Observational evidence of the Yellow Sea warm current

The Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) is one of the principal currents in the Yellow Sea in winter. Former examinations on current activity in the Yellow Sea have not observed a stable YSWC because of the positioning of current meters. To further understand the YSWC, a research cruise in the southern Yellow Sea was carried out in the winter of 2006/2007. Five moorings with bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) were deployed on the western side of the central trough of the Yellow Sea. The existence and distributional features of the YSWC were studied by analyzing three ADCP moorings in the path of the YSWC in conjunction with conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data over the observed area in the southern Yellow Sea. The results show the following. (1) The upper layer of the YSWC is strongly influenced by winter cold surge; its direction and speed often vary along a south-north axis when strong cold surges arrive from the north. (2) The YSWC near the bottom layer is a stable northwest flowing current with a speed of 4 to 10 cm/s. By combining the analyses of the CTD data, we speculate that the core of the YSWC may lie near the bottom. (3) On a monthly average timescale, the YSWC is stably oriented with northward flow from the sea surface to the sea floor.

Characteristics of the microzooplankton community in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China

The species composition and abundance of microzooplankton at 10 marine and five coastal stations (Hongdao, Daguhe, Haibohe, Huangdao and Hangxiao) in the Jiaozhou Bay (Qingdao, China) were studied in 2001. The microzooplankton community was found to be dominated by Tintinnopsis beroidea, Tintinnopsis urnula, Tintinnopsis brevicollis and Cvdonellopsis sp. The average abundance of microzooplankton was highly variable among stations. Specifically, the abundance of microzooplankton was higher at inshore stations and lower in the center of the bay (St. 5), bay mouth (St. 9) and outside the bay (St. 10). The highest average annual densities (346 ind./L) was observed at St. 3, while the lowest (55 ind./L) was at St. 10. Two abundance peaks were recorded in May (324 ind./L) and February (300 ind./L). The distribution of microzooplankton in three sampling layers at the 10 stations was relatively homogenous and the abundance decreased slightly as the water depth increased. At coastal stations, the highest average annual density was recorded at Hongdao Station (677 ind./L), followed by Daguhe Station (616 ind./L), Haibohe Station (400 ind./L), Huangdao Station (275 ind./L) and Hangxiao Station (73 ind./L). Furthermore, a 24-h sampling analysis conducted at Hangxiao Station revealed that the microzooplankton assemblages were characterized by a bimodal diel vertical migration pattern, with the highest densities occurring at dusk (154 ind./L), followed by dawn (146 ind./L), noon (93 ind./L) and midnight (77 ind./L). The density of microzooplankton in the Jiaozhou Bay was in the middle range of the densities of temperate coastal waters worldwide.

柴达木盆地弃耕地成因及其土壤盐渍地球化学特征

柴达木盆地弃耕地土壤pH值一般都在8左右,属于碱性土壤.土壤含盐量较高,其全盐量随着土层深度的增大而减少.0～10 cm土层中的含盐量最大,一般在1～45 g kg-1之间.弃耕地土壤阳离子主要以K+、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+为主,各阴离子在三层土体中的含量为Cl-＞SO2-4＞HCO-3＞CO2-3.经相关分析表明,弃耕地土壤全盐量与Cl-呈极显著的正相关(p＜0.01),其次为Mg2+和Ca2+(p＜0.05),而与HCO-3呈负相关;Cl- 与Mg2+和Ca2+ 呈极显著的正相关(p＜0.01),与CO2-3和SO2-4呈弱的正相关,而与HCO-3呈负相关;从而进一步说明,柴达木盆地弃耕地土壤为氯化物盐化土.柴达木盆地弃耕地土壤中有机质含量较少,0～30 cm土层中有机质平均含量为11.46 g kg-1;全氮、全磷的含量极低,全钾的含量较为丰富.示范试验结果分析认为,柴达木盆地荒漠绿洲土地退化及土壤盐碱化的发生与当地自然条件和人为不合理利用等因素有紧密的联系.

Morphological and reproductive response of Caragana microphylla to different stocking rates

Understanding the effect on host plants of defending against herbivores is important in grazing ecology and grassland management. In this study, the morphological and reproductive responses of Caragana microphylla Lam. to grazing sheep were investigated using a 15-year grazing experiment with six stocking rates in the Inner Mongolia steppe of China. Plant height, rachis length, leaflet size, and number of pods decreased significantly, whereas spine density and length increased significantly with increased stocking rate. Significant negative correlations were observed between production of vegetative and reproductive organs and defensive organs, indicating that it is costly for C. microphylla to defend against herbivores and that morphological miniaturization and a tradeoff between production and defense were main responses of C. microphylla to herbivores. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

陆相有孔虫形成环境的地球化学证据──以小渡口剖面为例

继７０年代发现以来，近年来不断有文献报道在我国内陆盆地中发现有孔虫化石群，对它们的沉积环境问题的讨论又成为新一轮研究的热点．通过泥河湾盆地小渡口剖面第四系有孔虫化石壳体的微量元素地球化学特征与扫描电子显微镜的研究，认为化石壳体基本保存完好，即使存在埋藏后生作用的影响，但其改造程度并未影响壳体初始的（８７）Ｓｒ／（８６）Ｓｒ等地球化学信息，可重塑有孔虫宿生水体的地球化学性质．有孔虫壳体（８７）Ｓｒ／（８６）Ｓｒ为（０．７１１１９０±２５）～（０．７１２０１８±１４），远大于同期海水的（８７）Ｓｒ／（８６）Ｓｒ（０．７０９０８７～０．７０９１４７），与可代表研究区古陆表水化学组成的桑干河河水的（８７）Ｓｒ／（８６）Ｓｒ（０．７１１５０８±８）接近．混合水体（８７）Ｓｒ／（８６）Ｓｒ－古盐度关系及（８７）Ｓｒ／（８６）Ｓｒ－Ｓｒ／Ｃａ关系判据说明有孔虫的出现与海水无关，其宿生水体为陆相环境．

基于岩溶生态系统特性的水土流失敏感性评价

在岩溶地区大范围内进行土壤侵蚀风险评价需要寻求新的简单有效的方法,建立适合岩溶地区特点的评估模型,才能避免水土流失治理规划的失误。考虑岩溶地区碳酸盐岩成土速率低、存在石漠化等特点,选取土壤允许流失量和退化岩溶生态系统的基岩裸露率,结合年平均降水、坡度、植被指数,在生成各单因素评价图的基础上,在Arcview中完成单因素图的叠加分析,得到贵州省岩溶地区水土流失敏感性综合评价图,并将其划分为不敏感、轻度敏感、中度敏感和强度敏感四级。在此基础上,探讨了贵州省水土流失敏感性的空间分异规律,提出水土流失预防治理的优先区。

陆相有孔虫形成环境的地球化学证据*——以小渡口剖面为例

继70年代发现以来, 近年来不断有文献报道在我国内陆盆地中发现有孔虫化石群, 对它们的沉积环境问题的讨论又成为新一轮研究的热点. 通过泥河湾盆地小渡口剖面第四系有孔虫化石壳体的微量元素地球化学特征与扫描电子显微镜的研究, 认为化石壳体基本保存完好, 即使存在埋藏后生作用的影响, 但其改造程度并未影响壳体初始的87Sr/86Sr等地球化学信息, 可重塑有孔虫宿生水体的地球化学性质. 有孔虫壳体87Sr/86Sr为(0.711190±25)～(0.712018±14), 远大于同期海水的87Sr/86Sr(0.709087 ~ 0.709147), 与可代表研究区古陆表水化学组成的桑干河河水的87Sr/86Sr(0.711508±8)接近. 混合水体87Sr/86Sr-古盐度关系及87Sr/86Sr-Sr/Ca关系判据说明有孔虫的出现与海水无关, 其宿生水体为陆相环境.

贵州凉风洞石笋的古气侯记录与古生态环境意义

自20世纪60年代以来，探索全球性气候变化规律和环境变迁史的研究工作在世界各国广泛开展。大规模的深海岩芯的研究、中国北方黄土的系统研究、大型湖泊沉积岩芯的研究及对树木年轮、泥炭、珊瑚、冰芯等“自然环境历史档案”开展的研究工作，都为重建古气候和古生态环境提供了大量的资料。洞穴化学沉积物（石笋）由于其特有的微层结构及其内的稳定氧、碳同位素和微量元素所蕴含的古气候与古生态环境信息，并且具有分布广、时间长、信息保存完整等特点，因此，它是研究地球环境变化很好的自然环境历史档案。本论文通过对凉风洞洞穴体系的综合研究和对凉风洞石笋（微层）生长特征及石笋的碳、氧稳定同位素组成的研究，系统探讨了贵州凉风洞石笋的古气候记录和古生态环境意义，得出以下主要结论：1，地表植被的类型及生物量等信息可综合反映于洞穴体系的不同组．分（气样、土样、水样）中。而洞穴的水动力条件也能很好的被洞穴滴水中所含微量（常量）元素记录。根据分析，洞穴综合体系对外界气候与生态环境的响应关系存在一定规律性。通过对比说明，我们所选的凉风洞基岩的溶蚀和缓冲对水体中的信息影响不大，即洞穴滴水较好的继承了土壤水所携带的地表气候与生态环境信息，是理想的研究对象。2．凉风洞石笋具有多个沉积旋回，不同沉积旋回的纹层组合及纹层结构存在一定的差异，指示不同的沉积环境。根据年龄数据判断，旋回①至旋回⑧之间年龄跨度为1570-8000 aBP，以呈缓平顶（柱）对称叠复状的沉积形态组合为主，示洞顶滴水量较大，滴水点相对稳定，且均匀，与全新世较为稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律相一致。旋回⑧以下至底部石葡萄状沉积物之上部分之间年龄跨度为8000-14220 aBP，期间经历末次冰期晚期向全新世大暖期过渡，受诸如新仙女木事件（Younger Dryas）等的影响，气候变化幅度大，且经历多次反复，石笋生长的沉积学特征表现为斜锥（柱）、尖顶锥不对称叠复纹层组合，示洞顶滴水水量较小但变化较大，且洞穴滴水不稳（固）定。与此时间段内不稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律也相一致。3．凉风洞石笋上段微层具有典型南方石笋微层发育的特性：微层发育较差，层面多弯曲，层间界面模糊等。下段因为沉积间断较多、风化层面厚及受到若干时段内碳酸钙重结晶而导致晶体穿插层位生长的影响，尽管在某些层位有微层发育，但无法对石笋微层作连续观察记录。根据高精度的石笋TIMS、ICP-MS测年数据和在显微镜下所数石笋微层数量的对比，扣除若干个沉积间断及风化层导致的微层缺失，以及显微镜下肉眼对细小微层计数的误差，我们认为，凉风洞石笋微层是年生长层的可能性较大。4，由于部分测年数据仍在测试中，目前无法精确控制石笋中沉积间断的存在导致的信息缺失，因此，我们仅仅根据部分石笋测年数据，建立了凉风洞石笋在不同时段的生长速率。全新世以来石笋的生长速率在22μm／yr-51μm／yr之间，明显高于末次冰期晚期向全新世过渡这一时间段内的石笋生长速率（16μm／yr）。这些数据间接印证了石笋生长响应于外界气候，尤其是降雨的变化。5．通过对洞穴体系的综合分析对比，我们判断凉风洞洞穴综合体系相对完整，洞穴化学沉积物的6先值较为直接的响应了土壤c压的61t值变化，即反映了地表的植被（c3植物和c；植物）的组成状况。贵州地区降雨80％集中在5-10月份，在此期间，基本受西南季风和东亚季风所控制。西南季风盛行时贵州各地的降雨频繁，是一年中雨量最集中的时期，在东亚季风影响时期，贵州多晴少雨，往往形成干早的天气。又西南季风控制区大气降雨创的值的加权平均值明显低于东亚季风控制区大气降雨δ18O值的加权平均值。因此，贵州地区年均降雨量和年均降雨δ18O值主要取决于西南（印度洋）季风的强弱：西南季风加强，降雨量增加，年均降雨剐、值偏负；西南季风减弱，降雨量减少，年均降雨δ18O值偏正。洞穴滴水的6旧O值变化基本继承了大气降水的别勿值变化。因此，对地处我国西南地区贵州南部的凉风洞，源于洞穴滴水的凉风洞石笋的别勺值变化直接响应了外界的大气降雨量的变化和西南季风与东亚季风相互的强弱交替。6．对凉风洞石笋碳、氧同位素组成的时间序列曲线作20点移动平均，发现，特别是进入全新世后，石笋的引3c值和扩、值几乎具有完全一致的同步变化，只是在变化幅度上在某些时段存在差异。说明在凉风洞石笋反映的14220-1570 aBP时间段内，尤其是10500-1570 aBP期间，本区域气候具有雨热（或干冷）同期的气候特征：在气温较高时间段，西南季风增强，气候湿润多雨，更有利于地表。植物的生长。气温降低时，随着东亚季风增强，西南季风减弱，气候干旱少雨，地表C；植物的生长占有一定的比例。据此重建和恢复了本地区14220-1570 aBP期间的古气候和古生态环境：（1）．14220-10500aBP，处于末次冰期晚期，气温较低。凉风洞石笋此时段的司、值都大于-9.8‰，最小值为-9.31‰，最大值达-7.290‰，平均值为-8.552‰。说明凉风洞洞穴地表的生长植被。植物占有一定的组分，石笋的δ18C值受C3植物和C4植物的共同影响。此时段内石笋6、值也存在一定的波动（-5.651‰－6.942‰），考虑到末次冰期晚期先全新世过渡期间气温变幅较大，O'Neil等（1969）所建立的氧同位素平衡分馏方程中的温度变化已不能忽略，并且大气降雨的温度效应作用也比较明显，因此我们对此时段的季风和大气降雨量的变化不作讨论。（2）. 10500-9300 aBP，新仙女木事件结束，进入全新世，气温逐渐回升。凉风洞石笋此时段的扩3c值大都小于-9.8‰，最小值为-10.377‰，最大值为-9.267‰，平均值为-9.910‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被已逐渐由C3植物占主导。此时段石笋δ18C值明显卜降，最小值为-7.420‰，最大值为-6.077‰，平均值为-6.854‰。反映在全新世早期夏季风盛行，降雨量较大，西南季风对本地区全年降雨贡献率大。（3）．9300-8300 aBP，经历一段明显温度波动变化。仟3c值在-9.8‰上下波动，最小值为-10.155‰，最大值为-9.096‰，平均值为-9.712‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被C4植物所占比例存在反复。此时段石笋岁a0值变化幅度不是很大，最小值为-6.796‰，最大值为-6.260‰，平均值为-6.490‰。受冬季风影响，夏季风有一定的减弱，总体降雨量一般，东亚季风对本地区全年降雨贡献率比全新世初期有所增大。（4）．8300-3l000BP，俗称全新世大暖期，此时段全球气温明显回升，石笋δ18C值总体逐渐降低，最小值为-n．926编，平均值为-10.496‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被基本由C3植物所控制。但在扩飞值总体逐渐降低的趋势一F，也存在若干扩3c值明显增大时段，如7700-6700 aBP时段，61七值最大值达-8.110‰，地表C4植物所占比例已不能忽略。此时段石笋6150值变化幅度较大，最小值为-7.373‰，最大值为-5.047‰，平均值为-6.261‰。反映在全新世大暖期的大背景下西南季风和东亚季风的交替以及大气降雨量的变化存在较大的波动，说明了季风气候的不稳定性。（5）．3100-1570 aBP，在3100aBP前后，凉风洞石笋的δ18C值和δ18O值均急剧上升，标志进入晚全新世。此时段气温变幅很大，δ18C值总体虽然仍偏低，平均值为-10.275‰，但刻畜介于-6.495-12.097‰之间；δ18C值平均值为-6.184‰，变幅介于-4.677-8.65‰之间，均超过以往任何时段。此时段凉风洞洞穴地表植被基本上仍然由C。植物所控制，始于3100 aBP的急速降温事件使得在全新世晚期开始时段C4植物所占比例有一定的上升。此时段内西南季风和东亚季风反复多次交替，大气降雨量存在较大幅度的变化，说明了季风气候在此时段的很不稳定性。对于169于巧70 oBP百年时间段内石笋的δ18C值和司、值巨大幅度的急剧升高，有待进一步研究，也不排除石笋表层长期裸露受外界污染所致。

Direct spectroscopic evidence for vanadium species in V-MCM-41 molecular sieve characterized by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy

Vanadium species in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination in V-MCM-41 molecular sieve are characterized by UV resonance Raman bands at 1070 and 930 cm(-1) respectively.

Consecrated talents; or, The mission of the children of the church.

http://www.archive.org/details/consecratedtalen00tuthrich

Man's search for meaning: The case of Legos

We investigate how perceived meaning influences labor supply. In a laboratory setting, we manipulate the perceived meaning of simple, repetitive tasks and find a strong influence on subjects' labor supply. Despite the fact that the wage and the task are identical across the conditions in each experiment, subjects in the less meaningful conditions exhibit reservation wages that are consistently much higher than the subjects in the more meaningful conditions. The result replicates across different types of tasks. Moreover, in the more meaningful conditions, subjects' productivity influences labor supply more strongly. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automatic and effective multi-dimensional parallelisation of structured mesh based codes

The most common parallelisation strategy for many Computational Mechanics (CM) (typified by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) applications) which use structured meshes, involves a 1D partition based upon slabs of cells. However, many CFD codes employ pipeline operations in their solution procedure. For parallelised versions of such codes to scale well they must employ two (or more) dimensional partitions. This paper describes an algorithmic approach to the multi-dimensional mesh partitioning in code parallelisation, its implementation in a toolkit for almost automatically transforming scalar codes to parallel form, and its testing on a range of ‘real-world’ FORTRAN codes. The concept of multi-dimensional partitioning is straightforward, but non-trivial to represent as a sufficiently generic algorithm so that it can be embedded in a code transformation tool. The results of the tests on fine real-world codes demonstrate clear improvements in parallel performance and scalability (over a 1D partition). This is matched by a huge reduction in the time required to develop the parallel versions when hand coded – from weeks/months down to hours/days.

Simulating one of the CIB W14 round robin test cases using the SMARTFIRE fire field model

Numerical predictions produced by the SMARTFIRE fire field model are compared with experimental data. The predictions consist of gas temperatures at several locations within the compartment over a 60 min period. The test fire, produced by a burning wood crib attained a maximum heat release rate of approximately 11MW. The fire is intended to represent a nonspreading fire (i.e. single fuel source) in a moderately sized ventilated room. The experimental data formed part of the CIB Round Robin test series. Two simulations are produced, one involving a relatively coarse mesh and the other with a finer mesh. While the SMARTFIRE simulations made use of a simple volumetric heat release rate model, both simulations were found capable of reproducing the overall qualitative results. Both simulations tended to overpredict the measured temperatures. However, the finer mesh simulation was better able to reproduce the qualitative features of the experimental data. The maximum recorded experimental temperature (12141C after 39 min) was over-predicted in the fine mesh simulation by 12%. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Exploiting virtual prototyping for reliability assessment

Products manufactured by the electronics sector are having a major impact in telecommunications, transportation space applications, biomedical applications, consumer products, intelligent hand held devices, and of course,the computer. Demands from end-users in terms of greater product functionality, adoption of environmentally friendly materials, and further miniaturization continually pose several challenges to electronics companies. In the context of electronic product design and manufacture, virtual prototying software tools are allowing companies to dramatically reduce the number of phsysical prototypes and design iterations required in product development and hence reduce costs and time to market. This paper details of the trends in these technolgies and provides an example of their use for flip-chip assembly technology.