土地利用方式对内蒙古农牧交错区草地生态系统的影响

陆地生态系统是人类赖以生存与持续发展的基础。由于其巨大的碳储存能力陆地生态系统在全球碳循环过程中发挥着重要作用，尤其是在延缓因大气中CO2浓度升高所引起的气候变化方面作用更为突出。作为世界上最广布的植被类型之一，草地生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分，其面积占到全球陆地面积的五分之一。中国有着世界第二大的草地生态系统，面积为3.55×108 hm2，约占世界草地面积的6％～8％，其碳储量为世界总碳储量的9％～16％。以内蒙古高原为主体的北方草地，面积约占国土总面积的40％左右，是一种重要的可再生的农牧业资源;作为一种重要的绿色生态屏障，北方草地在调节气候，涵养水源，防风固沙，净化空气和美化环境等方面起着重要作用。由于人口的增长和经济发展的需求，许多土地利用方式呈现在北方农牧交错区。地处内蒙古高原南麓的多伦县属于典型的农牧交错区，良好的气候条件和复杂的人文环境决定了多种土地利用方式在这一地区的并存，为开展不 同土地利用方式对草地生态系统影响的研究提供了天然的研究场所。 本研究选择了多伦县境内的6种土地利用方式作为研究对象，即围封禁牧样地、刈割禁牧样地、自由放牧样地、人工（紫花苜蓿）草地、农田（青贮玉米）和弃耕地，主要研究在这几种不同的土地利用方式影响下，土壤碳氮储量、草地生态系统功能（生产力等）和群落结构的变化。通过对土壤碳氮储量变化的研究发现： (1) 不同土地利用方式因其地上净初级生产力的不同而影响了土壤的碳氮储量，但是高的地上初级生产力并不一定能提高土壤的碳氮储量，如青贮玉米地。这主要是因为土壤碳氮储量与根系和凋落的输入相关。 (2) 不同土地利用方式对植被的浅层（0-20 cm）根系影响较大，继而影响了土壤的碳氮储量。这是因为大约80％的根系碳氮和50％的土壤碳氮储量都集中分布在这一层次。而土壤潜在库容的进一步扩大则要依靠深层根系生物量的增加，以提高深层土壤的碳氮含量，如人工（苜蓿）草地。 (3) 在合理利用方式或者科学管理措施下，草地土壤有机碳储量处于8 kg C m-2到10 kg C m-2之间，比过度退化草地的有机碳储量提高了50％。 (4) 经过短期恢复，土壤的库容量会很快增加，表现出较强的储存功能。因此，通过合理的土地利用方式和管理措施，中国北方农牧交错区可以转变成一个巨大的碳汇。 通过对不同利用方式下草地生态系统的功能、群落结构和物种多样性恢复的研究，得到如下实验结果： (1) 与自由放牧相比，短期（5年）禁牧（围封和刈割）提高了草地的地上净初级生产力和物种数目。围封禁牧和刈割禁牧草地的地上净初级生产力分别比自由放牧草地高出107.3％和50％;而物种数目则分别比自由放牧草地增加了14.8％和25.9％。 (2) 围封和刈割禁牧，尤其是后者，主要增加了非禾本科草本植物在群落中所占的比例;而在自由放牧草地，灌木和半灌木种群在群落中占有绝对优势。 (3) 物种多样性和生产力间的关系因外部干扰程度的不同而变化。在轻度干扰（围封禁牧）和中度干扰（刈割禁牧）下，生产力和物种多样性间呈指数正相关关系;而在重度干扰（自由放牧）下，群落地上净初级生产力随着物种多样性的增加呈指数递减的趋势。 通过对不同土地利用（或干扰）方式下，草地生态系统小尺度上的空间属性进行分析后，得到以下研究结果： (1) 群落和物种的地上生物量以及土壤养分均表现出显著的小尺度空间结构特征，并且在不同利用方式影响下，这种空间属性表现出较大的差异。 (2) 禁牧（围封和刈割）草地的土壤有机碳和氮含量比较高。土壤有机碳的变程较小，变化范围为0.83～1.40 m，其在三种类型土地利用的变异系数都维持在18.0％左右;土壤全氮的空间自相关尺度为0.46～14.69m，变异系数为12.10％～30.86％。 (3) 群落地上生物量以禁牧（围封和刈割）草地较高。在围封禁牧和刈割禁牧草地内的变异系数分别为26.48％和19.94％，在自由放牧草地的变异系数为67.47％;其空间自相关尺度为0.74～3.9m。在不同的土地利用方式下，物种、功能群以及多样性指数都表现出显著的空间异质性，并且其空间属性变化各异。 (4) 土壤养分和植被的空间分布相互影响，互为因果关系。这种小尺度的空间格局差异是群落演替的驱动力，而不同的土地利用方式正是通过改变群落内小尺度的空间属性来影响了群落的演替方向。 在不同土地利用方式影响下，草地生态系统不仅在宏观功能，如生态系统生产力、群落结构和土壤的碳氮储量等方面表现出较大的差异，而且在微观结构上，如土壤养分和物种的空间属性等方面也发生了明显了变化，并且宏观和微观上的变化相互促进相互影响，它们的相互作用在很大程度上决定了群落的演替方向和草地生态系统全球变化过程中的具体作用。

Biodiversity in floodplains with special reference to artificial stocking

A five years investigation on fish biodiversity in connection with artificial stocking was conducted in three south-western floodplains of Bangladesh from 1992 to 1996. The ten top most available and ten rarest fish species were identified. Puntius sp., Channa punctatus, Mystus sp., Anabus testudinius, Ambasis sp., Colisha sp. and Macrobrachium sp. etc. were the most common available species. On the other hand, Mystus aor, Notopterus chitala, Clupisoma garua, Aplocheilus panchax, Ctenophmyngodon idella etc. were the rarest species. However, the most abundant and the rarest fish species behaved differently in different floodplains in different years. Shannon diversity index was used to assess the extent of diversity in different years. The study revealed that the artificial stocking programme, to some extent, influenced the biodiversity in floodplains.

Technical guidelines for management of fisheries resources, biodiversity and environment of Victoria basin lakes

Lake victoria is the second largest lake in the world.the lake is shatred between three East African countries (Kenya,Uganda and Tanzania) the lake basin is estimatedto have about 30 million people who depend on it as a source of fish for food,employment,income and recreation.the lake is transport locally and regionally is used for recreation and is recongnised internationally for its high fish species diversity of ecological and scientific value. This document in the first in a series to be produced on different fish production systems in Uganda and should stimulate discussions and comments to guide application of scientific findings into the policy environment.

Growth performance evaluation of genetically improved silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus Bleeker) in different agro-ecological zones in Bangladesh

On farm trials of silver barb with other carps were carried out in 40 ponds during May to October 2005 in four agro-ecological zones viz., Trishal, Muktagacha, Parbotipur and Paikgacha in Bangladesh. In Trishal and Muktagacha zones, ponds were stocked with silver barb, silver carp and common carp at the stocking density of 11,500 fish/ha, whereas in Parbotipur and Paikgacha zones, ponds were stocked with silver barb, rohu, catla and mrigal at the stocking density of 10,000/ha. Among the ponds, 50% (20 ponds) were stocked with BFRI improved stock of silver barb (Treatment-1) and rest of the 20 ponds stocked with local silver barb stock (Treatment-2). The harvest weight of BFRI improved silver barb were 149±16.01, 168±18.06, 198±14 and 230±9.25g in Trishal, Muktagacha, Paikgacha and Parbotipur, whereas the data obtained at 113±15.52, 136±20.66, 170±17.0 and 205±12.10g for local stock of silver barb, respectively. In all trials, the harvest weight of BFRI improved stock showed significantly higher growth performance (P<0.05) over the local stocks.

Environmental impact of wild shrimp seed collection with non-selective gears on coastal aquatic biodiversity

Collection of wild tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) seed with non-selective gears and its impact upon the coastal aquatic biodiversity has been investigated. Loss of undesired species as by-catch was estimated to be 1,075 individuals for collection of every desired shrimp seed which amounted to be 132 billion in a study area stretching 3 km long coastline of the Sagar Island under the Sunderban Biosphere, West Bengal, India. Non-penaeid shrimp seed and crab larvae accounted to be maximally destroyed as their overall contribution towards the by-catch were 56.5% and 29.44%, respectively. Though, rate of bycatch loss was found to be inversely correlated with the rate of shrimp seed collected per gear (r=-0.82, p<0.05) during the peak season (May-September), the overall relationship between them exhibited a linear relationship (r=0.73, p<0.05). By-catch loss for every shrimp seed collection tended to increase up to a daily collection of 2,500 numbers of shrimp seeds per gear followed by a decline. Coastal aquatic community was maximally damaged when the heterogeneity and stability as reflected by different diversity indices were higher.

Status of the biodiversity of St. Martin's Island, Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

A total of 234 species of fish have been recorded from the St Martin Island. Of which, 98 species are coral associated. The total number of recorded mollusc and crab species stands at 187 and 7 species respectively. A total of 66 coral species were recorded, of which 19 are fossil corals, 36 living corals and the rest are under 6 families of subclass Octocorallia (soft corals). A total of 14 species of algae have been recorded from the St. Martin's Island. There is an estimated amount of 1500 MT red sea weed biomass available around the St. Martin's Island. The island contains some of the most unique, benthic community associations in Bangladesh, not found anywhere else in the South Asian region. The unique marine communities have very high scientific value for research and monitoring and there are only a few examples worldwide, where coral-algal communities dominate rocky reefs. The economy of the island is based on fishing. It is estimated that, about 1650 MT of fish are caught annually. Over-exploitation of renewable marine and coastal resources (e.g., rocky reef fisheries, coral and shell extraction; removal of coastal vegetation from inter-tidal and sub-tidal habitats) is a major threat to this ecosystem. Destructive fishing practices, mainly the use of rock-weighted gill nets over the inshore boulder reefs is of prime aggravates. Proper implementation of the rules and regulation for Ecologically Critical Areas (ECA's), alternative livelihood for the local people and further research should be immediately taken for sustainable utilization and to save the rich biodiversity of the only coral island in Bangladesh.

Identification of biodiversity and distribution pattern of benthic Foraminifera and Ostracoda in continental shelf sediments of the Oman Sea

Biodiversity and distribution of benthic Foraminifera and Ostracoda in the continental shelf sediments of the Omman Sea was studied in order to indicating of the composition of benthic foraminiferal and ostracodal communities and determining of their relationship with the environmental factors of the Omman Sea. Sediment samples were gathered in winter 2006 from twelve stations ranging in depth from 30 to 103 meters. Environmental factors including depth, temperature, salinity, dissolved Oxygen and pH were measured with a CTD system during sampling time and grain size and total organic matter were measured in laboratory. From the overall 57 benthic foram species, there were 52 identified species belong to 25 genera of 16 families. The cosmopolitan foraminifer, Ammonia beccarii, was common in all sampling stations. The composition of benthic foram communities had a highly positive correlation with depth, salinity and total organic matter. From the overall 30 ostracod species, there were 26 identified species belong to 22 genera of 13 families. Diversity and aboundance of ostracoda of the Oman Sea decreased from east to west and from south to north but increased slightly in the northwest (near the Strait of Hormoz). Ostracoda of the genus Propontocypris were common in all sampling stations but the genera Cyprideis, Paradoxostom and Hemicytheridea were rare in the Oman Sea. Diversity and aboundance of ostracoda in northern regions were less than southern and were less than foraminifera too. The composition of ostracodal communities had a highly positive correlation with dept, salinity and grain size. Biodiversity and distribution pattern of benthic foraminifera and ostracoda were being different in various sampling stations, especially between northern and southern regions. Water depth, salinity and structure of the sediments were the most important abiotic factors controlling the distribution pattern of benthic foraminifera and ostracoda in the Omman Sea. None existence or rare observation of structural abnormalities and oil polluted individuals in the vicinity of all sampling stations, resulted to the "clean" benthic environment of the Omman Sea.

Biodiversity and socio-economic information of selected areas of Sri Lankan side of the Gulf of Mannar

Rapid biodiversity and socio-economic studies of the Gulf of Mannar were required as part of the process to propose the Sri Lankan side as a Biosphere Reserve. These included livelihoods; land use; infrastructure; biodiversity; agriculture; fisheries; archaeological and cultural significance; and development and environmental issues.

Biodiversity and production of bioactive material from cyanobacteria in Persian Gulf

In this project sampling was done from 9 stations in 3 depths during 5 seasons to separate, identify and examine the biodiversity of cyanobacteria. Another sampling also has been done to analyse all physical and physicochemical parameters, primary production and polluting agents such as heavy metals and oil hydrocarbons in water and sediments. Along with optimization of Oscillatoria to study the ability of producing natural substances, these cyanobacteria were analysed from the point of antimicrobial and mutagenic effects. To examine the relationships among analysed parameters, the regression test, analysis of varian and Post Hoc were used. As the result of this study 48 genus of cyanobacteria were pecognised among which 35.5% were croco ccales and 64.4% were Hermogonals. Oscillatoria was one of the Filamentous cyanobacteria which had antibacterial and mutagenic effects. The results of multicommunity consistency varians test, post Hoc and homogenous subsets show significant difference between biodiversity of cyanotbacteria in coral ecosystem, Mangrove and transite. The linear correlation coefficient between biodiversity of cyanobacteria and bioenvironmental agents were examined, but there was no continuous relation between these factors and biological biodiversity. In Surface layer there was a significant correlation coefficent at 0.048 and probability at 95% confidence interval. Also, the biodiversity is depended on oil pollution and heavy metals such as copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr).