Resolutiones casuum conscientiae habitae in clericorum congregatione cogi consueta singulis mensibus intra episcopales Urbisueteris aedes /

Mode of access: Internet.

Repellent activity of compounds submitted by Walter Reed Army Institues of Research : Part 1, Protection time and minimum effective dosage against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes /

Issued May 1977.

Index bibliothecae qua Franciscus Barberinus ... magnificentissimas suae familiae ad Quirinalem aedes magnificentiores reddidit : tomi tres, libros typis editos complectentes.

Mode of access: Internet.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de baixo custo para contagem automática de ovos de Aedes Aegypti utilizando técnicas de processamento de imagem

O objetivo deste trabalho é prover um aplicativo de celular e um protocolo para aquisição de imagens para contagem dos ovos de Aedes aegypti com as seguintes características: facilidade de uso, alta acurácia e custo baixo. O mosquito Ae. aegypti, popularmente conhecido como mosquito da dengue, é um importante vetor de arboviroses como a própria dengue, a chikungunya, a zika e a febre amarela em seu ciclo urbano. O monitoramento entomológico é uma maneira de melhorar a capacidade de predição e na detecção precoce de epidemias das doenças mencionadas. Este monitoramento é majoritariamente baseado no índice larvário, o qual lista a quantidade de casas infectadas, ou a quantidade de ovos de Aedes coletados em palhetas em ovitrampas. Estas palhetas são normalmente de eucatex, mas existem pesquisas atuais testando o algodão.A contagem dos ovos coletados em ovitrampas é feita manualmente, a qual demanda tempo, profissionais qualificados para o manuseio de equipamento laboratorial (lupas e microscópios) e conhecimento entomológico. Buscou-se criar um método para acelerar o trabalho feito pelos profissionais em controle entomológico. A metodologia contou com a criação de um aplicativo e com um processo de contagem dos ovos, o qual consiste em quatro passos: a) Fotografar as palhetas em ovitrampas utilizando de uma câmera de celular; b) Transformar as fotos em uma imagem binarizada, removendo todos os elementos que não são ovos; c) Contar a área de cada elemento; d) A partir do uso de um classificador especialmente desenvolvido, estimar a quantidade de ovos baseado na área de cada elemento. Nos resultados, foi possível notar que houve uma disparidade na contagem de ovos em palhetas de algodão, a qual teve um erro médio próximo a zero, em relação às palhetas de eucatex, as quais tiveram erro médio acima de 5\%. Dos pontos mais importantes das conclusões, destacam-se a possibilidade de melhoria contínua do aplicativo por permanecer na nuvem, com possibilidade de avanços conforme novas descobertas, assim como o excelente custo-benefício obtido, por conseguir operar com baixo custo monetário.

The endocrine basis for reproductive life-history trade-offs during the previtellogenic resting stage in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes Aegypti

Juvenile hormone (JH) is the central hormonal regulator of life-history trade-offs in many insects. In Aedes aegypti, JH regulates reproductive development after emergence. Little is known about JH's physiological functions after reproductive development is complete or JH's role in mediating life-history trade-offs. By examining the effect of hormones, nutrition, and mating on ovarian physiology during the previtellogenic resting stage, critical roles were determined for these factors in mediating life-history trade-offs and reproductive output. The extent of follicular resorption during the previtellogenic resting stage is dependent on nutritional quality. Feeding females a low quality diet during the resting stage causes the rate of follicular resorption to increase and reproductive output to decrease. Conversely, feeding females a high quality diet causes resorption to remain low. The extent of resorption can be increased by separating the ovaries from a source of JH or decreased by exogenous application of methoprene. Active caspases were localized to resorbing follicles indicating that an apoptosis-like mechanism participates in follicular resorption. Accumulations of neutral lipids and the accumulation of mRNA's integral to endocytosis and oocyte development such as the vitellogenin receptor (AaVgR), lipophorin receptor (AaLpRov), heavy-chain clathrin (AaCHC), and ribosomal protein L32 (rpL32) were also examined under various nutritional and hormonal conditions. The abundance of mRNA's and neutral lipid content increased within the previtellogenic ovary as mosquitoes were offered increasing sucrose concentrations or were treated with methoprene. These same nutritional and hormonal manipulations altered the extent of resorption after a blood meal indicating that the fate of follicles and overall fecundity depends, in part, on nutritional and hormonal status during the previtellogenic resting stage. Mating female mosquitoes also altered follicle quality and resorption similarly to nutrition or hormonal application and demonstrates that male accessory gland substances such as JH III passed to the female during copulation have a strong effect on ovarian physiology during the previtellogenic resting stage and can influence reproductive output. Taken together these results demonstrate that the previtellogenic resting stage is not an inactive period but is instead a period marked by extensive life-history and fitness trade-offs in response to nutrition, hormones and mating stimuli.

Aedes aegypti pharate first instar aseasonal quiescence cues anticipatory plasticity with implications for urban vector ecology and control

The eggs of the dengue fever vector Aedes aegypti possess the ability to undergo an extended quiescence period hosting a fully developed first instar larvae within its chorion. As a result of this life history stage, pharate larvae can withstand months of dormancy inside the egg where they depend on stored reserves of maternal origin. This adaptation known as pharate first instar quiescence, allows A. aegypti to cope with fluctuations in water availability. An examination of this fundamental adaptation has shown that there are trade-offs associated with it. ^ Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are frequently associated with urban habitats that may contain metal pollution. My research has demonstrated that the duration of this quiescence and the extent of nutritional depletion associated with it affects the physiology and survival of larvae that hatch in a suboptimal habitat; nutrient reserves decrease during pharate first instar quiescence and alter subsequent larval and adult fitness. The duration of quiescence compromises metal tolerance physiology and is coupled to a decrease in metallothionein mRNA levels. My findings also indicate that even low levels of environmentally relevant larval metal stress alter the parameters that determine vector capacity. ^ My research has also demonstrated that extended pharate first instar quiescence can elicit a plastic response resulting in an adult phenotype distinct from adults reared from short quiescence eggs. Extended pharate first instar quiescence affects the performance and reproductive fitness of the adult female mosquito as well as the nutritional status of its progeny via maternal effects in an adaptive manner, i.e., anticipatory phenotypic plasticity results as a consequence of the duration of pharate first instar quiescence and alternative phenotypes may exist for this mosquito with quiescence serving as a cue possibly signaling the environmental conditions that follow a dry period. M findings may explain, in part, A. aegypti's success as a vector and its geographic distribution and have implications for its vector capacity and control.^

Sugar Feeding Affects the Male Contribution in Reproduction in Aedes Aegypti

Juvenile hormone (JH) is crucial for the stimulation and progression of oogenesis from emergence to the previtellogenic resting stage in female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Juvenile hormone has been suggested to be among the many substances transferred form the male accessory glands to the female during copulation but no evidence for this has previously been provided. Quantification of JH III in the accessory glands of males and in the bursae copulatrix and spermathecae of mated females was performed using HPLC-FD. These amounts were measured in relation to the quality of adult sugar feeding in the male. The effect of this variable transfer was measured on two fecundity markers that occur during the previtellogenic stage of oogenesis, specifically follicular resorption and ovarian lipids. Male mosquitoes provided with 20% sucrose contained ~ 60% greater amount of JH in the accessory glands and transferred 4 fmol more JH during copulation than males provided with 3% sucrose. These differences resulted in a nearly 40% reduction in follicular resorption and an approximate 3-fold increase in lipid content in the ovaries of mated females during the previtellogenic stage. These results suggest that the contribution of JH from the male is dependent on the quality of nutrition obtained during adult sugar feeding. Female fecundity is likely responsive to these variable previtellogenic effects, possibly resulting in a difference in the number of eggs laid. Improvements in female reproductive output may have wider implications in the transmission of diseases attributed to this important arbovirus vector.