Incipient straining in severe plastic deformation methods

Knowledge of the plasticity associated with the incipient stage of chip formation is useful toward developing an understanding of the deformation field underlying severe plastic deformation processes. The transition from a transient state of straining to a steady state was investigated in plane strain machining of a model material system-copper. Characterization of the evolution to a steady-state deformation field was made by image correlation, hardness mapping, load analysis, and microstructure characterization. Empirical relationships relating the deformation heterogeneity and the process parameters were found and explained by the corresponding effects on shear plane geometry. The results are potentially useful to facilitate a framework for process design of large strain deformation configurations, wherein transient deformation fields prevail. These implications are considered in the present study to quantify the efficiency of processing methods for bulk ultrafine-grained metals by large strain extrusion machining and equal channel angular pressing.

Interface-assisted spintronics: Tailoring at the molecular scale

Organic molecules adsorbed on magnetic surfaces offer the possibility to merge the concepts of molecular electronics with spintronics to build future nanoscale data storage, sensing, and computing multifunctional devices. In order to engineer the functionalities of such hybrid spintronic devices, an understanding of the electronic and magnetic properties of the interface between carbon-based aromatic materials and magnetic surfaces is essential. In this article, we discuss recent progress in the study of spin-dependent chemistry and physics associated with the above molecule-ferromagnet interface by combining state-of-the-art experiments and theoretical calculations. The magnetic properties such as molecular magnetic moment, electronic interface spin-polarization, magnetic anisotropy, and magnetic exchange coupling can be specifically tuned by an appropriate choice of the organic material and the magnetic substrate. These reports suggest a gradual shift in research toward an emerging subfield of interface-assisted molecular spintronics.

A critical examination of the paradox of strength and ductility in ultrafine-grained metals

The paradox of strength and ductility is now well established and denotes the difficulty of simultaneously achieving both high strength and high ductility. This paradox was critically examined using a cast Al-7% Si alloy processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) for up to 10 turns at a temperature of either 298 or 445 K. This processing reduces the grain size to a minimum of similar to 0.4 mu m and also decreases the average size of the Si particles. The results show that samples processed to high numbers of HPT turns exhibit both high strength and high ductility when tested at relatively low strain rates and the strain rate sensitivity under these conditions is similar to 0.14 which suggests that flow occurs by some limited grain boundary sliding and crystallographic slip. The results are also displayed on the traditional diagram for strength and ductility and they demonstrate the potential for achieving high strength and high ductility by increasing the number of turns in HPT.

Influence of yttria and zirconia additions on spark plasma sintering of alumina composites

The mechanisms of densification and creep were examined during spark plasma sintering (SPS) of alumina doped with a low and high level of zirconia or yttria, over a temperature range of 1173-1573 K and stresses between 25 and 100 MPa. Large additions of yttria led clearly to in situ reactions during SPS and the formation of a yttrium-aluminum garnet phase. Dopants generally lead to a reduction in the densification rate, with substantial reductions noted in samples with similar to 5.5 vol% second phase. In contrast to a stress exponent of n similar to 1 for pure alumina, the doped aluminas displayed n similar to 2 corresponding to an interface-controlled diffusion process. The higher activation energies in the composites are consistent with previous data on creep and changes in the interfacial energies. The results reveal a compensation effect, such that an increase in the activation energy is accompanied by a corresponding increase in the pre-exponential term for diffusion.

Computational modeling of reactive hot pressing of zirconium carbide

A model of reactive hot pressing of zirconium carbide (ZrCx, 0.5 < x < 1) has been constructed that incorporates four processes that occur in parallel: creep of zirconium (Zr), reaction of Zr and carbon (C), increase in volume fraction of hard phase with progressive reaction that reduces the creep of Zr and, finally, de-densification associated with volume reduction during reaction. The reasonable agreement of the model with experimental results verifies that plastic deformation of Zr is the main factor that is responsible for the low-temperature reactive densification of ZrC and that ZrC may be treated as a rigid inclusion that contributes little to densification. It predicts that densification is impaired by increasing carbon stoichiometry due to the increasing amount of starting hard phase and the greater contraction upon reaction. Additionally, the model predicts that mixtures of Zr and ZrC should show equal or better densification than Zr and C mixtures.

A Generalization of Gravity

I consider theories of gravity built not just from the metric and affine connection, but also other (possibly higher rank) symmetric tensor(s). The Lagrangian densities are scalars built from them, and the volume forms are related to Cayley's hyperdeterminants. The resulting diff-invariant actions give rise to geometric theories that go beyond the metric paradigm (even metric-less theories are possible), and contain Einstein gravity as a special case. Examples contain theories with generalizeations of Riemannian geometry. The 0-tensor case is related to dilaton gravity. These theories can give rise to new types of spontaneous Lorentz breaking and might be relevant for ``dark'' sector cosmology.

In-situ study of microscale fracture of diffusion aluminide bond coats: Effect of platinum

The influence of Pt layer thickness on the fracture behavior of PtNiAl bond coats was studied in situ using clamped micro-beam bend tests inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Clamped beam bending is a fairly well established micro-scale fracture test geometry that has been previously used in determination of fracture toughness of Si and PtNiAl bond coats. The increasing amount of Pt in the bond coat matrix was accompanied by several other microstructural changes such as an increase in the volume fraction of alpha-Cr precipitate particles in the coating as well as a marginal decrease in the grain size of the matrix. In addition, Pt alters the defect chemistry of the B2-NiAl structure, directly affecting its elastic properties. A strong correlation was found between the fracture toughness and the initial Pt layer thickness associated with the bond coat. As the Pt layer thickness was increased from 0 to 5 mu m, resulting in increasing Pt concentration from 0 to 14.2 at.% in the B2-NiAl matrix and changing alpha-Cr precipitate fraction, the initiation fracture toughness (K-IC) was seen to rise from 6.4 to 8.5 MPa.m(1/2). R-curve behavior was observed in these coatings, with K-IC doubling for a crack propagation length of 2.5 mu m. The reasons for the toughening are analyzed to be a combination of material's microstructure (crack kinking and bridging due to the precipitates) as well as size effects, as the crack approaches closer to the free surface in a micro-scale sample.

Effect of applied pressure on densification of monolithic ZrCx ceramic by reactive hot pressing

The effect of applied pressure on reactive hot pressing (RHP) of zirconium (Zr):graphite (C) in molar ratios of 1:0.5, 1:0.67, 1:0.8, and 1:1 was studied at 1200 degrees C for 60 min. The relative density achievable increased with increasing pressure and ranged from 99% at 4 MPa for ZrC0.5 to 93% for stoichiometric ZrC at 100 MPa. The diminishing influence of pressure on the final density with increasing stoichiometry is attributed to two causes: the decreasing initial volume fraction of the plastically deforming Zr metal which leads to the earlier formation of a contiguous, stress shielding carbide skeleton and the larger molar volume shrinkage during reaction which leads to pore formation in the final stages. A numerical model of the creep densification of a dynamically evolving microstructure predicts densities that are consistent with observations and confirm that the availability of a soft metal is primarily responsible for the achievement of such elevated densification during RHP. The ability to densify nonstoichiometric compositions like ZrC0.5 at pressures as low as 4 MPa offers an alternate route to fabricating dense nonstoichiometric carbides.

The application of B-P constitutive equations in finite element analysis of high velocity impact

We present in this paper the application of B-P constitutive equations in finite element analysis of high velocity impact. The impact process carries out in so quick time that the heat-conducting can be neglected and meanwhile, the functions of temperature in equations need to be replaced by functions of plastic work. The material constants in the revised equations can be determined by comparison of the one-dimensional calculations with the experiments of Hopkinson bar. It can be seen from the comparison of the calculation with the experiment of a tungsten alloy projectile impacting a three-layer plate that the B-P constitutive equations in that the functions of temperature were replaced by the functions of plastic work can be used to analysis of high velocity impact.

Flood Routing Models in Confluent and Dividing Channels

By introducing a water depth connecting formula, the hydraulic equations in the dividing channel system were coupled and the relation of discharge distribution between the branches of the dividing channels can be yielded. In this manner, a numerical model for the confluent channels was established to study the variation of backwater effects with the parameters in the channel junction. The meeting of flood peaks in the mainstream and tributary can be analyzed with this model. The flood peak meeting is found to be a major factor for the extremely high water level in the mainstream during the 1998 Yangtze River flood. Subsequently the variations of discharge distribution and water level with channel parameters between each branch in this system were studied as well. As a result, flood evolution caused by Jingjiang River shortcut and sediment deposition in the entrance of dividing channels of the Yangtze River may be qualitatively elucidated. It is suggested to be an effective measure for flood mitigation to enhance regulation capability of reservoirs available upstream of the tributaries and harness branch entrance channels.

Aspectos bioecológicos de las malezas presentes en la Finca Experimental "La Compañía"

Durante la época de postreras (Agosto - Noviembre) de 1989, se realizó un ensayo en la Estación Experimental "La Compañía", ubicada en el municipio de San Marcos, Carazo, Región IV., con el objetivo de determinar las asociaciones de malezas que compiten con los cultivos. Además determinar la influencia de tres sistemas de labranzas sobre la dinámica de las especies de malezas, la composición florística, crecimiento y la influencia de los métodos de laboreo sobre la variación en la germinación de diferentes especies de malezas. Para la determinación de las asociaciones de malezas se realizaron muestreos de campo, utilizando un área de 18 m2 como parcela de muestreo. Para determinar la influencia de tres sistemas de labranzas sobre la dinámica, la composición florística y biología de las especies de malezas se establecieron metros cuadrados estacionarios, Se distribuyeron en el campo 15 m2 , se utilizó tres diferentes sistemas de labranza: labranza convencional, labranza mínima labranza cero., a cada sistema de labranza le correspondieron 5 m2. Para evaluar la germinación escalonada de las principales especies de malezas, se realizó un procedimiento similar al descrito anteriormente, 5 m2 estacionarios fueron establecidos en cada uno de los tres sistemas de labranza. En el caso de labranza convencional la tierra era removida cada 15 días, simulando la práctica normal de preparación de suelo que incluía grada, arado, nivelación y surcado. En la labranza mínima, las malezas fueron cortadas a nivel del suelo, con intervalos de 15 días se preparaba el suelo usando un arado de mano, simulando la práctica de labranza realizada por pequeños productores agrícolas. En el caso de cero labranza la maleza era eliminada a nivel del suelo con intervalos de 15 días y posteriormente se evaluaban la variaciones en la flora de malezas en el tiempo. Los resultados obtenidos durante el ensayo son resumidos de la siguiente manera: La vegetación natural estuvo conformada por un alto número de especies 49 en total, se encontraron 42 géneros y 49 especies, pertenecientes a 20 familias. Las malezas encontradas fueron en su mayoría dicotiledóneas, representando el 60% del total de malezas y las especies restantes monocotiledóneas un 40%.Los mayores valores de cubrimientos fueron para las especies dicotiledóneas. Las especies que alcanzaron mayor área foliar fueron: Malampodium divaricatum (flor amarilla) Amaranthus spinosus (bledo) Melanstera aspera (totolquelite) Biden pilosa (aceitillo). Se encontró que en labranza convencional, el número de individuo/m2 aumentó en todo el periodo del ensayo, seguido por labranza mínima que también presentó una mayor proliferación de Sorghum halepense en relación a los otros sistemas. Las especie en estudio presentaron crecimiento superior en los sistema de labranza mínima y labranza convencional, lo contrario se observa en labranza cero donde se mantuvo por debajo de los otros sistemas. La especie Sorghum halepense tiene un crecimiento más rápido en Labranza mínima. En la germinación escalonada de las diferentes especies de malezas, el sistema de labranza convencional mantuvo un porcentaje mayor de especies dicotiledóneas (individuos /m2) en relación a otros sistemas de labranzas. Las especies monocotiledóneas se presentaron con un porcentaje mayor (individuos /m2) en el sistema de labranza cero. Se dio un comportamiento diferente de las especies de malezas en los tres sistemas de labranzas. Las especies Sorghun halepense, Panicum thichoides, Melanstera aspera, Melampodium divaricatum, estuvieron presentes con frecuencia superiores en relación a los otras especies en los tres sistemas de labranza.

Efectos de tres tipos de empaques y tres ambientes sobre la calidad fisiológica de la semilla de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) variedad sebaqueña mejorada

Se almacenó semilla de cebolla (Allium cepa L.) variedad "Sebaqueña" mejorada con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de tres condiciones ambientales (Cuarto Frío, Sébaco y Managua) y tres tipos de envases (lata hermética, lata semi-hermética y sacos de algodón) sobre la viabilidad de la semilla, así como el período en el que la calidad de la semilla se mantendrá agronómicamente aceptable. Durante el período de almacenamiento se llevaron registros de los factores ambientales (Temperatura y humedad relativa), al igual, se efectuaron pruebas de vigor y germinación en laboratorio en laboratorio. Se determinó que la alta humedad relativa (73%) en el ambiente de Cuarto Frío provocaron el deterioro rápido de las semillas en envases abiertos y las altas temperaturas (34°c) y elevada humedad relativa (75%) en el ambiente de Managua. Se observó que el ambiente que presentó mejores condiciones para el almacenamiento de las semillas fue Sébaco con temperaturas promedio de 27° C y humedad relativa media de 67% durante el período de almacenamiento; además, se observó que en envase hermético se conserva mejor el vigor y la viabilidad de la semilla en las tres condiciones ambientales establecidas teniendo un promedio de germinación mayor de 75% a los meses después de iniciado el almacenamiento en los envases.

¿Recepción creativa en el III Concilio Provincial Mexicano?

Resumen: Repetidamente leemos en la historiografía la afirmación de que los concilios provinciales celebrados en la América hispánica durante el siglo dieciséis fueron una mera repetición o recepción de concilios y sínodos celebrados en el Viejo Mundo. En el presente artículo, de manera sumaria damos elementos que servirían para cuestionar esta afirmación a partir de los materiales de trabajo publicados recientemente sobre el Tercer Concilio Provincial Mexicano, celebrado en 1585.