Model based procedure for scale-up of wet overflow ball mills Part 1: Outline of the methodology

Bond's method for ball mill scale-up only gives the mill power draw for a given duty. This method is incompatible with computer modelling and simulation techniques. It might not be applicable for the design of fine grinding ball mills and ball mills preceded by autogenous and semi-autogenous grinding mills. Model-based ball mill scale-up methods have not been validated using a wide range of full-scale circuit data. Their accuracy is therefore questionable. Some of these methods also need expensive pilot testing. A new ball mill scale-up procedure is developed which does not have these limitations. This procedure uses data from two laboratory tests to determine the parameters of a ball mill model. A set of scale-up criteria then scales-up these parameters. The procedure uses the scaled-up parameters to simulate the steady state performance of full-scale mill circuits. At the end of the simulation, the scale-up procedure gives the size distribution, the volumetric flowrate and the mass flowrate of all the streams in the circuit, and the mill power draw.

Model-based procedure for scale-up of wet, overflow ball mills - Part II: Worked example

A new ball mill scale-up procedure is developed which uses laboratory data to predict the performance of MI-scale ball mill circuits. This procedure contains two laboratory tests. These laboratory tests give the data for the determination of the parameters of a ball mill model. A set of scale-up criteria then scales-up these parameters. The procedure uses the scaled-up parameters to simulate the steady state performance of the full-scale mill circuit. At the end of the simulation, the scale-up procedure gives the size distribution, the volumetric flowrate and the mass flowrate of all the streams in the circuit, and the mill power draw. A worked example shows how the new ball mill scale-up procedure is executed. This worked example uses laboratory data to predict the performance of a full-scale re-grind mill circuit. This circuit consists of a ball mill in closed circuit with hydrocyclones. The MI-scale ball mill has a diameter (inside liners) of 1.85m. The scale-up procedure shows that the full-scale circuit produces a product (hydrocyclone overflow) that has an 80% passing size of 80 mum. The circuit has a recirculating load of 173%. The calculated power draw of the full-scale mill is 92kW (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Model-based procedure for scale-up of wet, overflow ball mills - Part III: Validation and discussion

A new ball mill scale-up procedure is developed. This procedure has been validated using seven sets of Ml-scale ball mil data. The largest ball mills in these data have diameters (inside liners) of 6.58m. The procedure can predict the 80% passing size of the circuit product to within +/-6% of the measured value, with a precision of +/-11% (one standard deviation); the re-circulating load to within +/-33% of the mass-balanced value (this error margin is within the uncertainty associated with the determination of the re-circulating load); and the mill power to within +/-5% of the measured value. This procedure is applicable for the design of ball mills which are preceded by autogenous (AG) mills, semi-autogenous (SAG) mills, crushers and flotation circuits. The new procedure is more precise and more accurate than Bond's method for ball mill scale-up. This procedure contains no efficiency correction which relates to the mill diameter. This suggests that, within the range of mill diameter studied, milling efficiency does not vary with mill diameter. This is in contrast with Bond's equation-Bond claimed that milling efficiency increases with mill diameter. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Investigation of the effects of chrome ball charge on slurry rheology and milling performance

Ten surveys of the ball milling circuit at the Mt Isa Mines (MIM) Copper Concentrator were conducted aiming to identify any changes in slurry theology caused by the use of chrome balls charge, and the associated effect on grinding performance. Slurry theology was measured using an on-line viscometer. The data were mass balanced and analysed with statistical tools. Comparison of the rheogram demonstrated that slurry density and fines content affected slurry rheology significantly, while the effect of the chrome ball charge being negligible. Statistical analysis showed the effects of mill throughput and cyclone efficiency on the Grinding Index (a term describing the overall breakage). There was no difference in the Grinding Index between using the chrome ball charge and the ordinary steel ball charge. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sport-specific practice and the development of expert decision-making in team ball sports

The role of sport-specific practice in the development of decision-making expertise in the sports of field hockey, netball, and basketball was examined. Fifteen expert decision-makers and 13 experienced non-expert athletes provided detailed information about the quantity and type of sport-specific and other related practice activities they had undertaken throughout their careers. Experts accumulated more hours of sport-specific practice from age 12 years onwards than did non-experts, spending on average some 13 years and 4,000 hours on concentrated sport-specific practice before reaching international standard. A significant negative correlation existed between the number of additional activities undertaken and the hours of sportspecific training required before attaining expertise, suggesting a functional role for activities other than sport-specific training in the development of expert decision-making.

Ball Recovery in the Handball Tournament of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games: Sequential Analysis of Positional Play as Used by the Spanish Team’s Defence

In sport there is a great need to obtain as much information as possible about the factors which affect the dynamics of play. This study uses sequential analysis and temporal patterns (T-patterns)to examine the evolution of defence (against an equal number of attackers)as used by the Spanish handball team at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. The aim is to help handball coaches (during their training and gathering of professional experience)to understand the importance of the structure of defensive systems. This can be achieved through observational processes that reveal the evolution and adaptation of these defensive systems according to different variables: the match score, the response of the opposing team and progress through the tournament.

Maia Basket Clube

No âmbito da realização do Estágio Curricular do Curso de Mestrado em Fisioterapia no Desporto da Escola Superior de Tecnologias da Saúde do Porto, foi estabelecido um acordo com o Maia Basket Clube (Proliga), com intuito de acompanhar a equipa do escalão sénior de basquetebol, durante um período de três meses. Segundo Tavares et al. (2001), o Basquetebol é actualmente uma actividade altamente especializada quer do ponto de vista técnico quer do ponto de vista competitivo, sendo o jogo igualmente um meio de educação física e desportiva, matéria de ensino e um campo de aplicação da ciência. O jogo de basquetebol tem uma duração útil de 40 minutos, divididos em quatro tempos de 10 minutos com intervalos entre os tempos. No entanto, este trabalho pode prolongar-se até aos 90 minutos, se considerarmos os períodos de esforço e as interrupções permitidas pelo regulamento, possibilita a manutenção de um elevado nível de exigência e intensidade, constituindo um instrumento importante na recuperação dos estados de fadiga. O espaço em que o jogo se desenrola é bastante reduzido (28x15 metros), considerando o número elevado de jogadores (10 jogadores), o que origina uma elevada densidade de jogadores na superfície do terreno de jogo (FIBA 2010). Esta constatação, aliada à dualidade de interesses e intenções dos jogadores (Cooperação vs Oposição), requer exigências especiais ao nível da velocidade de reacção, destreza e até ao nível de certas qualidades de visão. Desta forma, os elementos técnicos, que já apresentam alguma complexidade na sua execução isolada, tornam-se ainda mais complexos quando realizados em situação de jogo, condicionados pela presença dos adversários e pelas posições e movimentações dos colegas de equipa. Observando as acções e movimentos realizados no jogo, constata-se que são na sua maioria acíclicos e que se repetem com frequências muito variáveis, tornando-se impossível prever quando se vai desencadear a sua execução. A intensidade de execução dessas acções é também variável, existindo uma alternância evidente entre esforço de grande intensidade e curta duração (sprints, saltos e deslizamentos defensivos), momentos de menor intensidade (momentos de ataque planeado, deslocamentos a passo ou em corrida lenta, algumas situações defensivas) e interrupções de actividade (lançamentos livres, violações, faltas pessoais, substituições, descontos de tempo, etc.). Com a intenção de aplicar alguns dos princípios teóricos e práticos apreendidos durante o 1º e 2º semestres do curso, este estágio teve uma vertente de avaliação médico-desportiva, orientação e aconselhamento nutricional (alimentação e suplementos), intervenção em lesões desportivas (ocorrências de origem curativa e de emergência) e prestação de assistência a competições nacionais. No que diz respeito à avaliação médico-desportiva, foi realizada a ficha clínica de cada atleta onde constam: 1. caracterização (idade, peso, altura, envergadura, lugar na equipa, etc.), 2. história médica, 3. avaliação da aptidão física (composição corporal, resistência cardio-respiratória, resistência muscular e flexibilidade), e 4. ocorrências de lesão. Após a recolha dos dados das avaliações dos diferentes componentes da aptidão física, estes foram apresentados e discutidos com o treinador e preparador físico, no sentido de serem desenvolvidos protocolos de treino com o objectivo de melhorar os níveis físicos dos atletas sob o ponto de vista do rendimento, mas também da prevenção de lesões e promoção da saúde. Quanto às ocorrências de lesão, do registo fez parte a avaliação subjectiva e objectiva, planeamento e intervenção, resultados e processo de raciocínio subjacente a cada etapa, devidamente fundamentados. No seguimento das ocorrências de lesão, numa vertente de investigação, foi também realizado um estudo de caso, definindo-se como objectivo geral avaliar a eficácia da intervenção e procedimentos efectuados, com uma abordagem cuidadosamente pensada e fundamentada.

Film thickness in a ball-on-disc contact lubricated with greases, bleed oils and base oils

Three different lubricating greases and their bleed and base oils were compared in terms of film thickness in a ball-on-disc test rig through optical interferometry. The theoretical values calculated according to Hamrock's equation are in close agreement with the base oil film thickness measurements, which validates the selected experimental methodology. The grease and bleed oil film thickness under fully flooded lubrication conditions presented quite similar behaviour and levels. Therefore, the grease film thickness under full film conditions might be predicted using their bleed oil properties, namely the viscosity and pressure-viscosity coefficient. The base and bleed oil lubricant parameter LP are proportional to the measured film thickness. A relationship between grease and the corresponding bleed oil film thickness was evidenced.

Influence of grease rheology on thrust ball bearings friction torque

The friction torque and the operating temperatures in a thrust ball bearing were measured for seven different types of greases, including three biodegradable greases having low toxicity. These friction torque tests were performed using a modified Four-Ball machine. Rheological evaluations of the lubricating greases were made using a rheometer. Bleed oils were extracted from the greases and the dynamic viscosities were measured. In order to compare the performance of the lubricant greases in terms of friction, the grease characteristics were related to experimental results, showing that the interaction between thickener and base oil have strong influences in the bearing friction torque.

Friction and wear in thrust ball bearings lubricated with biodegradable greases

Thrust ball bearings lubricated with several different types of grease, including three biodegradable low-toxicity greases, were tested in a modified four-ball machine in order to evaluate the bearing friction torque. At the end of each test, grease samples were obtained and analysed through ferrography, allowing the quantification and evaluation of the bearing wear. In order to compare the grease performance in terms of friction and wear, a correlation between the grease characteristics (base oil, bleed oil, thickener structure, and rheological parameters) and the experimental results was established.

Friction torque in grease lubricated thrust ball bearings

Thrust ball bearings lubricated with several different greases were tested on a modified Four-Ball Machine, where the Four-Ball arrangement was replaced by a bearing assembly. The friction torque and operating temperatures in a thrust ball bearing were measured during the tests. At the end of each test a grease sample was analyzed through ferrographic techniques in order to quantify and evaluate bearing wear. A rolling bearing friction torque model was used and the coefficient of friction in full film lubrication was determined for each grease, depending on the operating conditions. The experimental results obtained showed that grease formulation had a very significant influence on friction torque and operating temperature. The friction torque depends on the viscosity of the grease base oil, on its nature (mineral, ester, PAO, etc.), on the coefficient of friction in full film conditions, but also on the interaction between grease thickener and base oil, which affected contact replenishment and contact starvation, and thus influenced the friction torque.

Positive radial solutions of the Dirichlet problem for the Minkowski-Curvature equation in a ball

We study the existence and multiplicity of positive radial solutions of the Dirichlet problem for the Minkowski-curvature equation { -div(del upsilon/root 1-vertical bar del upsilon vertical bar(2)) in B-R, upsilon=0 on partial derivative B-R,B- where B-R is a ball in R-N (N >= 2). According to the behaviour off = f (r, s) near s = 0, we prove the existence of either one, two or three positive solutions. All results are obtained by reduction to an equivalent non-singular one-dimensional problem, to which variational methods can be applied in a standard way.

Ball Sensing in a Leg Like Robotic Kicker

The trend to have more cooperative play and the increase of game dynamics in Robocup MSL League motivates the improvement of skills for ball passing and reception. Currently the majority of the MSL teams uses ball handling devices with rollers to have more precise kicks but limiting the capability to kick a moving ball without stopping it and grabbing it. This paper addresses the problem to receive and kick a fast moving ball without having to grab it with a roller based ball handling device. Here, the main difficulty is the high latency and low rate of the measurements of the ball sensing systems, based in vision or laser scanner sensors.Our robots use a geared leg coupled to a motor that acts simultaneously as the kicking device and low level ball sensor. This paper proposes a new method to improve the capability for ball sensing in the kicker, by combining high rate measurements from the torque and energy in the motor and angular position of the kicker leg. The developed method endows the kicker device with an effective ball detection ability, validated in several game situations like in an interception to a fast pass or when chasing the ball where the relative speed from robot to ball is low. This can be used to optimize the kick instant or by the embedded kicker control system to absorb the ball energy.