Is there a gold social seal? The financial effects of additions to and deletions from social stock indices

This study investigates the financial effects of additions to and deletions from the most well-known social stock index: the MSCI KLD 400. Our study makes use of the unique setting that index reconstitution provides and allows us to bypass possible issues of endogeneity that commonly plague empirical studies of the link between corporate social and financial performance. By examining not only short-term returns but also trading activity, earnings per share, and long-term performance of stocks that are involved in these events, we bring forward evidence of a ‘social index effect’ where unethical transgressions are penalized more heavily than responsibility is rewarded. We find that the addition of a stock to the index does not lead to material changes in its market price, whereas deletions are accompanied by negative cumulative abnormal returns. Trading volumes for deleted stocks are significantly increased on the event date, while the operational performances of the respective firms deteriorate after their deletion from the social index.

State capitalism and social responsibility in China's banking industry

China’s financial system has experienced a series of major reforms in recent years. Efforts have been made towards introducing the shareholding system in state-owned commercial banks, restructuring of securities firms, re-organising equity of joint venture insurance companies, further improving the corporate governance structure, managing financial risks and ultimately establishing a system to protect investors (Xinhua, 2010). Financial product innovation, with the further opening up of financial markets and the development of the insurance and bond market, has increased liquidity as well as reduced financial risks. The U.S. subprime crisis indicated the benefit of financial innovations for the economy, but without proper control, they may lead to unexpected consequences. Kirkpatrick (2009) argues that failures and weaknesses in corporate governance arrangements and insufficient accounting standards and regulatory requirements attributed to the financial crisis. Similar to the financial crises of the last decade, the global financial crisis which sparked in 2008, surfaced a variety of significant corporate governance failures: the dysfunction of market mechanisms, the lack of transparency and accountability, misaligned compensation arrangements and the late response of government, all which encouraged management short-termism, poor risk management, as well as some fraudulent schemes. The unique characteristics of the Chinese banking system are an interesting point for studying post-crisis corporate governance reform. Considering that China modelled its governance system on the Anglo-American system, this paper examines the impact of the financial crisis on corporate governance reform in developed economies, and particularly, China’s reform of its financial sector. The paper further analyses the Chinese government’s role in bank supervision and risk management. In this regard, the paper contributes to the corporate governance literature within the Chinese context by providing insights into the contributing factors to the corporate governance failure that led to the global financial crisis. It also provides policy recommendations for China’s policy makers to seriously consider. The results suggest a need for the re-examination of corporate governance adequacy and the institutionalisation of business ethics. The paper’s next section provides a review of China’s financial system with reference to the financial crisis, followed by a critical evaluation of a capitalistic system and a review of Anglo-American and Continental European models. It then analyses the need for a new corporate governance model in China by considering the bank failures in developed economies and the potential risks and inefficiencies in a current State controlled system. The paper closes by reflecting the need for Chinese policy makers to continually develop, adapt and rewrite corporate governance practices capable of meeting the new challenge, and to pay attention to business ethics, an issue which goes beyond regulation.

Global financial crisis: implications for Chinese corporate governance

This paper analyses the role of corporate governance failures and weaknesses in the global financial crisis with reference to the evolution of post-crisis corporate governance arrangements in China. The current crisis presents China with an opportunity to analyse its governance problems, reflect on its weaknesses and implement a strategy to address areas which need attention. This paper opens with a description of China’s exposure to the current global financial crisis and continues to critically evaluate the effectiveness of a free market system on corporate governance. Bratton (2002) maintains that incentive structures that motivate the self-regulatory systems generate less powerful checks against abuse than scholars and practitioners have believed. The paper highlights the need for corporate regulatory bodies and policy makers to revise and re-develop financial services sector regulations. Finally, the paper discusses the need of ethics in organizations - an issue that is beyond legislation. In an increasingly interconnected global economy, it is imperative to increase our understanding of what constitutes an effective corporate governance system. The paper contributes to the corporate governance body of literature within the Chinese context by providing insights into the contributing factors to corporate governance failure that led to the global financial crisis. It also provides policy recommendations for China’s policy makers to seriously consider. The results suggest a need for the re-examination of corporate governance adequacy and the institutionalisation of business ethics.

The future of stakeholder management theory: a temporal perspective

We propose adding a temporal dimension to stakeholder management theory, and assess the implications thereof for firm-level competitive advantage. We argue that a firm’s competitive advantage fundamentally depends on its capacity for stakeholder management related, transformational adaptation over time. Our new temporal stakeholder management approach builds upon insights from both the resource-based view (RBV) in strategic management and institutional theory. Stakeholder agendas and their relative salience to the firm evolve over time, a phenomenon well understood in the literature, and requiring what we call level 1 adaptation. However, the dominant direction of stakeholder pressures can also change, namely, from supporting resource heterogeneity at the firm level to fostering industry homogeneity, and vice versa. When dominant stakeholder pressures shift from supporting heterogeneity towards stimulating homogeneity in industry, the firm must engage in level 2 or transformational adaptation. Stakeholders typically provide valuable resources to the firm in an early stage. Without these resources, which foster heterogeneity (in line with RBV thinking), the firm would not exist. At a later stage, stakeholders also contribute to inter-firm homogeneity via isomorphism pressures (in line with institutional theory thinking). Adding a temporal dimension to stakeholder management theory has far reaching implications for this theory’s practical relevance to senior level management in business.

Big data: a normal accident waiting to happen?

Widespread commercial use of the internet has significantly increased the volume and scope of data being collected by organisations. ‘Big data’ has emerged as a term to encapsulate both the technical and commercial aspects of this growing data collection activity. To date, much of the discussion of big data has centred upon its transformational potential for innovation and efficiency, yet there has been less reflection on its wider implications beyond commercial value creation. This paper builds upon normal accident theory (NAT) to analyse the broader ethical implications of big data. It argues that the strategies behind big data require organisational systems that leave them vulnerable to normal accidents, that is to say some form of accident or disaster that is both unanticipated and inevitable. Whilst NAT has previously focused on the consequences of physical accidents, this paper suggests a new form of system accident that we label data accidents. These have distinct, less tangible and more complex characteristics and raise significant questions over the role of individual privacy in a ‘data society’. The paper concludes by considering the ways in which the risks of such data accidents might be managed or mitigated.

Can institutional investors bias real estate portfolio appraisals? Evidence from the market downturn

This paper investigates the extent to which institutional investors may have influenced independent real estate appraisals during the financial crisis. A conceptual model of the determinants of client influence on real estate appraisals is proposed. It is suggested that the extent of clients’ ability and willingness to bias appraisal outputs is contingent upon market and regulatory environments (ethical norms and legal and institutional frameworks), the salience of the appraisal(s) to the client, financial incentives for the appraiser to respond to client pressure, organisational culture, the level of moral reasoning of both individual clients and appraisers, client knowledge and the degree of appraisal uncertainty. The potential of client influence to bias ostensibly independent real estate appraisals is examined using the opportunity afforded by the market downturn commencing in 2007 in the UK. During the market turbulence at the end of 2007, the motivations of different types of owners to bias appraisals diverged clearly and temporarily provided a unique opportunity to assess potential appraisal bias. We use appraisal-based performance data for individual real estate assets to test whether there were significant ownership effects on performance during this period. The results support the hypothesis that real estate appraisals in this period reflected the differing needs of clients.

Sources of stakeholder salience in the responsible investment movement: why do investors sign the Principles for Responsible Investment?

Since its inception in 2006, the United Nations-backed Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) have grown to over 1300 signatories representing over $45 trillion. This growth is not slowing down. In this paper, we argue that there is a set of attributes which make the PRI salient as a stakeholder and its claim to sign the six PRI important to institutional investors. We use Mitchell et al.’s (Acad Manag Rev 22:853–886, 1997) theoretical framework of stakeholder salience, as extended by Gifford (J Bus Eth 92:79–97, 2010). We use as evidence confidential data from the annual survey of signatories carried out by the PRI in a 5-year period between 2007 and 2011. The findings highlight pragmatic and organizational legitimacy, normative and utilitarian power, and management values as the attributes that contribute most to the salience of the PRI as a stakeholder.

A perspectiva do consumidor frente ao comportamento ético empresarial - 1ª Parte

Há uma tendência de mercados mais concorridos, devido à globalização, menores taxas de crescimento econômico e outras causas. Diante desse cenário, o papel desempenhado pelos consumidores influenciando o comportamento das empresas pode elevar-se. Todavia, várias questões a esse respeito despontam no Brasil. O que significa ética empresarial para os consumidores? Quais são as empresas éticas e antiéticas para os consumidores? A ética empresarial é importante para os consumidores? A ética empresarial é recompensada pelos consumidores? Acerca desta última e crucial questão, tendo-se por base uma série de artigos jornalísticos, a resposta parece ser sim. Todavia, nenhum resultado empírico acadêmico produzido no Brasil foi encontrado contemplando por completo essas questões. Este relatório envolve uma pesquisa teórica-empírica sobre tais questões. No plano teórico, foram examinados dois temas: a) a crescente relevância da ética nos negócios; b) o marketing e o papel da ética do consumidor, no exterior e no Brasil. Na parte empírica, dois foram os propósitos. O primeiro envolveu uma sondagem qualitativa, sob a ótica do consumidor, das melhores e piores práticas empresariais em termos de ética, assim como das empresas mais éticas e mais antiéticas. O segundo abrangeu a mensuração dos construtos Importância Atribuída pelo Consumidor ao Comportamento Ético Empresarial e Propensão do Consumidor a Recompensar o Comportamento Ético Empresarial, bem como o teste da existência de uma relação entre eles. Dados foram obtidos de uma amostra de assinantes de telefonia fixa da cidade de Campo Grande, estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Ao final, as principais limitações e conclusões da pesquisa foram expostas e discutidas.

A ética em Smith nos neo-clássicos e suas implicações na ética em negócios

Esta pesquisa procurará discutir as relações entre ética em economia e administração. O enfoque adotado demonstrará que a ética da economia clássica representada pelo pensamento de Adam Smith é completamente diferente daquela encontrada nos pensadores neoclássicos representados por Hayek, Von Mises e Friedman. Decorre daí que apesar do mundo dos negócios adotar algumas perspectivas econômicas de Smith, os critérios de avaliação de desempenho empresarial decorrem da economia neoclássica e de forma subjacente incorpora seus valores éticos. Ao se ignorar este relacionamento entre economia e negócios, a discussão sobre ética nos negócios é conduzida por um caminho que impede qualquer consenso ou aplicação prática.

A perspectiva do consumidor frente ao comportamento ético empresarial - 2ª parte

Há uma tendência de mercados mais concorridos, devido à globalização, menores taxas de crescimento econômico e outras causas. Diante desse cenário, o papel desempenhado pelos consumidores influenciando o comportamento das empresas pode elevar-se. Mas várias questões a esse respeito despontam no Brasil. Quais são as principais práticas empresariais éticas e antiéticas para os consumidores? Quais são as empresas mais éticas e antiéticas para os consumidores? A ética empresarial é importante para os consumidores? A ética empresarial é recompensada pelos consumidores? Acerca desta última e crucial questão, tendo-se por base uma série de artigos jornalísticos, a resposta parece ser sim. Todavia, nenhum resultado empírico acadêmico produzido no Brasil foi encontrado contemplando por completo essas questões. Este relatório envolve uma pesquisa empírica sobre tais questões. Antes, no plano teórico, são examinados dois temas: a) a crescente relevância da ética nos negócios; b) o marketing e o papel da ética do consumidor, no exterior e no Brasil. Na parte empírica, dois são os propósitos. O primeiro envolve uma sondagem aberta, sob a ótica do consumidor, das melhores e piores práticas empresariais em termos de ética, assim como das empresas mais éticas e mais antiéticas. O segundo propósito abrange a mensuração dos construtos Importância Atribuída pelo Consumidor ao Comportamento Ético Empresarial e Propensão do Consumidor a Recompensar o Comportamento Ético Empresarial, bem como o teste da existência de uma relação entre eles. Dados foram obtidos de uma amostra de assinantes de telefonia fixa das cidades de Campo Grande (MS), Curitiba (PR) e Salvador (BA). Ao final, as principais limitações e conclusões da pesquisa são expostas e discutidas.

A perspectiva do consumidor frente ao comportamento ético empresarial (parte final)

Há uma tendência de mercados mais concorridos, devido à globalização, menores taxas de crescimento econômico e outras causas. Diante desse cenário, o papel desempenhado pelos consumidores influenciando o comportamento das empresas pode elevar-se. Mas várias questões a esse respeito despontam no Brasil. Quais são as principais práticas empresariais éticas e antiéticas para os consumidores? Quais são as empresas mais éticas e antiéticas para os consumidores? A ética empresarial é importante para os consumidores? A ética empresarial é recompensada pelos consumidores? Acerca desta última e crucial questão, tendo-se por base uma série de artigos jornalísticos, a resposta parece ser sim. Todavia, nenhum resultado empírico acadêmico produzido no Brasil foi encontrado contemplando por completo essas questões. Este relatório envolve uma pesquisa empírica sobre tais questões. Antes, no plano teórico, são examinados os temas da crescente relevância da ética nos negócios, do marketing e o papel da ética do consumidor, no exterior e no Brasil. Na parte empírica, dois são os propósitos. O primeiro envolve uma sondagem aberta, sob a ótica do consumidor, das melhores e piores práticas empresariais em termos de ética, assim como das empresas mais éticas e mais antiéticas. O segundo propósito abrange a mensuração dos construtos Importância Atribuída pelo Consumidor ao Comportamento Ético Empresarial (IMPETIC) e Propensão do Consumidor a Recompensar o Comportamento Ético Empresarial (RECETIC), bem como o teste da existência de uma relação entre eles. Dados foram obtidos de uma amostra de assinantes de telefonia fixa das cidades de Campo Grande, Curitiba, Salvador, Manaus e Vitória. Dos resultados, sobressai uma relação significante entre IMPETIC e RECETIC. Ao final, as principais limitações e conclusões da pesquisa são expostas e discutidas.

Responsabilidade social: visões e perspectivas de empresários do segmento industrial do Rio Grande do Norte

The theme Corporate Social Responsibility is relatively recent both in the academic field and in the business practice. Because of the lack of socialization of experiences and precision of concepts, there are gaps regarding the understanding of the subject and, also, how to conduct operations. This study just seeks to investigate such matter, focusing applications of social responsibility in business. It takes, as empirical field, winners of the PSQT - SESI Prize of Quality at Work in Rio Grande do Norte (2002-2007) in order to systematize the various approaches on the issue, aiming to reveal subjective visions and perspectives of the theme. It is characterized as a qualitative study, carried out by structured interview. The universe was composed by 15 companies. It was used analysis of content categorical as an axis for the interpretation of the information. Three approaches guided the analysis: Business Ethics, (normative); Business & Society (contractual); Social Issues Management (strategic). The findings are related in three ways: 1) reasons for the CSR practice; 2) the results obtained; 3) the means of CSR. It was found that the award participation occurs, mostly, linked to SESI invitations, so, as an articulated movement of industrial corporations in Brazil it occurs, also, because of the organizational commitment with the society and the possibility of internal and social growths and because of the importance attributed to the report as an instrument of consultancy. There are no indicators to check impacts of organizational interventions, in spite of the existence of planning for the actions. Social responsibility appears as a tool to reinforce the organizational image and to increase satisfaction of the employees. There is a tendency of large and medium firms to a contractual commitment while the small and the micros firms are on strategic or normative level. The analysis of the perspectives of social responsibility future revealed trends towards for strategic approach

Redes sociais digitais e a comunicação interna: manual de conduta como ferramenta estratégica para as organizações

Pós-graduação em Comunicação - FAAC