Welfare outcomes for 3- and 6-month-old beef calves in a tropical environment castrated surgically or by applying rubber rings

Castration of cattle using rubber rings is becoming increasingly popular due to the perceived ease of the procedure and greater operator safety when compared with surgical castration. Few comparative studies have investigated the effects of different castration methods and calf age on welfare outcomes, particularly in a tropical environment. Thirty Belmont Red (a tropically adapted breed), 3-month-old (liveweight 71–119 kg) and 30, 6-month-old (liveweight 141–189 kg) calves were assigned to a two age × three castration (surgical, ring and sham) treatment factorial study (Surg3, Surg6, Ring3, Ring6, Sham3 and Sham6, n = 10 for each treatment group). Welfare outcomes were assessed post-castration using: behaviour for 2 weeks; blood parameters (cortisol and haptoglobin concentrations) to 4 weeks; wound healing to 5 weeks; and liveweights to 6 weeks. More Surg calves struggled during castration compared with Sham and Ring (P < 0.05, 90 ± 7% vs. 20 ± 9% and 24 ± 10%) and performed more struggles (1.9 ± 0.2, 1.1 ± 0.3 and 1.1 ± 0.3 for Surg, Sham and Ring, respectively), suggesting that surgical castration caused most pain during performance of the procedure. A significant (P < 0.05) time × castration method × age interaction for plasma cortisol revealed that concentrations decreased most rapidly in Sham; the Ring6 calves failed to show reduced cortisol concentrations at 2 h post-castration, unlike other treatment groups. By 7 h post-castration, all treatment groups had similar concentrations. A significant (P < 0.01) interaction between time and castration method showed that haptoglobin concentrations increased slightly to 0.89 and 0.84 mg/mL for Surg and Ring, respectively over the first 3 days post-castration. Concentrations for Surg then decreased to levels similar to Sham by day 21 and, although concentrations for Ring decreased on day 7 to 0.76 mg/mL, they increased significantly on day 14 to 0.97 mg/mL before reducing to concentrations similar to the other groups (0.66 mg/mL) by day 21. Significantly (P < 0.05) more of the wounds of the 3-month compared with the 6-month calves scored as ‘healed’ at day 7 (74% vs. 39%), while more (P = 0.062) of the Surg than Ring scored as ‘healed’ at day 21 (60% vs. 29%). At day 14 there were significantly (P < 0.05) fewer healed wounds in Ring6 compared with other treatment groups (13% vs. 40–60%). Liveweight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in 3-month (0.53 kg/day) than in 6-month calves (0.44 kg/day) and in Sham calves (P < 0.001, 0.54 kg/day), than in Ring (0.44 kg/day) and Surg (0.48 kg/day) calves. Overall, welfare outcomes were slightly better for Surg than Ring calves due to reduced inflammation and faster wound healing, with little difference between age groups.

Welfare outcomes for 3- and 6-month-old beef calves in a tropical environment castrated surgically or by applying rubber rings

Castration of cattle using rubber rings is becoming increasingly popular due to the perceived ease of the procedure and greater operator safety when compared with surgical castration. Few comparative studies have investigated the effects of different castration methods and calf age on welfare outcomes, particularly in a tropical environment. Thirty Belmont Red (a tropically adapted breed), 3-month-old (liveweight 71–119 kg) and 30, 6-month-old (liveweight 141–189 kg) calves were assigned to a two age × three castration (surgical, ring and sham) treatment factorial study (Surg3, Surg6, Ring3, Ring6, Sham3 and Sham6, n = 10 for each treatment group). Welfare outcomes were assessed post-castration using: behaviour for 2 weeks; blood parameters (cortisol and haptoglobin concentrations) to 4 weeks; wound healing to 5 weeks; and liveweights to 6 weeks. More Surg calves struggled during castration compared with Sham and Ring (P < 0.05, 90 ± 7% vs. 20 ± 9% and 24 ± 10%) and performed more struggles (1.9 ± 0.2, 1.1 ± 0.3 and 1.1 ± 0.3 for Surg, Sham and Ring, respectively), suggesting that surgical castration caused most pain during performance of the procedure. A significant (P < 0.05) time × castration method × age interaction for plasma cortisol revealed that concentrations decreased most rapidly in Sham; the Ring6 calves failed to show reduced cortisol concentrations at 2 h post-castration, unlike other treatment groups. By 7 h post-castration, all treatment groups had similar concentrations. A significant (P < 0.01) interaction between time and castration method showed that haptoglobin concentrations increased slightly to 0.89 and 0.84 mg/mL for Surg and Ring, respectively over the first 3 days post-castration. Concentrations for Surg then decreased to levels similar to Sham by day 21 and, although concentrations for Ring decreased on day 7 to 0.76 mg/mL, they increased significantly on day 14 to 0.97 mg/mL before reducing to concentrations similar to the other groups (0.66 mg/mL) by day 21. Significantly (P < 0.05) more of the wounds of the 3-month compared with the 6-month calves scored as ‘healed’ at day 7 (74% vs. 39%), while more (P = 0.062) of the Surg than Ring scored as ‘healed’ at day 21 (60% vs. 29%). At day 14 there were significantly (P < 0.05) fewer healed wounds in Ring6 compared with other treatment groups (13% vs. 40–60%). Liveweight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in 3-month (0.53 kg/day) than in 6-month calves (0.44 kg/day) and in Sham calves (P < 0.001, 0.54 kg/day), than in Ring (0.44 kg/day) and Surg (0.48 kg/day) calves. Overall, welfare outcomes were slightly better for Surg than Ring calves due to reduced inflammation and faster wound healing, with little difference between age groups.

Interaction of 3-hydroxybenzoate-6-hydroxylase with cibacron blue

Cibacron blue is a potent inhibitor of 3-HBA-6-hydroxylase at a concentration < 1 mu M. Kinetic analyses revealed that at a concentration below 0.5 mu M the dye behaves as an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to 3-HBA and competes with NADH for the same site on the enzyme. The alteration of the near-UV CD spectrum and quenching of the emission fluorescence of the enzyme by cibacron blue indicates a significant alteration in the environment of aromatic amino acid residues due to a stacking interaction and subtle conformatiodnal changes in the enzyme. The concentration-dependent quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of the enzyme by cibacron blue was employed to determine the binding parameters such as association constant (K-a) and stoichiometry (r) for the enzyme-dye complex.

Vilsmeier-Haack reaction of 1-methyl-34-dihydroisoquino lines-unexpected formation of 2,3-bisdimethylamino-5,6-dihydropyrrolo [2,1-Image]isoquinolines

Novel pyrroloisoquinolines 4 are obtained from 1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolines 1 by the action of POCl3 and DMF, along with the expected mono- and dialdehydes 2 and 3 respectively and also directly from N-acetyl-2-phenethylamines.

Effect of neodymium (Nd) doping on the dielectric and ferroelectric characteristics of sol-gel derived lead zirconate titanate (53/47) thin films

The results of the studies on the effect of rare earth Nd doping on the phase formation behavior and electrical properties of sol-gel derived Pb-1.05(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O-3 (PZT) thin films are presented. The perovskite phase is obtained up to 5 at. % doping and beyond that pyrochlore phase was found to coexist with the perovskite phase in all the films. The transition temperature of undoped lead zirconate titanate (PZT) film was found to be reduced with Nd doping. The Nd doped films also exhibited typical relaxor-type behavior and a diffuse phase transition, similar to that observed in relaxor materials. The introduction of Nd into the PZT lattice probably introduces disorder in the B site of ABO(3) lattice, which causes the observed dielectric relaxation. Efforts were made to isolate the irreversible component contributions in low field dielectric and high field polarization switching behavior. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Critical properties of the double-exchange ferromagnet Nd(0.6)Pb(0.4)MnO(3)

Results of a study of dc magnetization M(T,H), performed on a Nd(0.6)Pb(0.4)MnO(3) single crystal in the temperature range around T(C) (Curie temperature) which embraces the supposed critical region \epsilon\=\T-T(C)\/T(C)less than or equal to0.05 are reported. The magnetic data analyzed in the critical region using the Kouvel-Fisher method give the values for the T(C)=156.47+/-0.06 K and the critical exponents beta=0.374+/-0.006 (from the temperature dependence of magnetization) and gamma=1.329+/-0.003 (from the temperature dependence of initial susceptibility). The critical isotherm M(T(C),H) gives delta=4.54+/-0.10. Thus the scaling law gamma+beta=deltabeta is fulfilled. The critical exponents obey the single scaling equation of state M(H,epsilon)=epsilon(beta)f(+/-)(H/epsilon(beta+gamma)), where f(+) for T>T(C) and f(-) for T

Influence of starvation on selected temperatures in the young of bream, roach and perch [Translation from: Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod No.50, 45-47, 1981]

Works devoted to the influence of starvation on temperature selection by fishes are few and their conclusions are contradictory. This study determined the influence of brief, up to 14 days, starvation on temperature selection by young fishes. The experiments were carried out in August-September 1976 on fingerling bream (Abramis brama L.), roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) and perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) with body lengths of 3-5 cm and weight 0.5-1.2 g. The young fish were caught in the littoral by seine-nets or small drag-nets. Immediately after catching the fish they were put in acclimatization boxes. The period of acclimatization did not exceed 2 days for bream and roach at a temperature of 20 °C and 6 days for perch at 17 °C. Before the start of the experiment and for the first 10 days of the experiment the fish were fed with oligochaetes, earthworms and daphnia, after that feeding discontinued. At the end of a 10-14 day period the giving of food was resumed. The study concludes that the experiments have shown that in the summer season the factor of starvation significantly changes the reaction to the gradient of temperature in young cyprihids - roach and bream.

Avaliação do PRA e CD30s no transplante renal intervivos. Acompanhamento no 1 ano e após 6 anos em pacientes do Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil)

O CD30 solúvel (CD30s) é uma glicoproteína transmembrana da família do fator de necrose tumoral expressa na superfície das células T. Quando este marcador é clivado ele torna-se solúvel, sendo detectado na circulação. Atualmente, o valor de CD30s pré-transplante vem sido demonstrado como um bom preditor de rejeição aguda (RA) e perda do enxerto. Poucos estudos foram realizados para sua avaliação no pós-transplante e sua correlação com sobrevida e TFG. Avaliar a eficácia da determinação dos marcadores laboratoriais CD30 solúvel (CD30s) e anticorpos reativos contra painel HLA (PRA) em seis meses, um ano e seis anos pós-transplante renal em receptores de doadores vivos, correlacionando estes marcadores com episódios de rejeição aguda, eventos infecciosos no pós-transplante, perda do enxerto e óbito do paciente transplantado. E, avaliar a correlação destes marcadores com a sobrevida do enxerto renal nestes períodos. Os pacientes estudados foram transplantados renais com doadores vivos no Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso (HFB) do Rio de Janeiro no ano de 2006 e do período de agosto de 2010 a maio de 2011, sendo uma extensão de um trabalho realizado previamente. CD30s e PRA foram analisados nas amostras coletadas no pré-transplante e com 7, 14, 21 dias, 1, 3, 6, 12 meses após o transplante e nos pacientes transplantados em 2006 amostras após 6 anos de transplante. A taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) foi estimada utilizando MDRD e CKD-epi e 6 meses, 1 ano e 6 anos após o transplante. Os pacientes foram agrupados em 5 grupos: sem eventos, com perda do enxerto, óbito, rejeição aguda e pacientes com quadros infecciosos. Estes grupos foram avaliados com relação ao CD30s, PRA I e II e comparados dois a dois. O teste qui quadrado foi utilizado. Quando necessário aplicou-se a correção de Yates, o teste de Fisher, o teste de Kruskal-wallis. Foi considerado estatisticamente significante p<0,05. As análises foram feitas pelo programa EPI-Info (versão 3.5.3). Setenta e seis pacientes com doadores vivos foram incluídos no estudo 47 pacientes não tiveram nenhum evento (grupo 1), 7 pacientes perderam o enxerto (grupo 2), 3 pacientes faleceram (grupo 3), 11 pacientes ficaram no grupo de rejeição aguda (grupo 4) e oito pacientes tiveram infecção por CMV e herpes (grupo 5). Os pacientes do grupo de RA tiveram correlação positiva com os valores tanto de CD30s Pré-transplante (p=0,01), quanto do CD30s pós-transplante (p=0,002) e PRA I e II (p<0,001), respectivamente, quando comparados com pacientes sem eventos. A TFG tanto com MDRD e CKD-Epi não mostrou correlação com CD30s pré e pós-transplante e nem PRA I e II. A TFG com as duas fórmulas foi menor no grupo com RA comparado com o grupo sem evento após 6 anos de transplante (p=0,006). CD30s é um bom preditor de RA, assim como PRAI e II. E, também mais uma ferramenta que pode ser utilizada no acompanhamento pós-transplante Renal. A RA é um preditor isolado para diminuição de TFG no transplante.

47,XY,+dcl(9)(q34)wcp(9+)/46,XY伴隐睾一例

患儿男,10岁,因"双侧隐睾"就诊.患儿系足月、顺产、5岁时发现头颅大,经医院诊断为脑积水.几岁时做双侧隐睾手术.患儿身高120 cm.头颅发育不规则,颜面不对称,自小严重的智力低下,说话不清.

江汉平原47号钻孔中的化石硅藻及其在古环境分析上的意义

江汉平原47号钻孔,位于湖北省江汉平原的江陵县,在其上段的46.6-2.2m层位上,有丰富的化石硅藻,约有26属148种,其中绝大多数是现存的淡水种类,并以附生性、沿岸带和浅水性的种类为主。种类较多的属有:Navicula(28种)、Cymbella(23种)、Achnanthes(15种)、Gomphonema(14种)和Eunotia(13种)。主要种类有Gomphonema tropicale var. nonpunctatum、Cyclotella comta、Cocconeis placemul

低分子量马来酸酐化聚丁二烯橡胶改性聚乙烯增韧尼龙6

尼龙6是世界上使用最广泛的工程塑料之一，由于尼龙6大分子链中含有酰胺键能形成氢键，使其具有强韧、耐磨、耐冲击、耐疲劳、耐腐蚀等优异的特性。但是尼龙6存在低温和干态冲击性能差，吸水性大等弱点，不能满足汽车、电子、机械等行业对材料高韧性的需求。利用橡胶和弹性体对尼龙6进行增韧已经取得了很大的成功，但无法解决成本较高且基体材料刚性损失过大这一难题。实践证明，具有硬核软壳结构核壳粒子在增韧半晶性高聚物时，可以有效提高橡胶的增韧效率，减少体系拉伸强度和模量的损失。然而具有这种结构的核壳粒子合成过程复杂，成本很高，工业应用前景很小；而用传统的反应增容方法原位制备核壳粒子时，由于橡胶分子量大，黏度高，流动性差等特点限制了在反应中原位生成核－壳结构粒子的效率，影响最终的增韧效果。本论文首次尝试用低分子量的马来酸酐化聚丁二烯橡胶通过反应挤出的方法接枝改性聚乙烯，对尼龙6进行增韧，利用聚丁二烯橡胶分子链上的马来酸酐基团和尼龙6分子链的端氨基反应，在尼龙6基体中原位形成以聚乙烯为核，聚丁二烯为壳的核壳粒子，结果得到了高韧性、良好刚性的改性尼龙6。 实验证实该含有双键的低分子量橡胶能够成功的接枝到聚乙烯分子主链上，由于橡胶的马来酸酐化程度很高（14wt%），在同尼龙6共混过程中大大提高马酐基团和尼龙6端氨基之间反应生成的接枝共聚物的效率，可以有效减小两相间的界面张力，改善聚乙烯在尼龙6基体中的分散。通过透射电镜观察共混物内部形态结构发现，共混体系中形成了以聚乙烯为核，橡胶为壳的核－壳结构粒子。这种核－壳粒子对尼龙6有良好的增韧效果。当聚丁二烯橡胶的含量仅为1.5wt%时，尼龙6的冲击强度可以达到1100J/m，而拉伸强度还能保持在47.3MPa。 通过对核壳增韧体系冲击断面和拉伸力学曲线的分析我们发现，由于增韧体系中能够形成软壳硬核的核－壳结构粒子，在外力作用下，由橡胶相构成的壳结构能在聚乙烯核与基体之间形成纤维结构，这种纤维结构不仅能够改变体系的应力状态，引发基体屈服，而且大大增强了分散相粒子同基体之间的界面强度，提高体系的刚性。同时，由于两相间纤维结构的存在，材料内部形成一个类似“物理交联”的网络，材料表现出类橡胶的弹性拉伸性能，没有明显的屈服。 传统的S. Wu的逾渗理论不能很好预测这种核壳增韧体系的性能。Corté 和Leibler的模型不仅考虑了基体树脂的特性（ , , ）,而且还将分散相粒子尺寸（d）也考虑了进去，更好地预测了体系的脆韧转变点。同时在基体树脂相同，且都能增韧的前提下，可以通过Corté 和Leibler模型中参数C（代表分散相粒子能够引发基体发生屈服的能力）的大小预测增韧体系程度的大小，C值越大，体系增韧效果越好。 通过对从上述增韧体系中抽提出的原位生成的PE-g-PB-g-PA6接枝共聚物的热力学和形貌分析发现，PA6链段被限制在宽50-70nm条带状连续结构中，其运动能力受到限制，因此在结晶过程中PA6嵌段的扩散速度降低。导致在通常的结晶速率条件下（10oC/min）结晶不完善，其结晶度﹑结晶温度﹑熔融温度都有所降低，形成以γ晶型为主的不完善结晶。由于在PE和PA6链段之间由一个短的柔性PB链段相连接，因此PA6链段不能同PE发生共结晶，作为连续相PE的结晶行为受到接枝共聚物的影响要小很多。 关键词：低分子量马来酸酐化聚丁二烯橡胶，聚乙烯，尼龙6，核－壳结构，增韧，受限结晶。

In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As/In_(0.52)Al_(0.48)As量子阱中的正磁电阻效应

在低温强磁场条件下,对In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As/In_(0.52)Al_(0.48)As量子阱中的二维电子气进行了磁输运测试.在低磁场范围内观察到正磁电阻效应,在高磁场下这一正磁电阻趋于饱和,分析表明这一现象与二维电子气中的电子占据两个子带有关.在考虑了两个子带之间的散射效应后,通过分析低磁场下的正磁电阻,得到了每个子带电子的迁移率,结果表明第二子带电子的迁移率高于第一子带电子的迁移率.进一步分析表明,这主要是由两个子带之间的散射引起的.

两个子带占据的In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As/In_(0.52)Al_(0.48)As量子阱中填充因子的变化规律

研究了低温(1.5K)和强磁场(0-13T)条件下,InP基In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As/In_(0.52)A_(l0.48)As量子阱中电子占据两个子带时填充因子随磁场的变化规律.结果表明,在电子自旋分裂能远小于朗道能级展宽的情况下,如果两个子带分裂能是朗道分裂能的整数倍时,即⊿E_(21)=κ*ω_c(其中κ为整数),填充因子为偶数;当两个子带分裂能为朗道分裂能的半奇数倍时,即⊿E_(21)=(2κ+1*ω/2,填充因子出现奇数.

In_(0.53)Ga_(0.47)As/In_(0.52)Al_(0.48)As量子阱中双子带占据的二维电子气的输运特性

研究了不同沟道厚度的In_(0.53) Ga_(0.47)As/In_(0.52)Al_(0.48)As量子阱中双子带占据的二维电子气的输运特性.在考虑了两个子带电子之间的磁致子带间散射效应后,通过分析Shubnikov-de Haas振荡一阶微分的快速傅里叶变换结果,获得了每个子带电子的浓度、输运散射时间、量子散射时间以及子带之间的散射时间.结果表明,对于所研究的样品,第一子带电子受到的小角散射更强,这与第一子带电子受到了更强的电离杂质散射有关.

匹配In（0.53）Ga（0.47）As/InP量子阱材料的GSMBE生长及特性分析

于2010-11-23批量导入