Les interventions des institutions de Bretton Woods dans la sous-région d'Afrique Centrale : les exemples du Cameroun et du Gabon (1987-2007)

RESUME DE LA THESE Le but de cette thèse est d'analyser la réforme générale de l'Etat au Cameroun et au Gabon par les institutions de Bretton Woods sur une période de vingt ans (1987-2007). Pour ce faire, mon travail consiste à étudier le rôle majeur joué par les différentes mesures économiques impulsées dans les pays par le Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) et la Banque Mondiale. Il s'agit de voir si les différentes réformes d'ajustement que ces institutions ont imposé au Cameroun et au Gabon ont produit des effets positifs en vue de solution la crise économique qui s'y installait durablement et remettre ces Etats sur le sentier de la croissance et du développement. L'avènement de la crise économique qui sévissait dans les pays au milieu des années 1980 montrait que le modèle développementaliste expérimenté par ces Etats n'avait expérimenté contribué qu'à provoquer la paralysie de l'appareil de production. Les causes profondes résidaient dans l'omniprésence de l'Etat qui privilégiait une logique administrative au dépend de celle de production au point de nuire gravement aux politiques interventionnistes étatiques. A cela, s'ajoutaient d'autres facteurs endogènes et exogènes aux Etats comme la mauvaise gestion couplée à la forte corruption et au clientélisme politique, la contrebande et le dumping, l'effritement du secteur agricole dû au vieillissement des plantations et à la sous-mécanisation, l'explosion démographique, la détérioration des termes de l'échange, le chômage endémique et galopant, etc. En ayant recours aux réformes d'ajustement structurel du FMI et de la Banque Mondiale, les gouvernements camerounais et gabonais entendaient lutter contre les rigidités institutionnelles et les distorsions structurelles qui empêchaient leurs économies de répondre aux signaux du marché et d'accroître l'offre d'une part. Et, d'autre part, les réformes d'ajustement devaient permettre de renforcer la concurrence des produits sur les marchés, accroître les capacités d'adaptation des marchés de facteurs et améliorer l'efficacité et l'efficience du secteur public. Mais avant d'analyser les réformes d'ajustement dans les pays j'ai d'abord présenté dans une première partie, l'évolution sociopolitique et économique des deux pays. Cette partie donne à l'analyse une profondeur historique indispensable et rend compte de l'évolution des politiques sectorielles des Etats marquée par une phase de croissance (1960-1984), puis par une phase de décroissance ou de crise qui commence à partir de 1985. La seconde partie met en évidence les politiques d'ajustement structurelle principalement axées sur la régulation monétaire, financière et budgétaire, la réforme de la fonction publique, la réforme agricole, le désengagement de l'Etat du secteur productif national et les privatisations. Je termine cette seconde partie par un bilan contrasté que je dresse de l'impact de ces réformes dans les économies camerounaises et gabonaises. La troisième partie met en évidence les nouvelles orientations stratégiques des institutions de Bretton Woods en partant de l'agenda politique des réformes au Cameroun et au Gabon. Elle fait intervenir une batterie de réformes portant sur l'initiative Pays Pauvres Très Endettés (PPTE), les Documents de Stratégie pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP), l'Evaluation Politique et Institutionnelle du Pays (EPIP) et la «Bonne Gouvernance». Cette thèse s'achève par une conclusion exhaustive mettant en évidence les insuffisances des modèles théoriques et conceptuels fondant l'ajustement structurel et la remise en cause des nouvelles stratégies de lutte contre la pauvreté impulsées par le FMI et la Banque Mondiale dans les pays d'une part. D'autre part, j'observe une faiblesse institutionnelle de l'Etat dans ces pays qui se résume à la mauvaise gouvernance ; à l'absence d'un cadre et des outils appropriés pour la gestion économique et stratégique du développement à long terme ; à l'impunité généralisée et à l'inefficacité des mesures de lutte contre la pauvreté ; à l'absence d'un Etat de droit et à l'autoritarisme des régimes en place.

Jornades d'Història de la Medicina a la Garrotxa : Olot, 28 i 29 de març de 1987

Amb aquest número, la revista "Gimbernat" deixa de centrar-se en els Congressos d'Història de la Medicina Catalana i s'obre a altres esdeveniments, també més locals, en aquest cas, les primeres Jornades d'Història de la Medicina a la Garrotxa. En aquest volum trobem el resum de les diferents ponències i comunicacions.

Jornades d'Història de la Medicina a la Garrotxa : Olot, 28 i 29 de març de 1987

Amb aquest número, la revista "Gimbernat" deixa de centrar-se en els Congressos d'Història de la Medicina Catalana i s'obre a altres esdeveniments, també més locals, en aquest cas, les primeres Jornades d'Història de la Medicina a la Garrotxa. En aquest volum trobem el resum de les diferents ponències i comunicacions.

Macbride nature recreation area : hiking and cross-country ski trails, 1987.

This brochure contains information on the hiking and cross-country ski trails in the Macbride Nature Recreation Area located 15 minutes north of Iowa City in Johnson County.

Martín,A.; Buxó,R,; López,J.B.; Mataró,M. (2000): Excavacions arqueològiques a l'Illa d'en Reixac (1987-1992). Monografies d'Ullastret 1. Girona.

Pese a que ya en algunos trabajos de fines del siglo XIX se cita la existencia de materiales arqueológicos en el Puig de Sant Andreu (Ullastret), y al hecho de que a instancia del Institut d'Estudis Catalans el enclave fuese incluido en el Registre del Patrimoni Historie, Artístie i Arqueologie de Catalunya l'any 1936 (DOGC de 08/07/1936), no fue hasta 1947 en que Miquel Oliva, animado por el Dr. Lluís Pericot, Comisario Provincial de Excavaciones en Gerona, inició las intervenciones sistemáticas en el yacimiento, realizando una labor ininterrumpida hasta su fallecimiento en 1974.

Method for Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Floods at Ungaged Sites on Unregulated Rural Streams in Iowa, HR-268, 1987

This report provides techniques and procedures for estimating the probable magnitude and frequency of floods at ungaged sites on Iowa streams. Physiographic characteristics were used to define the boundaries of five hydrologic regions. Regional regression equations that relate the size of the drainage area to flood magnitude are defined for estimating peak discharges having specified recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. Regional regression equations are applicable to sites on streams that have drainage areas ranging from 0.04 to 5,150 square miles provided that the streams are not affected significantly by regulation upstream from the sites and that the drainage areas upstream from the sites are not mostly urban areas. Flood-frequency characteristics for the mainstems of selected rivers are presented in graphs as a function of drainage area.

Beneficial Effects of Selected Additives on Asphalt Cement Mixes, HR-278, 1987

Effects of polyolefins, neoprene, styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymers, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) latex, and hydrated lime on two asphalt cements were evaluated. Physical and chemical tests were performed on a total of 16 binder blends. Asphalt concrete mixes were prepared and tested with these modified binders and two aggregates (crushed limestone and gravel), each at three asphalt content levels. Properties evaluated on the modified binders (original and thin-film oven aged) included: viscosity at 25 deg C, 60 deg C and 135 deg C with capillary tube and cone-plate viscometer, penetration at 5 deg C and 25 deg C, softening point, force ductility, and elastic recovery at 10 deg C, dropping ball test, tensile strength, and toughness and tenacity tests at 25 deg C. From these the penetration index, the viscosity-temperature susceptibility, the penetration-viscosity number, the critical low-temperature, long loading-time stiffness, and the cracking temperature were calculated. In addition, the binders were studied with x-ray diffraction, reflected fluorescence microscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. Engineering properties evaluated on the 72 asphalt concrete mixes containing additives included: Marshall stability and flow, Marshall stiffness, voids properties, resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, permanent deformation (creep), and effects of moisture by vacuum-saturation and Lottman treatments. Pavement sections of varied asphalt concrete thicknesses and containing different additives were compared to control mixes in terms of structural responses and pavement lives for different subgrades. Although all of the additives tested improved at least one aspect of the binder/mixture properties, no additive was found to improve all the relevant binder/mixture properties at the same time. On the basis of overall considerations, the optimum beneficial effects can be expected when the additives are used in conjunction with softer grade asphalts.

Field Evaluation of Class A Subbase Using Fly Ash, MLR-87-3, 1988

This project consisted of slipforming a 4-inch thick econocrete subbase on a 6-mile section of US 63. The project location extends south from one mile south of Denver, Iowa to Black Hawk County Road C-66 and consisted of the reconstruction and new construction of a divided four-lane facility. The econocrete was placed 27.3 feet wide in a single pass. Fly ash was used in this field study to replace 30, 45 and 60 percent of the portland cement in three portland cement econocrete base paving mixes. The three mixes contained 300, 350 and 400 pounds of cementitious material per cubic yard. Two Class "C" ashes from Iowa approved sources were used. The ash was substituted on the basis of one pound of ash for each pound of cement removed. The work was done October 6-29, 1987 and May 25-June 9, 1988. The twelve subbase mixes were placed in sections 2500 to 3000 feet in length on both the north and southbound roadways. Compressive strengths of all mixes were determined at 3 and 28 days of age. Flexural strengths of all mixes were determined at 7 and 14 days. In all cases strengths were adequate. The freeze/thaw durability of the econocrete mixes used was reduced by increased fly ash levels but remained above acceptable limits. The test results demonstrate the feasibility of producing econocrete with satisfactory properties even using fly ash at substitution rates up to 45 percent.

Pavement Texturing by Milling, HR-283, 1987

Experience has shown that milling machines with carbide tipped teeth have the capability of profiling most asphalt concrete (ac) and portland cement concrete (pcc) pavements. Most standard milling operations today leave a very coarse, generally objectionable surface texture. This research utilized a Cedarapids Wirtgen 1900C mill modified by adding additional teeth. There were 411 teeth at a 5 millimeter transverse spacing (standard spacing is 15 mm) on a 6 ft. 4 in. long drum. The mill was used to profile and texture the surface of one ac and two pcc pavements. One year after the milling operation there is still some noticeable change in tire noise but the general appearance is good. The milling operation with the additional teeth provides an acceptable surface texture with improved Friction Numbers when compared to a nonmilled surface.

Multiplan Spreadsheets for Highway and Hydraulic Engineering Computations in County Engineering Offices, HR-284, 1987

Multiplan spreadsheet solutions were developed for a set of hydraulic and highway engineering computations of common interest to county engineers. These include earthwork, vertical and horizontal curves, staking superelevated curves and sign inventories for highways. The hydraulic applications were ditch flow, runoff, culvert size and stage discharge.

Strengthening of Existing Continuous Composite Bridges, HR-287, 1987

Research was conducted to investigate the potential of strengthening continuous bridges by post-tensioning. The study included the following: a literature review, selection and rating of a prototype continuous composite bridge, tests of a one-third-scale continuous composite bridge model, finite element analysis of the bridge model, and tests of a full-scale composite beam mockup for a negative moment region. The study results indicated that the strengthening of continuous, composite bridges is feasible. The primary objective in applyig the post-tensioning should be to provide moments opposite to those produced by live and dead loads. Longitudinal distribution of that post-tensioning always must be considered if only exterior or only interior beams are post-tensioned. Testing and finite element analysis showed that post-tensioning of positive moment regions with straight tendons was more effective than post-tensioning negative moment regions with straight tendons. Changes in tension in tendons may be either beneficial or detrimental when live loads are applied to a strengthened bridge and thus must be carefully considered in design.

Fixed-dose combinations as initial therapy for hypertension : a review of approved agents and a guide to patient selection.

Recent guidelines recommend initiation of antihypertensive therapy with fixed-dose combinations in high-risk patients because such patients usually need two or more blood pressure (BP)-lowering agents in order to normalize their BP. Agents that block the renin-angiotensin system (ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists [angiotensin receptor blockers; ARBs]) are preferred for the management of hypertension in most patients exhibiting subclinical target organ damage, or established cardiovascular or renal diseases. Unless contraindicated they should be one of the components of fixed-dose combinations, whereas the other component may be either a calcium channel antagonist or a thiazide diuretic. Fixed-dose combinations containing an ACE inhibitor or ARB plus a calcium channel antagonist appear particularly effective in preventing complications of coronary heart disease.

Special Surface Preparation Prior to Bituminous Overlays, HR-231, 1987

Research project HR-231, "Special Surface Preparation Prior to Bituminous Overlay", was initiated in 1982 to study the effectiveness of three different crack fillers in extending pavement life. In particular, this project was designed to determine if any of the fillers could substantially reduce the rate of subsurface deterioration and general deterioration of an asphalt pavement at crack locations. This project also sought to determine the effects of the various crack filling procedures on different thicknesses of bituminous overlays. The three fillers, a fly ash slurry, an emulsion, and a rubberized asphalt mixture, were used along with a control section with no crack filler material on a 2.5 mile section of Cerro Gordo Trunk Route S-25 south of the town of Thornton. This report discusses the construction and performance of each filler material and makes recommendations concerning future use of any of the materials used.

Iowa Power Fund Approved Projects, June 30, 2011

Power Fund Awarded Projects from the Office of Energy Independence.