil mass methods) and weighed average diameter (DMP) and geometrical average diameter (DMG). The results indicated that the evaluated managements systems affected the size of soil aggregates of the ground and in its distribution in the layer of 0-30 cm of depth. The greatest accumulation of carbon were in the surface layers, although, there were not variation between the management systems.

Índice de floculação e agregação de um latossolo vermelho sob dois sistemas de colheita da cana-de-açúcar

The objective of this work was to evaluate the soil physics and chemical attributes of Rhodic Ferralsol, in sugarcane systems harvest compared with soil forest. The treatments were consisted by native forest, manual and mechanized sugarcane harvesting. The soil was sampled at 0-0.10; 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m soil depths. The soil organic matter, pH and PCZ values, flocculation degree and soil aggregation were evaluated in each soil sample. The statistics analysis was carried in a split-plot completely randomized design with five replications, exception for the soil aggregation,, with six replications The soil under MN, the soil organic matter and aggregates percentage (7.93 mm class) were higher. The higher mean weigh diameter aggregates was observed at 0-0.20 soil depth, in MN.

Adubação nitrogenada e fosfatada no desenvolvimeno de mudas de uvaia (Eugenia uvalha)

Considering the reduced number of works with fertilization of Eugenia uvalha in national literature and being overcome as base the results of the research with fertilization of other fruitful ones, the present work had as objective to study the effect of nitrogen fertilization and phosphorus, in the culture of the Eugenia uvalha. The work was lead in the Department of Agriculture of the Federal University of Lavras, Lavras - MG, in the first semester of 2005. The experiment was adopted the experimental delineation of randomized blocks in factorial project 4 X 4, with four repetitions and 5 plants for parcel, having been 4 doses of phosphorus: 0 kg m(-3); 2,5 kg m(-3); 5,0 kg m(-3); 10,0 kg m(-3); using itself as seasoning source the triple superphosphate. Already for nitrogen, the applications proceeded from 10 in 10 days had been used 4 doses in covering being, had been carried through 4 applications. The applications consisted of a solution with urea, in the doses: 0; 0,8; 1,6 e 3,2 Kg m(-3), in each application had been added to the polyethylene bags, 20 mL of solution contend the N. had been evaluated the following characteristics: height of the dumb one (cm); root length (cm); leaf number; dry substance of the root and the aerial part (g). For the production of changes of Eugenia uvalha of quality, incorporation to the substratum of up to 1,30 kg m(-3) of P(2)O(5) sends regards to it.

Manganês na nutrição e na produção de massa seca do capim-mombaça

There are few studies that relate the micronutrient manganese nutritional status and production of fodder. The objective was to evaluate the application of manganese in the nutrition and growth of Mombaca grass. The completely randomized design was used with five manganese levels (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 mg dm(-3)) and four replicates. Each experimental unit consisted of a pot filled with 3.5 dm(-3) of soil from Oxisol (Mn = 0.6 mg dm(-3)), containing four plants. Two harvests were set, the first 44 days after sowing and the second 38 days after the first cut. The concentration of manganese in the soils, the manganese content of leaves, number of tillers, plant height, shoot dry mass in each slice and the root system of Mombaca grass were evaluated. The applied rates of manganese resulted in increased accumulation of Mn in the plant, and there was an increase in dry mass of Mombaca grass, with maximum production, obtained from derivation, of 5.9 and 6.3 g plant(-1) for levels of 121 and 71 mg dm(-3) of Mn in the first and second cut respectively. The Mombaca grass has showed high manganese's tolerance, the critical level of toxicity was 841 mg kg(-1) in the second cut.