Impact of dams and irrigation schemes in Anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) bionomics and malaria epidemiology

Irrigation schemes and dams have posed a great concern on public health systems of several countries, mainly in the tropics. The focus of the present review is to elucidate the different ways how these human interventions may have an effect on population dynamics of anopheline mosquitoes and hence, how local malaria transmission patterns may be changed. We discuss different studies within the three main tropical and sub-tropical regions (namely Africa, Asia and the Pacific and the Americas). Factors such as pre-human impact malaria epidemiological patterns, control measures, demographic movements, human behaviour and local Anopheles bionomics would determine if the implementation of an irrigation scheme or a dam will have negative effects on human health. Some examples of successful implementation of control measures in such settings are presented. The use of Geographic Information System as a powerful tool to assist on the study and control of malaria in these scenarios is also highlighted.

Doença Cerebrovascular na Anemia das Células Falciformes

Os acidentes vasculares cerebrais (AVC) afectam cerca de 10% das crianças com Anemia de Celulas Falciformes (ACF). A taxa de recorrência varia entre 46-90%, na ausência de terapêutica preventiva; quando esta é instituida reduz a recorrência a menos de 10%. A prevenção do primeiro infarto clínico, causa habitual de sequelas importantes, tem vindo a ser motivo de intensa investigação. 0 uso de Doppler transcraneano (DTC) permite detectar alterações no fluxo arterial, associadas a risco de AVC subsequente (velocidade média> 190cm/seg ou <70 cm/seg numa grande artéria cerebral). A sua utilização periódica, nos portadores de HbSS, poderá contribuir para a prevenção tanto do primeiro AVC como da sua recorrência. Os infartos silenciosos cerebrais, postos em evidência pela RMN, afectam cerca de 17% de doentes com ACF e poderão explicar as alterações cognitivas, reveladas por testes neuropsicológicos, em doentes assintomáticos. Estes testes podem ser um bom contributo para determinar a extensão e progressão da doença cerebrovascular c1ínica e subclínica, na população com ACF.

Anemia Congénita Diseritropoiética Tipo I. Um Caso Clínico Raro de Anemia

Os autores descrevem um caso clínico raro de anemia congénita diseritropoiética tipo I numa adolescente de 15 anos, em que só as alterações morfológicas da medula óssea e os testes serológicos (hemólise ácida, aglutinação anti-I e anti-i) permitiram o diagnóstico. O estudo familiar efectuado foi negativo. Atendendo a raridade destas anemias hereditárias são discutidos alguns dos seus aspectos.

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY CAUSED BY Crotalus AND Bothrops SNAKE VENOM: A REVIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT

SUMMARY Ophidic accidents are an important public health problem due to their incidence, morbidity and mortality. An increasing number of cases have been registered in Brazil in the last few years. Several studies point to the importance of knowing the clinical complications and adequate approach in these accidents. However, knowledge about the risk factors is not enough and there are an increasing number of deaths due to these accidents in Brazil. In this context, acute kidney injury (AKI) appears as one of the main causes of death and consequences for these victims, which are mainly young males working in rural areas. Snakes of the Bothrops and Crotalus genera are the main responsible for renal involvement in ophidic accidents in South America. The present study is a literature review of AKI caused by Bothrops and Crotalus snake venom regarding diverse characteristics, emphasizing the most appropriate therapeutic approach for these cases. Recent studies have been carried out searching for complementary therapies for the treatment of ophidic accidents, including the use of lipoic acid, simvastatin and allopurinol. Some plants, such as Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae and Rubiaceae seem to have a beneficial role in the treatment of this type of envenomation. Future studies will certainly find new therapeutic measures for ophidic accidents.

Epidemiology of Asthma in Schoolchildren in Portuguese Speaking Regions

Asthma in schoolchildren became a priority both for developing and developed countries. Two large multi-centre epidemiological studies(Portuguese Study of Allergic Diseases in Childhood and the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) were implemented in the last decade. One of the main objectives was to compare prevalence of asthma and evaluate cultural, ethnic and environmental variables in schoolchildren of different continents. These studies can contribute to a global strategy (with national specificity’s) including self management programs in the control of asthma to reduce the morbidity and mortality, and promote better quality of life with better allocation of resources.

Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Diseases in Portuguese Speaking Regions

The application of the same epidemiological methods in different countries allows important comparisons between different races and cultures. During the last decade, two large multi-centres epidemiological studies, the Portuguese Study of Allergic Diseases in Childhood (PAC study) and the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC study), were implemented in Portuguese speaking regions. The main objectives were to assess and compare allergic diseases prevalence. The authors stress out the significant differences observed in schoolchildren from the three continents, with different genetic and environmental background. It was found an increase trend in the prevalence of all allergic diseases, mainly rhinitis, in last decade. Rhinitis has been identified as an independent risk factor for asthma in Caucasian population.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

SUMMARYThe epidemiological characteristics of paracoccidioidomycosis were reviewed and updated. The new endemic areas in Brazil were discussed in the section regarding the geographic distribution of the mycosis. Subclinical infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was discussed on the basis of skin test surveys with antigens of the fungus, seroepidemiological studies, and disease cases outside Latin America. Large case series permitted a comparison of the prevalence of the mycosis in different regions, its estimated incidence and risk factors for the development of the disease. Aspects modulating the expression of the clinical forms of paracoccidioidomycosis are also presented. This review also deals with diseases associated with the mycosis, opportunistic paracoccidioidomycosis, lethality, mortality and infection and disease in animals.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCORPION ENVENOMATION IN THE STATE OF CEARÁ, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

This report is a retrospective study of the epidemiology of scorpion sting cases recorded from 2007 to 2013 in the State of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. Data were collected from the Injury Notification Information System database of the Health Department of Ceará. A total of 11,134 cases were studied and distributed across all the months of the studied period and they occurred mainly in urban areas. Victims were predominantly 20-29 years-old women. Most victims were bitten on the hand; and received medical assistance within 1-3 hours after being bitten. Cases were mostly classified as mild and progressed to cure. Scorpion envenomation in Ceará is an environmental public health problem that needs to be monitored and controlled throughout the year.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HONEYBEE STING CASES IN THE STATE OF CEARÁ, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

In the American continent, honeybee envenomation is a public health problem due to the high incidence and severity of the cases. Despite its medical importance, there is a lack of epidemiological studies on this topic in Brazil, especially referring to the Northeastern states. The present study has aimed to describe the epidemiological features of honeybee envenomation cases in the state of the Ceará, Northeastern Brazil, from 2007 to 2013. Data were collected from the Injury Notification Information System database of the Health Department of Ceará. A total of 1,307 cases were analyzed. Cases were shown to be distributed in all the months of the studied years, reaching higher frequencies in August. The majority of cases occurred in urban areas and involved men aged between 20 and 29 years. Victims were mainly stung on the head and torso, and they received medical assistance predominantly within 3 hours after being stung. Local manifestations were more frequent than systemic ones. Most cases were classified as mild and progressed to cure. The high number of honeybee sting cases shows that Ceará may be an important risk area for such injuries. Moreover, the current study provides data for the development of strategies to promote control and prevention of bee stings in this area.

Comportamento da anemia e eosinofilia nas infestações por nematelmintos em crianças internadas na 5.ª Enfermaria do Instituto Fernandes Figueira

1) A incidência de exames coprológicos positivos para helmintos foi de 64.6% em crianças de baixo nível sócio-econômico procedentes do Estado da Guanabara e vizinhanças e internados no Instituto Fernandes Figueira devido a diversas entidades nosológicas. 2) Das crianças com exames positivos, 50,77% eram infestados por áscaris, 45% por tricuris, 13,84% por ancilóstoma e/ou necator, 18,56% por estrongilóides e 0,77% por esquistossoma. Não foram computados as infestações por oxiuros. 3) A ausência de casos de teníase provavelmente deve-se à alimentação carente em carnes. 4) As parasitoses mais freqüentes eram a ascaridíase e a tricuríase, isto é, as adquiridos por via digestiva. 5) O componente melanodérmico da amostra mostrou-se mais susceptível ao parasitismo que o leucodérmico, sendo o faiodérmico de susceptibilidade intermediária. 6) Os lactentes apresentam menor incidência de parasitismo que os grupos etários mais avançados (diferença estatisticamente significante), embora haja presença a de helmintíases graves em lactentes do grupo. 7) Mesmo em se tratando de crianças de nível sócio-econômico baixo e de precárias condições nutritivas, que predispõem à anemia, o grupo com exames de fezes positivos para nematelmintos apresenta uma incidência de diversos tipos de anemia maior que o grupo com exames de fezes negativos para helmintos (diferença estatisticamente significativa). 8) Alta incidência de estrongiloidíase na amostra. 9) Foi estudado o comportamento da eosinofilia em crianças com exames de fezes negativos, com exames positivos para nematelmintos e especial atenção foi dada à eosinofilia em lactentes de 0 a 1 ano.

Additional data on the epidemiology of chagas disease in the municipality of Caxias, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

An area believed to be an autochthonous focus for Chagas' disease was investigated in the municipality of Caxias, Rio de Janeiro State. The study included search for domestic triatomine bugs, serological test (IFT and CFT) in persons in whose house infested bugs were discovered, detailed clinicai examination and xenodiagnosis test of ali serologicall/ yy positive persons, and xenodiagnosis test on dogs from households in which infected triatomine bugs have been found. Only in one of the locatities (Piranema) domestic Triatoma infestans have been discovered. some of which were infected with T. cruzi. A small number of persons (mostly children) had a positive serologicál test for Chagas’ disease, but in all of them the infection was clinically asymptomatic. From two dogs, belonging to a household in which serologically positive children and infected T. infestans were discovered, T. cruzi was isolated by xenodiagnosis. The importunt epidemiological information obtained from this investigation was the discovery of domestic adaptation of T. infestans in an area with dense population .and with very low social and sanitary conditions, in a locality considered as non-endemic for the infection.