Genetic model of the hydrate system in the fine grain sediments in the northern continental slope of South China Sea

Gas hydrate samples were obtained firstly in China by drilling on the northern margin of South China Sea (SCS). To understand the formation mechanism of this unique accumulation system, this paper discusses the factors controlling the formation of the system by accurate geophysical interpretation and geological analysis, based on the high precision 2-D and 3-D multichannel seismic data in the drilling area. There are three key factors controlling the accumulation of the gas hydrate system in fine grain sediment: (1) large volume of fluid bearing methane gas Joins the formation of gas hydrate. Active fluid flow in the northern South China Sea makes both thermal gas and/or biogenic gas migrate into shallow strata and form hydrate in the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). The fluid flow includes mud diapir and gas chimney structure. They are commonly characterized by positive topographic relief, acoustic turbidity and push-down, and low reflection intensity on seismic profiles. The gas chimneys can reach to GHSZ, which favors the development of BSRs. It means that the active fluid flow has a close relationship with the formation and accumulation of gas hydrate. (2) The episodic process of fracture plays an important role in the generation of gas hydrate. It may provide the passage along which thermogenic or biogenic gas migrated into gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) upward. And it increases the pore space for the growth of hydrate crystal. (3) Submarine landslide induced the anomalous overpressure activity and development of fracture in the GHSZ. The formation model of high concentration gas hydrate in the drilling sea area was proposed on the basis of above analysis.

聖經彚纂Sheng jing hui zuan.Collection des livres sacrés.

Contient : I, livre 1太上感應經Tai shang gan ying jing.Le Tai shang gan ying pian ; II, livre 1感應經解Gan ying jing jie.Le Tai shang gan ying pian, texte et commentaires ; III, livre 1玄天上帝金科玉律Xuan tian shang di jin ke yu lü.Lois de l'Empereur céleste ; IV, livre 1明袁了凡先生力行功過格Ming yuan liao fan xian sheng li xing gong ge ge.Échelle des mérites et des péchés, de Yuan Liao fan, de la dynastie des Ming ; V, livre 1明袁了凡先生四訓 。立命之學Ming yuan liao fan xian sheng si xun. Li ming zhi xue ; VI, livre 1積善之方Ji shan zhi fang ; VII, livre 1改過之法Gai ge zhi fa ; VIII, livre 1謙德之效Qian de zhi xiao ; IX, livre 1準提王菩薩神咒Zhun ti wang pu sa shen zhou.Invocation du bodhisattva roi Caṇḍī ; X, livre 1千手千眼觀世音菩薩廣大圓滿無礙大悲神咒Qian shou qian yan guan shi yin pu sa guang da yuan man Wu ai da bei shen zhou.Sahasrabāhu saharākṣa avalokiteēvara bodhisattva mahāpūrṇāpratihata mahākāruṇikahṛdaya dhāraṇī sūtra ; XI, livre 1拔一切業障根本得生淨土陀羅尼Ba yi qie ye zhang gen ben de sheng jing tu tuo luo ni. Autre titre : 往生咒Wang sheng zhou.Dhāraṇī de la renaissance en Sukhāvatī ; XII, livre 1摩訶般若波羅蜜多心經Mo he ban ruo bai luo mi duo xin jing.Mahāprajn̄āpāramitā hṛdaya sūtra ; XIII, livre 2文昌孝經Wen chang xiao jing.Livre sacré de la piété filiale, par le dieu de la Littérature ; XIV, livre 2太上消劫梓潼本願眞經Tai shang xiao jie zi tong ben yuan zhen jing.Le vrai livre sacré des vœux du dieu de la Littérature ; XV, livre 2就劫寶經Jiu jie bao jing ; XVI, livre 2文昌應化張仙大眞人說注生延嗣妙應眞經Wen chang ying hua zhang xian da zhen ren shuo zhu sheng yan si miao ying zhen jing.Le vrai livre sacré de l'obtention, par grâce divine, de la longévité et de la postérité ; XVII, livre 2文昌帝君陰隲文Wen chang di jun yin zhi wen ; XVIII, livre3關聖帝君降筆忠義眞經Guan sheng di jun jiang bi zhong yi zhen jing. Autre titre : 關聖帝君感應忠義神武眞經Guan sheng di jun gan ying zhong yi shen Wu zhen jing.Livre sacré de la fidélité, révélé par le dieu de la Guerre ; XIX, livre 3關聖覺世經Guan sheng jue shi jing ; XX, livre 3謨訓Mu xun.Instructions ; XXI, livre 3降鸞寶訓Jiang luan bao xun.Précieuses instructions révélées ; XXII, livre 3關夫子筆帖九則Guan fu zi bi tie jiu ze.Neuf règles dictées par le dieu de la Guerre ; XXIII, livre 3關聖帝君封號Guan sheng di jun feng hao.Titres du dieu de la Guerre ; XXIV, livre 3關聖譜敘 。再敘 。世系宗圖Guan sheng pu xu. Zai xu. Shi xi zong tu.Table généalogique du dieu de la Guerre, avec deux préfaces ; XXV, livre 3關聖帝君世家Guan sheng di jun shi jia.Annales de la famille du dieu de la Guerre ; XXVI, livre 3關聖帝君實錄Guan sheng di jun shi lu.Vie du dieu de la Guerre ; XXVII, livre 3關聖帝君感應神武傳Guan sheng di jun gan ying shen Wu zhuan.Histoire des miracles du dieu de la Guerre ; XXVIII, livre 4玉歷鈔傳警世Yu li chao chuan jing shi. Sous titre : 玉帝慈恩纂載通行世間男婦改悔前非准贖罪惡玉歴Yu di ci 'en zuan zai tong xing shi jian nan fu gai hui qian fei zhun shu zui e yu li.Exemples de châtiment et de rachat des châtiments par le repentir ; XXIX, livre 4謹集增勸敬信懺悔Jin ji zeng quan jing xin chan hui.Conseils de repentir ; XXX, livre 4鈔傳玉歴超度亡母夢驗Chao chuan yu li chao du wang mu mong yan.Songe au sujet d'une mère défunte ; XXXI, livre 4玉歴鈔傳敬信福報求已堂李氏謹集Yu li chao chuan jing xin fu bao qiu yi tang li shi jin ji.Exemples de rétribution rapportés par Li, de la salle Qiu yi ; XXXII, livre 5廣生延壽錄Guang sheng yan shou lu.Recueil relatif à la vie et à la longévité ; XXXIII, livre 5遵訓自敘Zun xun zi xu.Préface de l'auteur pour l'Observation des instructions ; XXXIV, livre 5禮佛日期Li fo ri qi.Dates des fêtes du Bouddha ; XXXV, livre 5聖神寶誕日期Sheng shen bao dan ri qi.Dates des fêtes anniversaires de naissance des divinités taoïstes ; XXXVI, livre 5救苦感應膏 。丹方Jiu ku gan ying gao. Dan fang.Formules de remèdes

Analisis de la politica exterior china para Africa Subsahariana en materia politica y energetica. Una aproximacion a la relacion sino sudanesa. Periodo 1996 - 2005

Este trabajo explica las razones por las cuales China se estrecha sus vinculos con Afirca. El tema principal es el inicio de la relacion sino-sudanesa y la evolucion de esta hasta el fin de la guerra civil en Sudan.

Longitudinal scaling property of the charge balance function in Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

We present measurements of the charge balance function, from the charged particles, for diverse pseudorapidity and transverse momentum ranges in Au + Au collisions at root S(NN) = 200 GeV using the STAR detector at RHIC. We observe that the balance function is boost-invariant within the pseudorapidity coverage vertical bar-1.3, 1.3 vertical bar. The balance function properly scaled by the width of the observed pseudorapidity window does not depend on the position or size of the pseudorapidity window. This scaling property also holds for particles in different transverse momentum ranges. In addition, we find that the width of the balance function decreases monotonically with increasing transverse momentum for all centrality classes. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Observation of an Antimatter Hypernucleus

Nuclear collisions recreate conditions in the universe microseconds after the Big Bang. Only a very small fraction of the emitted fragments are light nuclei, but these states are of fundamental interest. We report the observation of antihypertritons-comprising an antiproton, an antineutron, and an antilambda hyperon-produced by colliding gold nuclei at high energy. Our analysis yields 70 +/- 17 antihypertritons (3/Lambda(H) over bar) and 157 +/- 30 hypertritons ((3)(Lambda)H). The measured yields of (3)(Lambda)H (3/Lambda(H) over bar) and (3)He ((3)(He) over bar) are similar, suggesting an equilibrium in coordinate and momentum space populations of up, down, and strange quarks and antiquarks, unlike the pattern observed at lower collision energies. The production and properties of antinuclei, and of nuclei containing strange quarks, have implications spanning nuclear and particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology.

Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus

High-energy nuclear collisions create an energy density similar to that of the Universe microseconds after the Big Bang(1); in both cases, matter and antimatter are formed with comparable abundance. However, the relatively short-lived expansion in nuclear collisions allows antimatter to decouple quickly from matter, and avoid annihilation. Thus, a high-energy accelerator of heavy nuclei provides an efficient means of producing and studying antimatter. The antimatter helium-4 nucleus ((4)(He) over bar), also known as the anti-alpha ((alpha) over bar), consists of two antiprotons and two antineutrons (baryon number B = -4). It has not been observed previously, although the alpha-particle was identified a century ago by Rutherford and is present in cosmic radiation at the ten per cent level(2). Antimatter nuclei with B -1 have been observed only as rare products of interactions at particle accelerators, where the rate of antinucleus production in high-energy collisions decreases by a factor of about 1,000 with each additional antinucleon(3-5). Here we report the observation of (4)<(He) over bar, the heaviest observed antinucleus to date. In total, 18 (4)(He) over bar counts were detected at the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC; ref. 6) in 10(9) recorded gold-on-gold (Au+Au) collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 200 GeV and 62 GeV per nucleon-nucleon pair. The yield is consistent with expectations from thermodynamic(7) and coalescent nucleosynthesis(8) models, providing an indication of the production rate of even heavier antimatter nuclei and a benchmark for possible future observations of (4)(He) over bar in cosmic radiation.

rho(0) photoproduction in AuAu collisions at root s(NN)=62.4 GeV measured with the STAR detector

Vector mesons may be photoproduced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions when a virtual photon emitted by one nucleus scatters from the other nucleus, emerging as a vector meson. The STAR Collaboration has previously presented measurements of coherent rho(0) photoproduction at center of mass energies of 130 GeV and 200 GeV in AuAu collisions. Here, we present a measurement of the cross section at 62.4 GeV; we find that the cross section for coherent rho(0) photoproduction with nuclear breakup is 10.5 +/- 1.5 +/- 1.6mb at 62.4 GeV. The cross-section ratio between 200 GeV and 62.4 GeV is 4.4 +/- 0.6, less than is predicted by most theoretical models. It is, however, proportionally much larger than the previously observed 15% +/- 55% increase between 130 GeV and 200 GeV.

System size and energy dependence of near-side dihadron correlations

Two-particle azimuthal (Delta phi) and pseudorapidity (Delta eta) correlations using a trigger particle with large transverse momentum (p(T)) in d+Au, Cu+Cu, and Au+Au collisions at root s(NN) = 62.4 GeV and 200 GeV from the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider are presented. The near-side correlation is separated into a jet-like component, narrow in both Delta phi and Delta eta, and the ridge, narrow in Delta phi but broad in Delta eta. Both components are studied as a function of collision centrality, and the jet-like correlation is studied as a function of the trigger and associated p(T). The behavior of the jet-like component is remarkably consistent for different collision systems, suggesting it is produced by fragmentation. The width of the jet-like correlation is found to increase with the system size. The ridge, previously observed in Au+Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV, is also found in Cu+Cu collisions and in collisions at root s(NN) = 62.4 GeV, but is found to be substantially smaller at root s(NN) = 62.4 GeV than at root s(NN) = 200 GeV for the same average number of participants (< N-part >). Measurements of the ridge are compared to models.

Directed and elliptic flow of charged particles in Cu plus Cu collisions at root s(NN)=22.4 GeV

This paper reports results for directed flow v(1) and elliptic flow v(2) of charged particles in Cu + Cu collisions at root s(NN) = 22.4 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The measurements are for the 0-60% most central collisions, using charged particles observed in the STAR detector. Our measurements extend to 22.4-GeV Cu + Cu collisions the prior observation that v1 is independent of the system size at 62.4 and 200 GeV and also extend the scaling of v(1) with eta/y(beam) to this system. The measured v(2)(p(T)) in Cu + Cu collisions is similar for root s(NN) throughout the range 22.4 to 200 GeV. We also report a comparison with results from transport model (ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics and multiphase transport model) calculations. The model results do not agree quantitatively with the measured v(1)(eta), v(2)(p(T)), and v(2)(eta).

Identified Hadron Compositions in p plus p and Au plus Au Collisions at High Transverse Momenta at root s(NN)=200 GeV

We report transverse momentum (p(T) <= 15 GeV/c) spectra of pi(+/-), K-+/-, p, (p) over bar, K-0(S), and rho(0) at midrapidity in p + p and Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. Perturbative QCD calculations are consistent with pi(+/-) spectra in p + p collisions but do not reproduce K and p((p) over bar) spectra. The observed decreasing antiparticle-to-particle ratios with increasing p(T) provide experimental evidence for varying quark and gluon jet contributions to high-p(T) hadron yields. The relative hadron abundances in Au + Au at p(T) >= 8 GeV/c are measured to be similar to the p + p results, despite the expected Casimir effect for parton energy loss.

Strangeness Enhancement in Cu-Cu and Au-Au Collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

We report new STAR measurements of midrapidity yields for the Lambda, (Lambda) over bar, K-S(0), Xi(-), (Xi) over bar (+), Omega(-), (Omega) over bar (+) particles in Cu + Cu collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV, and midrapidity yields for the Lambda, (Lambda) over bar, K-S(0) particles in Au + Au at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. We show that, at a given number of participating nucleons, the production of strange hadrons is higher in Cu + Cu collisions than in Au + Au collisions at the same center-of-mass energy. We find that aspects of the enhancement factors for all particles can be described by a parametrization based on the fraction of participants that undergo multiple collisions.

Anomalous centrality evolution of two-particle angular correlations from Au-Au collisions at root s(NN)=62 and 200 GeV

We present two-dimensional (2D) two-particle angular correlations measured with the STAR detector on relative pseudorapidity eta and azimuth phi for charged particles from Au-Au collisions at root s(NN) = 62 and 200 GeV with transverse momentum p(t) >= 0.15 GeV/c, vertical bar eta vertical bar <= 1, and 2 pi in azimuth. Observed correlations include a same-side (relative azimuth <pi/2) 2D peak, a closely related away-side azimuth dipole, and an azimuth quadrupole conventionally associated with elliptic flow. The same-side 2D peak and away-side dipole are explained by semihard parton scattering and fragmentation (minijets) in proton-proton and peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions. Those structures follow N-N binary-collision scaling in Au-Au collisions until midcentrality, where a transition to a qualitatively different centrality trend occurs within one 10% centrality bin. Above the transition point the number of same-side and away-side correlated pairs increases rapidly relative to binary-collision scaling, the eta width of the same-side 2D peak also increases rapidly (eta elongation), and the phi width actually decreases significantly. Those centrality trends are in marked contrast with conventional expectations for jet quenching in a dense medium. The observed centrality trends are compared to perturbative QCD predictions computed in HIJING, which serve as a theoretical baseline, and to the expected trends for semihard parton scattering and fragmentation in a thermalized opaque medium predicted by theoretical calculations and phenomenological models. We are unable to reconcile a semihard parton scattering and fragmentation origin for the observed correlation structure and centrality trends with heavy-ion collision scenarios that invoke rapid parton thermalization. If the collision system turns out to be effectively opaque to few-GeV partons the present observations would be inconsistent with the minijet picture discussed here. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.86.064902

Longitudinal and transverse spin asymmetries for inclusive jet production at mid-rapidity in polarized p+p collisions at root s=200 GeV

We report STAR measurements of the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry A(LL), the transverse singlespin asymmetry A(N), and the transverse double-spin asymmetries A(Sigma) and A(TT) for inclusive jet production at mid-rapidity in polarized p + p collisions at a center-of-mass energy of root s = 200 GeV. The data represent integrated luminosities of 7.6 pb(-1) with longitudinal polarization and 1.8 pb(-1) with transverse polarization, with 50%-55% beam polarization, and were recorded in 2005 and 2006. No evidence is found for the existence of statistically significant jet A(N), A(Sigma), or A(TT) at mid-rapidity. Recent model calculations indicate the A(N) results may provide new limits on the gluon Sivers distribution in the proton. The asymmetry A(LL) significantly improves the knowledge of gluon polarization in the nucleon.

Di-electron spectrum at mid-rapidity in p+p collisions at root s=200 GeV

We report on the mid-rapidity mass spectrum of di-electrons and cross sections of pseudoscalar and vector mesons via e(+) e(-) decays, from root s = 200 GeV p + p collisions, measured by the large-acceptance experiment STAR at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The ratio of the di-electron continuum to the combinatorial background is larger than 10% over the entire mass range. Simulations of di-electrons from light-meson decays and heavy-flavor decays (charmonium and open charm correlation) are found to describe the data. The extracted omega -> e(+) e(-) invariant yields are consistent with previous measurements. The mid-rapidity yields (dN/dy) of phi and J/psi are extracted through their di-electron decay channels and are consistent with the previous measurements of phi -> K+ K- and J/psi -> e(+) e(-). Our results suggest a new upper limit of the branching ratio of the eta -> e(+) e(-) of 1.7 x 10(-5) at the 90% confidence level.