Structure study of donor doped barium titanate prepared from citrate solutions

Barium titanates doped with Nb5+, and Y3+, were prepared. The starting powders were synthesized from citrate solutions by the Pechini process and partial Pechini process in two steps. Sintering was performed in the range from 1310° up to 1380°C for 2 hours in air atmosphere. The structural study concerning the incorporation of Nb and Y ions in the barium titanate crystal lattice was performed by XRD, XANES and EXAFS techniques. The dielectric properties were analyzed and the relationship between properties and structure of doped barium titanate was established.

Observation of piezoelectric response on tungsten doped barium zirconium titanate ceramics

This study describes observation of piezoelectric response of Ba(Zr 0.10Ti 0.90.O3 ceramics modified with tungsten (BZT:2W) by the mixed oxide method. According to X ray diffraction analysis, the ceramics are free of secondary phases. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses reveals the absence of segregates in the grain boundaries indicates the high solubility of WO3 in the BZT matrix. The dielectric permittivity measured at a frequency of 10 KHz was equal to 6500 with dieletric loss of 0.15. A typical hysteresis loop was observed at room temperature. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) analyses reveals that substitution of W6+ by Ti4+ causes distortion in the crystal structure changing lattice parameter. Polarization reversal was investigated by applying dc voltage through a conductive tip during the area scanning. Piezoelectric force microscopy images reveals that in-plane response may not change its sign upon polarization switching, while the out-of-plane response does. Copyright © 2010 American Scientific Publishers.

Microscopic and dielectric analyses of vanadium and tungsten modified barium zirconium titanate ceramics

Dielectric spectroscopy was used in this study to examine polycrystalline vanadium and tungstendoped BaZr 0.1Ti 0.90O 3 (BZT10:2V and BZT10:2W) ceramics obtained by the mixed oxide method. According to X-ray diffraction analyses, addition of vanadium and tungsten lead to ceramics free of secondary phases. SEM analyses reveal that both dopants result in slower oxygen ion motion and consequently lower grain growth rate. Temperature dependence dielectric study showed normal ferroelectric to paraelectric transition well above the room temperature for the BZT10 and BZT10:2V ceramics. However, BZT10:2W ceramic showed a relaxor-like behavior near phase transition characterized by the empirical parameter γ. Piezoelectric force microscopy images reveals that the piezoelectric coefficient is strongly influenced by type of donor dopant suggesting promising applications for dynamic random access memories and data-storage media. Copyright © 2010 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

Structural and dielectric properties of polyvinyl alcohol/barium zirconium titanate polymer-ceramic composite

The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/barium zirconium titanate Ba[Zr0.1Ti0.9]O3 (BZT) polymer-ceramic composites with different volume percentage are obtained from solution mixing and hot-pressing method. Their structural and electrical properties are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, cluster modeling, scanning electron microscope and dielectric study. XRD patterns of PVA/BZT polymer-ceramics composite (with 50% volume fractions) indicate no obvious differences than the XRD patterns of pure BZT which shows that the crystal structure is still stable in the composite. The scanning electron micrograph indicates that the BZT ceramic is dispersed homogeneously in the polymer matrix without agglomeration. The dielectric permittivity (ε r) and the dielectric loss (tan δ) of the composites increase with the increase of the volume fraction of BZT ceramic. Theoretical models are employed to rationalize the dielectric behavior of the polymer composites. The dielectric properties of the composites display good stability within a wide range of temperature and frequency. The excellent dielectric properties of these polymer-ceramic composites indicate that the BZT/PVA composites can be a candidate for embedded capacitors. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Effect of yttrium doping in barium zirconium titanate ceramics: A structural, impedance, modulus spectroscopy study

In the current article, we studied the effect of yttrium [Y3+] ions' substitution on the structure and electric behavior of barium zirconate titanate (BZT) ceramics with a general formula [Ba1-x Y 2x/3](Zr0.25Ti0.75)O3 (BYZT) with [x = 0, 0.025, 0.05] which were prepared by the solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that these ceramics have a single phase with a perovskite-type cubic structure. Rietveld refinement data confirmed [BaO 12], [ZrO6], [TiO6], [YO6] clusters in the cubic lattice. The Y3+ ions' effects on the electric conductivity behavior of BZT ceramics as a function of temperature and frequency are described, which are based on impedance spectroscopy analyses. The complex impedance plots display a double semicircle which highlights the influences of grain and grain boundary on the ceramics. Impedance analyses showed that the resistance decreased with the increasing temperature and resulted in a negative temperature coefficient of the resistance property in all compositions. Modulus plots represent a non-Debye-type dielectric relaxation which is related to the grain and grain boundary as well as temperature-dependent electric relaxation phenomenon and an enhancement in the mobility barrier by Y3+ ions. Moreover, the electric conductivity increases with the replacement of Ba 2+ by Y3+ ions may be due to the rise in oxygen vacancies. © 2013 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.

Determination and fractionation of barium in Brazil nuts

Diversas estratégias para preparo de amostra, determinação e fracionamento, tais como espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica em forno de grafite (GF AAS) e espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente com configuração axial (ICP OES), foram empregadas para o fracionamento de bário em Castanha-do-Pará. Esse alimento é amplamente apreciado tanto pelo valor nutricional, quanto pelo sabor agradável. A análise química de Castanha-do-Pará não é trivial devido à matriz complexa. O fracionamento de bário em Castanha-do-Pará foi estudado devido à toxicidade desse elemento e a correlação entre a forma química e a absorção. Os teores totais de bário nas amostras de Castanha-do-Pará variaram entre 860 e 2084 mg kg^-1. Extrações sequenciais foram feitas com base na solubilidade em diferentes meios e composição química envolvendo lipídios, proteínas e compostos de baixa massa molecular (LMW). Teores mais elevados de bário foram determinados nas frações LMW e insolúvel em água que variaram entre 778-1606 e 551-1520 mg kg^-1, respectivamente. Esses resultados indicaram a indisponibilidade de bário presente nesse alimento ao organismo humano. Baseando-se nos teores de bário e enxofre nas diferentes frações e em cálculos estequiométricos para as possíveis reações envolvidas pode-se inferir que bário se encontra principalmente na forma de BaSO₄. Experimentos termogravimétricos também confirmaram essa suposição.

Structural and functional characterization of barium zirconium titanate/epoxy composites

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of the addition of ions barium on the structural and electrical properties of PZT ceramic

Lead zirconate titanate, with Zr/Ti ratio of 53/47 was prepared by the polymeric precursor method. It was investigated the barium (II) modification at 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mol% in substitution to the lead (II) cation in A site of perovskite structure. The powder samples were characterized by XRD and the diffraction patterns were used to Rietveld refinement. The percentages of tetragonal and rhombohedral phases and a systematic study of the effect of barium (II) on the morphology and the dielectric properties of PZT were carried out. The results showed that the tetragonal phase is favored and the ceramic density is improved with the barium (II) insertion. The Curie temperature (Tc) is increased besides the slight reduction of dielectric constant (Kc).

Determination of labile barium in petroleum-produced formation water using paper-based DGT samplers

A polyacrylamide hydrogel containing the Chelex-100 resin has traditionally been used as the binding agent for the diffusion gradients in thin films (DGT) technique. The Chelex-100 resin, although important for the determination of various transition metals, is unsatisfactory for the determination of alkaline earth metals, particularly Ba. In this paper, a cellulose membrane, treated with phosphate (P81 membrane), was evaluated as a binding agent for DGT devices for the determination of Ba in produced formation water (PEW) samples. In addition, diffusive layers of filter paper (cellulose) were tested to diffuse Ba through the DGT devices. Experiments to evaluate the key variables of the technique (pH, deployment time, and ionic strength/salinity) were performed. The Ba sampled by these DGT devices was measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Aiming to generate information (related to bioavailability of Ba) on the reuse of PEW for irrigation, the determination of Ba in onshore and offshore samples was performed. The new approach was effective for determination of Ba in onshore samples. To determine Ba in offshore samples, it was necessary to use an alternative calibration procedure due to the high NaCl concentration in these samples. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Densification and enhancement of the grain boundary conductivity of gadolinium-doped barium cerate by ultra fast flash grain welding

Doped barium cerate is a promising solid electrolyte for intermediate temperature fuel cells as a protonic conductor. However, it is difficult to sinter it to high density at a reasonable temperature. Moreover, it presents a high grain boundary resistivity at intermediate temperatures. Flash grain welding was applied to compacted samples, starting from a temperature of 910 degrees C and applying, for a short time, an ac electric polarization of 40 V, 1000 Hz. At that frequency, the resulting current flows through the grain boundaries promoting a welding via a local Joule heating. A large decrease of the grain boundary resistivity was observed by impedance spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy observations of polished and etched surfaces revealed highly sintered regions. Attempts were also made to combine flash grain welding with conventional sintering. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Constraints on barium isotope fractionation during aragonite precipitation by corals

We present a barium (Ba) isotope fractionation study of marine biogenic carbonates (aragonitic corals). The major aim is to provide first constraints on the Ba isotope fractionation between modern surface sea water and coral skele- ton. Mediterranean surface sea water was found to be enriched in the heavy Ba isotopes compared to previously reported values for marine open ocean authi- genic and terrestrial minerals. In aquarium experiments with a continuous sup- ply of Mediterranean surface water, the Ba isotopic composition of the bulk sample originating from cultured, aragonitic scleractinian corals (d137/134Ba between +0.16 +/- 0.12permil and +0.41 +/-0.12permil) were isotopically identical or lighter than that of the ambient Mediterranean surface sea water (d137/134Ba = +0.42 +/- 0.07permil, 2SD), which corresponds to an empirical maximum value of Ba isotope fractionation of D137/134Bacoral-seawater = -0.26 +/- 0.14permil at 25°C. This maximum Ba isotope fractionation is close and identical in direction to previous results from inorganic precipitation experiments with aragonite- structured pure BaCO3 (witherite). The variability in measured Ba concentrations of the cultured corals is at odds with a uniform distribution coefficient, DBa/Ca, thus indicating stronger vital effects on isotope than element discrimination. This observation supports the hypothesis that the Ba isotopic compositions of these corals do not result from simple equilibrium between the skeleton and the bulk sea water. Complementary coral samples from natural settings (tropical shallow-water corals from the Bahamas and Florida and cold- water corals from the Norwegian continental shelf) show an even wider range in d137/134Ba values (+0.14 +/- 0.08permil and +0.77 +/- 0.11permil), most probably due to additional spatial and/or temporal sea water heterogeneity, as indicated by recent publications.