Different response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in West African sympatric ethnic groups

The comparison of malaria indicators among populations that have different genetic backgrounds and are uniformly exposed to the same parasite strains is one approach to the study of human heterogeneities in the response to the infection. We report the results of comparative surveys on three sympatric West African ethnic groups, Fulani, Mossi, and Rimaibé, living in the same conditions of hyperendemic transmission in a Sudan savanna area northeast of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The Mossi and Rimaibé are Sudanese negroid populations with a long tradition of sedentary farming, while the Fulani are nomadic pastoralists, partly settled and characterized by non-negroid features of possible caucasoid origin. Parasitological, clinical, and immunological investigations showed consistent interethnic differences in Plasmodium falciparum infection rates, malaria morbidity, and prevalence and levels of antibodies to various P. falciparum antigens. The data point to a remarkably similar response to malaria in the Mossi and Rimaibé, while the Fulani are clearly less parasitized, less affected by the disease, and more responsive to all antigens tested. No difference in the use of malaria protective measures was demonstrated that could account for these findings, and sociocultural or environmental factors do not seem to be involved. Known genetic factors of resistance to malaria did not show higher frequencies in the Fulani. The differences in the immune response were not explained by the entomological observations, which indicated substantially uniform exposure to infective bites. The available data support the existence of unknown genetic factors, possibly related to humoral immune responses, determining interethnic differences in the susceptibility to malaria.

North Africa, 1670 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Barbaria Biledulgerid o : Libye et pars Nigritarum terra. It was published by J. von Meurs in 1670. Scale [ca. 1:12,250,000]. Covers North Africa and parts of Europe. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads and routes, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes illustrations.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

West & North Africa, ca. 1710 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte de la Barbarie, le [sic] la Nigritie et del la Guinée, par Guillaume de l'Isle de l'Academie Royale des Sciences. It was published by ex officina Nicolai Visscher, ca. 1710. Scale [ca.1:9,000,000]. Covers West and North Africa. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, routes and roads, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

West & North Africa, ca. 1730 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte de la Barbarie, le la Nigritie et de la Guinée, par Guill[au]me Del'Isle, de l'Academie Royale des Sciences. It was published by Chez Jean Cóvens et Corneille Mortier, Geographes ca. 1730. Scale [ca.1:9,250,000]. Covers West and North Africa. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads and routes, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

North & West Africa, 1655 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: L'Afrique, ou Lybie ulterieure : ou sont le Saara, ou desert, le pays des Negres, la Guinee, et les pays circonv. tirée en partie de Sanut, et de l'Arabe de Nubie, en partie de diverses cartes veües jusques a present par le S. Sanson d'Abbeville, geog. ordre. du Roy ; I. Somer Pruthenus, sculp. It was published by Chez Pierre Mariette, rue St. Iacques a l'Esperance in 1655. Scale [ca. 1:10,500,000]. Covers portions of North and West Africa. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the World Miller Cylindrical projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

West & Central Africa, ca. 1690 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Effigies ampli Regni auriferi Guineae in Africa siti, extensum inde ad insulis Atlanticis, vulgo dictis, de Cabo Verde : ad flumen Benin, us[que], ad cujus ripam sita est Regia urbs et magna Benin, at[que] inde ad promontorium Lopi Gonsalvi, delineata per S. Rovelascum, et politioribus lineamentis figurata per Lodovicum Texeram, protocosmographum Regis Hispaniarum ; Baptista Doetechomius sculpsit ; Carolus Allardt excudit. It was published by Carolus Allardt ca. 1690. Scale [ca. 1:8,000,000]. Covers portions of West and Central Africa. Map in Latin and Portuguese.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the World Miller Cylindrical projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, shoreline features, and more. Includes also illustrations and text.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

West & Central Africa, ca. 1752 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Guinea propria : nec non Nigritiae vel terrae Nigrorum maxima pars : Geographis hodiernis dicta utraque Aethiopia Inferior, & huius quidem pars australis ex delineationibus Anvillianis itineri Guineensi D. de Marchais insertis secundum Leges proiectionis stereographicae Hasianae, designata & edita studio & labore Homannianorum Heredum A. 1743 = Guinée de meme que la plus grande parties du pais des Negres : appellées par les geographes modernes Ethiopie inferieure et meridionale, tirées des morceaux geographiques de Mr. d'Anville, qu'il a inseres au voyage du Chev. de Marchais, & puis dessinées suivant les loix de la nouvelle projection de feu Mr. le prof. Has, par les Heritiers d'Homan. A 1743. It was published by edita studio & labore Homannianorum Heredum ca. 1752. Scale [ca. 1:7,400,000]. Covers portions of West and Central Africa. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the World Miller Cylindrical projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

West & Central Africa, 1809 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Charte von Senegambien und Ober-Guinea : nebst dem innern Nigritien : nach den neuesten Nachrichten entworfen. It was published by im Verl. des Geograph. Instituts in 1809. Scale [ca. 1:9,250,000]. Covers portions of West and Central Africa. Map in German.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the World Miller Cylindrical projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

West & Central Africa, 1873 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Stanford's map of the Guinea Coast, West Africa including the whole course of the Niger, and shewing Ashanti and its surroundings. It was published by E. Stanford in 1873. Scale 1:6,336,000. Covers portions of West and Central Africa.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries and claims, roads, exploration routes, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. Includes notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

West & North Africa, 1810 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Charte von Nord-Africa : nach dem neuesten Entdeckungen. It was published in 1810. Scale [ca. 1:9,875,000]. Covers West & North Africa and a portion of Europe. Map in German.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Europe Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads and routes, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

West Africa, 1635 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Guinea : Amplissmo. Doctissmoque. Viro D. Nicolao Tulp, Medecinae Doctori Reip. Amsterdamensis Senatori et Scabino, Medico et Anatomico celeberrimo, Tab. hanc D. D. Guiljelmus Blaeu. It was published by G. Blaeu in 1635. Scale [ca. 1:6,500,000]. Covers West Africa. Map in Latin. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Sinusoidal projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

North & West Africa, 1647 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Nova Barbariae descriptio. It was published by Apud Ioannem Ianssonium in 1647. Scale [ca. 1:12,100,000]. Cover North & West Africa. Map in Latin.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Africa Lambert Conformal Conic projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, territorial boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also notes.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Evaluation use within a humanitarian non-governmental organization’s health care user-fee exemption program in West Africa

L’évaluation de l’action humanitaire (ÉAH) est un outil valorisé pour soutenir l’imputabilité, la transparence et l’efficience de programmes humanitaires contribuant à diminuer les inéquités et à promouvoir la santé mondiale. L’EAH est incontournable pour les parties prenantes de programme, les bailleurs de fonds, décideurs et intervenants souhaitant intégrer les données probantes aux pratiques et à la prise de décisions. Cependant, l’utilisation de l’évaluation (UÉ) reste incertaine, l’ÉAH étant fréquemment menée, mais inutilisé. Aussi, les conditions influençant l’UÉ varient selon les contextes et leur présence et applicabilité au sein d’organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG) humanitaires restent peu documentées. Les évaluateurs, parties prenantes et décideurs en contexte humanitaire souhaitant assurer l’UÉ pérenne détiennent peu de repères puisque rares sont les études examinant l’UÉ et ses conditions à long terme. La présente thèse tend à clarifier ces enjeux en documentant sur une période de deux ans l’UÉ et les conditions qui la détermine, au sein d’une stratégie d’évaluation intégrée au programme d’exemption de paiement des soins de santé d’une ONG humanitaire. L’objectif de ce programme est de faciliter l’accès à la santé aux mères, aux enfants de moins de cinq ans et aux indigents de districts sanitaires au Niger et au Burkina Faso, régions du Sahel où des crises alimentaires et économiques ont engendré des taux élevés de malnutrition, de morbidité et de mortalité. Une première évaluation du programme d’exemption au Niger a mené au développement de la stratégie d’évaluation intégrée à ce même programme au Burkina Faso. La thèse se compose de trois articles. Le premier présente une étude d’évaluabilité, étape préliminaire à la thèse et permettant de juger de sa faisabilité. Les résultats démontrent une logique cohérente et plausible de la stratégie d’évaluation, l’accessibilité de données et l’utilité d’étudier l’UÉ par l’ONG. Le second article documente l’UÉ des parties prenantes de la stratégie et comment celle-ci servit le programme d’exemption. L’utilisation des résultats fut instrumentale, conceptuelle et persuasive, alors que l’utilisation des processus ne fut qu’instrumentale et conceptuelle. Le troisième article documente les conditions qui, selon les parties prenantes, ont progressivement influencé l’UÉ. L’attitude des utilisateurs, les relations et communications interpersonnelles et l’habileté des évaluateurs à mener et à partager les connaissances adaptées aux besoins des utilisateurs furent les conditions clés liées à l’UÉ. La thèse contribue à l’avancement des connaissances sur l’UÉ en milieu humanitaire et apporte des recommandations aux parties prenantes de l’ONG.

Femmes, espace public et secteur informel à Ouagadougou de 1983 à 2008

Dans ce mémoire, il est analysé la place que jouent les femmes dans l’espace public burkinabè à travers leurs activités dans le secteur informel et dans les associa-tions de 1983 à 2008. Après avoir analysé les grandes lignes de la politique de Tho-mas Sankara, il est étudié les réactions positives et négatives des femmes. Par la suite, nous analysons la continuité de la politique de Blaise Compaoré par rapport à celle de son prédécesseur et nous voyons dans quelle mesure certaines femmes, commerçantes et membres d’associations, parviennent à se frayer une place plus importante dans la vie économique à travers le secteur informel, à changer leur statut dans leurs familles respectives et à jouer du programme politique de l’État. Ces itinéraires féminins per-mettent de parler d’agency des femmes, mais sans que cela aboutisse à un réel empo-werment au regard des contraintes sociales qui demeurent fortes et des conditions économiques qui se sont aggravées.

Determinationofgroundwatermercury(II)contentusingadisposable goldmodified screenprintedcarbonelectrode

Mercury (II)measurementswereperformedthankstoanewlydevelopedelectrochemicalmethodusinga disposablegoldmodified screenprintedcarbonelectrode.Themethodhasawidedynamicrange(1–100 mg/L), agoodaccuracyandalimitofdetectionincompliancewithWHOstandards.Theapplicationofthe methodtoseveralgroundwatersamplesmadeitpossibletoidentify,forthe first time,mercurycontent higherthantherecommendedWHOstandardvalueinagoldminingactivityareainthenorthern partofBurkinaFaso.TheaccuracyoftheassaywascheckedbyICP/MS.