Operation X: Soviet Russia and the Spanish Civil War

This article offers a critical reassessment of the Soviet role in the Spanish Civil War, based on recent scholarship and declassified official documents. The author interrogates the broad historiographical consensus that reduces Soviet intervention in Spain to a sinister and nefarious force. Stalin's ignominious reputation vis-à-vis the Loyalist side is present in nearly all Western scholarship on the war, whether specialized studies by Nationalist sympathizers or Republicans in exile, or general treatments of European history written in England or America. It would be difficult to locate even a brief overview of the Civil War published outside of Russia that does not in some fashion demonize the Soviet dictator and the Soviet military assistance, code-named ‘Operation X’. The author argues that the basic error in the wide-ranging literature of this topic has always been to approach Stalin's position in Spain as one based on strength rather than weakness. If framed within the context of failure, Stalin's long-standing reputation as the villain of the Civil War may appear in a strikingly different light, and Soviets’ overall contribution to the Loyalist struggle therefore deserving a nuanced revision. The author also explores the multiple strands of the Soviet-Spanish relationship, which included not only military aid but also diplomatic, cultural and humanitarian facets.

The Climate of War: Violence, Warfare and Climatic Reductionism

National security agencies and other interested parties now often regard conflict as the inevitable consequence of climate change. This inclination to reduce war to the vicissitudes of climate is not new however. Here I examine some of the earlier ways in which violence was attributed to climatic conditions, particularly in the United States, and trace links between these older advocates of climatic determinism and the recent writings of those insisting that climate change will usher in a grim world of chronic warfare. It ends by drawing attention to the writings of some critics who are troubled by the ease with which climatic reductionism is capturing the public imagination.

African-american civil rights in the USA.

Recurso que ayuda a los estudiantes a preparar, analizar, interpretar y evaluar los temas de historia del nivel AS/A y que estudia la lucha de los afro-americanos para lograr la igualdad en los últimos 150 años. En el capítulo 1 se estudian los puntos de vistas más comunes sobre el movimiento de los derechos civiles; en el capítulo 2 se señalan los antecedentes de este movimiento y se examina la segregación de los afroamericanos en los estados del sur de Estados Unidos; en el capítulo 3 se analiza el papel jugado por las dos guerras mundiales en la transformación del contexto del movimiento de los derechos civiles, así como la aparición de las primeras organizaciones que desafiaban la segregación en el sur. Los capítulos 4 y 5 prestan atención a los retos de la discriminación después de 1945; en el capítulo 6 se describe el éxito del movimiento por los derechos civiles entre 1963 y 1965 y la eliminación, a fines de 1965, en los estados del sur de la política segregacionista. Po último, el capítulo 7 analiza el legado de este movimiento y los logros conseguidos desde 1965.

The Lieber Code and the regulation of civil war in international law

In this paper, we consider one particularly interesting feature of the Lieber Code, which is the fact that it was drawn up by the U.S. Government to regulate the conduct of its armed forces in a civil war. In so doing, we hope to explore the extent to which there may be links between the Lieber Code and the contemporary regulation of non-international armed conflicts. In particular, we explore some similarities and contrasts between the views on the regulation of civil war that existed at the time of the drafting of the Lieber Code and the position that exists today.

January 2001: Experts Debate Cyberage Issues; Civil War Letters

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Frances Anderson Gilmer Papers - Accession 247 - M104 (133-134)

The Frances Anderson Gilmer Papers consists of electrostatic photocopies of the following: genealogical records; biographical sketches; Records relating to the Sons of the American Revolution (SAR) and Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR); copy of the “The Revolutionary Soldiers of Catholic Presbyterian Church of Chester County, South Carolina" by Mary Wylie Strange; Diary of S. T. Anderson: Confederate Prisoner of War 1864-1865 by Margaret Anderson Harden (1908). Lt. Samuel Thompson of Anderson (1838-1894) was a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War in Co. D 1st South Carolina Cavalry. The genealogical records relate to the following families: Anderson, Wylie. McCalla, McKown, Yeamans, Moore (i.e., Governor James Moore) and Adair.

Morgan Reeves Papers- Accession 249 - M105 (135)

Morgan Reeves (1841-1928) was a Confederate Soldier during the American Civil War in Company I of the 13th South Carolina Regiment. He was also an exchanged prisoner at Camp Lee, near Richmond, VA on March 20, 1865. The Morgan Reeves Papers consist of photocopies of company, hospital, receipt rolls, and a morning report of Company I of the 13th South Carolina Regiment of the Confederate Army. The collection is all photocopies.

Thomas Jefferson Johnston Collection - Accession 1217, M582 (635)

The Thomas Jefferson Johnston Papers consists of the Civil War diary of Thomas Jefferson Johnston (1837-1894) from 1861 to August 7, 1864. Also included is a transcription of the journal as well as contextual notes of what was occurring during the war at large by Robert James Johnston (1945-) (great grandson of Thomas Jefferson Johnston) in 1992.

Masculinities in Conflict: Representations of the Other in Narrative during the Spanish Civil War

In this article, I analyze the representation of the Other in three texts that were published during the Spanish Civil War: El infierno azul (1938?), by Republican Isidro R. Mendieta, and two closely related works by Falangist Jacinto Miquelarena: Cómo fui ejecutado en Madrid (1937) and El otro mundo: La vida en las embajadas de Madrid (1938). Although these texts adhere to different political ideologies and are stylistically very divergent, they are similar in their constant criticisms of the enemy. Furthermore, both Republicans and rebels tend to depict the enemy as possessing an inadequate masculinity. He is described, on one hand, as a beast or an animal, unable to control his instincts, and, on the other hand, as an unmanly and effeminate coward. Thus, for the construction of the nation, the Other presents an inappropriate masculinity, which is either excessive and uncontainable, or insufficient. Therefore, national ideologies seem to propose a normative masculinity that is located in an ambiguous middle ground: a masculinity that is able to control animal instincts yet capable of heroic acts.

United States v. Steinmetz: The Legal Legacy of the Civil War, Revisited

One of the enduring and yet unresolved issues concerning the Civil War is its legal nature: Was it an insurrection or an international war? During the war and since, the United States courts have repeatedly been called upon to determine the status of property which was under the control of the Confederacy and its agents during the Civil War. In the process of making such determinations, the courts have reopened questions about the war's legal status. United States v. Steinmetz is such a case.

The sacralization of politics and the politization of the sacred during the Spanish Civil War and the first francoism (1936-1943)

Tra il 1936 e il 1943 la Spagna visse un periodo di guerra civile e scontri fra la Falange e la Chiesa. Tutto ciò non fece altro che innalzare la figura di Franco, un generale, che viene sacralizzato e che governò per quasi 40 anni