Operational characteristics of a 1.2-MW biomass gasification and power generation plant

In this study, we analyzed the operational characteristics of a 1.2-MW rice husk gasification and power generation plant located in Changxing, Zhejiang province, China. The influences of gasification temperature, equivalence ratio (ER), feeding rate and rice husk water content on the gasification characteristics in a fluidized bed gasifier were investigated. The axial temperature profile in the dense phase of the gasifier showed that inadequate fluidization occurred inside the bed, and that the temperature was closely related to changes in ER and feeding rate. The bed temperature increased linearly with increasing ER when the feeding rate was kept constant, while a higher feeding rate corresponded to a lower bed temperature at fixed ER. The gas heating value decreased with increasing temperature, while the feeding rate had little effect. When the gasification temperature was 700-800C, the gas heating value ranged from 5450-6400kJ/Nm3. The water content of the rice husk had an obvious influence on the operation of the gasifier: increases in water content up to 15% resulted in increasing ER and gas yield, while water contents above 15% caused aberrant temperature fluctuations. The problems in this plant are discussed in the light of operational experience of MW-scale biomass gasification and power generation plants.

吴起县耕地变化与粮食安全问题研究

选取全国退耕还林第一县——吴起县为研究对象,对吴起县自1997-2006年耕地变化动态与粮食生产情况进行了分析研究,运用最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数模型法,在分析吴起县1997-2006年10年间耕地、人口、粮食动态变化的基础上,总结了该区域最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力的变化特点,并以此为基础提出了保障吴起县耕地动态平衡和粮食安全的一些建议。

碱性染料杂多酸多元配合物显色反应及其应用的研究

本论文由六部分组成第一部分文献综述，对近年来碱性染料-元素杂多酸显色反应的研究及其应用的进展情况作了介绍。第二部分研究了乙基罗丹明B与硅钼杂多酸 PVA存在下的显色条件，缔合物的最大吸收波长为584nm，在测量波长586nm处，ε_(586) = 3.4 * 10~5lmol·cm~(-1), 缔合物至少可稳定1小时，0～1.3μg Si(IV)/25ml Beer定律，只有P(V)、A(s)、Ge(IV)等离子干扰严重，可采用酒石酸掩蔽之。从而提出了测定硅的高灵敏光度法。本法可不经分离直接用于水样及NaOH、NH_4G、NH_4NO_3等试剂分析，检测下限分别为10ppb(水样,5ml) 1 * 10~(-5)%（试剂，1g）。第三部分研究了乙基罗丹明B-磷钼杂多酸-PVA新的显色体系的光度测定条件，缔合物的最大吸收波长为584nm，在工作波长586nm下，ε_(586) = 3.2 * 10~5l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)，配合物至少可稳定1小时，0～1.5μgP(V)/25ml服从Beer定律。藉提高酸度和还原剂以消除Si(IV)、As(V)等离子的干扰。本法可不经分离直接用于钢样及硫酸钠、硫酸镁试剂中痕量磷的测定，检测下限达1 * 10~(-5)%(试剂1g)。第四部分研究了乙基罗丹明B-锗钼杂多酸在PVA存在下的显色条件，缔合物最大吸收波长为584nm，在测量波长588nm下，缔合物的表观摩尔吸光系数ε_(588) = 3.8 * 10~5l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)，0～1.5μg Ge(IV)/25ml服从Beer定律，缔合物至少可稳定2小时，仅P(V)、As(V)、 Si(IV)等离子严重干扰。第五部分研究了缔合物的形成机理。我们用摩尔比法，等摩尔连续变化法及摩尔吸光系数对比法分别研究呈溶液或结晶状的缔合物组成比，所得结果一致，即Si(或 P、Ge):ERB=1:4。由红外光谱的研究证明，染料ERB~+的结构未受缔合物形成的影响。ERB~+阳离子与杂多酸阴离子是藉离子链力结合成离子对缔合物，并讨论了本类显色反应的历程。第六部分是罗丹明类碱性染料中取代基对缔合的稳定性及萃取率的影响的研究。对用苯萃取罗丹明类碱性染料-高氯酸缔合物体系，进行了吸收光谱、酸度影响、表现摩尔吸光系数、萃取率和萃取平衡常数的测定实验，各种缔合物的最大吸收波长分别为：BRB, 567nm; ERB, 567nm; R6G, 536nm; RB, 563nm。表观摩尔吸光系数分别为(l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1):BRB, 9.86 * 10~4; ERB, 8.82*10~4;R6G, 4·0.3 * 10~4。萃取率分别为：BRB, 91.9%, ERB, 79.2%; R6G, 45.7%。萃取平衡常数分别为：BRB, 1.32 * 10~4; ERB, 1.14 * 10~3; R6G, 6.06 * 10~2。并用平衡移动法测定缔合物组成均为1：1。根据上述实验结果，从离子体积、憎水和亲水基、取代基的酸碱性及染料阳离子的正电性等四个方面对染料分子上不同取代基对缔合物稳定性、可萃性和溶解度影响进行了讨论，得到了一些规律性的认识：随着取代基体积增大、憎水基的引入和加重、碱性减弱、染料阳离子正电性的增加，均能使形成缔合物的稳定性和可萃性增加，其增加顺序为BRB > ERB > R6G > RB。

何首乌炮制前后生物活性和化学成分的变化研究

何首乌为常用中药，由何首乌及含何首乌的中成药制剂所引起的不良反应也时见报道，科学阐明不良反应的物质基础并提出解决方案对何首乌的使用十分重要。本论文研究了何首乌炮制前后KM小鼠肝脏毒性基因表达谱、生物活性及化学成分的变化。所获结果支持何首乌炮制的目的是减毒、改性（改变药效），何首乌生、熟异治的观点。制首乌对抑郁症的效果显著优于生首乌，这与本草所记载的何首乌炮制后补肝肾、益精血，归肝、肾经一致。 主要结果如下： 1、 生、制首乌的毒理基因芯片研究结果 何首乌的不良反应主要表现在肝损害方面。本研究建立了生何首乌和制何首乌不同剂量的肝毒性作用模型，体重指标统计发现生何首乌各剂量组平均体重显著下降，中剂量组（10 g/kg.d）体重下降20 %，高剂量组（20 g/kg.d）体重下降42%，50%动物死亡，提示动物机体能量代谢障碍；基因芯片研究结果表明何首乌是CYP450的抑制剂，生何首乌相对于制何首乌CYP3A4、CYP4A5显著下调，导致毒性成分在体内的吸收增加，服用大剂量的生何首乌后产生明显的肝毒性；主要对以下六条Pathway产生影响：①PPAR signaling pathway，主要毒性靶基因有RXRB CYP7a1、Acadl、Apoa2、Cyp4a、 FABP2 、MAPKKK5等基因。②Calcium signaling pathway，主要毒性靶基因有CAMK2B、CACNA1F、S100A1、 F2R、Ryr1、Slc8a2、Camk4 ③Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction，主要毒性靶基因有Chrm4、 Ntsr2 、 GABRR1、 GRIK3、F2R等基因。④Wnt signaling pathway，主要毒性靶基因有Daam2、Rac1 等基因。⑤Complement and coagulation cascades，主要毒性靶基因有F2R、Serpina1b、Cfi 、FGA等基因。⑥Oxidative hosphorylation，主要毒性靶基因有Atp5e、NDUFA1等基因。生何首乌毒性明显强于制首乌，且生何首乌水煎液的毒性大于生何乌首丙酮提取物的毒性，这一结果表明，何首乌主要的毒性成分很可能并不仅仅是传统所认为的以大黄素为代表的蒽醌类化合物，而是何首乌中大量存在的有效组分二苯乙烯苷与大黄素相互作用的结果，这一研究结果与前述的何首乌对肝药酶的影响是一致的。后续生、制首乌的化学成分差异研究表明，炮制后二苯乙烯苷含量明显降低：生首乌为5.512 %、清蒸制首乌为3.811 %、豆制首乌为3.538 %,大黄素的含量炮制后显著升高,生首乌为0.094 %、清蒸制首乌为0.119 %、豆制首乌为0.126 %。 2 生、制首乌药效差异研究结果 本文采用慢性中等强度不可预知应激刺激模型(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS)和动物行为绝望实验法，研究生、制首乌抗抑郁活性的差异，制首乌（5 g/kg.d）与模型组相比有显著差异（P< 0.01），生首乌制首乌（5g/kg.d）与模型组相比无显著差异，这一结果表明制首乌抗抑郁活性显著优于生首乌。 本文比较了生、制首乌对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠血糖的影响的差异，生首乌（5 g/kg.d）与模型组相比有显著差异（P< 0.01），制首乌（5 g/kg.d）与模型组相比无显著差异，这一结果表明生首乌降糖活性优于制首乌。这一结果与历代中医古书中生首乌治疗消渴症（糖尿病）的记载一致。 3生、制首乌化学成分差异的研究结果 本文选用HPLC-DAD指纹图谱技术结合药效成分含量测定来研究生、制首乌化学成分的差异。炮制后，何首乌中的主要化学成分并未消失，只是其含量发生了改变。炮制后二苯乙烯苷含量明显降低：生首乌为5.512 %、清蒸制首乌为3.811 %、豆制首乌为3.538 %,大黄素的含量炮制后显著升高,生首乌为0.094 %、清蒸制首乌为0.119 %、豆制首乌为0.126 %。 综上所述，炮制前后何首乌中二苯乙烯苷和大黄素含量比的变化可能是何首乌炮制减毒、改性的物质基础。 根据上述结果我们建立了生、制首乌的质量控制新模式。 In recent years, some adverse drug reactions (ADR) about some traditional Chinese medicine were reported at times. As a Chinese medicine most in use, the ADRs of Radix Polygoni multiflori (RPM) and the medicines containing the RPM were also mentioned. The resolution of the problems caused by the ADRs is very important for the use of the RPM as a medicine. The process (or preparation) is a significant feature for the clinical use of the Chinese medicine and an important technology for the safe use and good effect of the Chinese medicine. By processing, the toxicity of the Chinese medicine can be reduced, its properties can be changed and curative effect can be enhanced at the same time. The changes of the gene expression profiles for KM mice hepatotoxic effects, and the change of the biological activity and the chemical composition after being processed of the RPm were studied in the present dissertation. The RPm heatotoxicity mechanism and the toxicity target genes were explained on the gene level for the first time. With the antidepressant activity, and the hypoglycemic effect as the target, the differences on the pharmacodynamics between the processed RPm and unprocessed RPm, for the first time, were investigated. The results obtained show that the antidepressant activity of the processed RPM is far higher than the ones of unprocessed RPm. As we know, the results were reported for the first time. The quality control systems (QCS) for the processed and the unprocessed RPm were founded. The HPLC-DAD was used in the systems founded on the basis of the toxicology and the pharmacodynamics experiments. As we know, the OCSs were reported for the first time. The above-mentioned experimental results confirm that the unique process theory of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used for the process of the Radix Polygoni multiflori (RPm) is correct, i.e after being processed the toxicity of the RPm decreases and its Pharmacodynamic effects change. It is known to author that there have been no similar reports in the literatures up to now. The main experimental results are summarized as follows: 1 The results on the mice toxicology gene chip for the unprocessed and processed RPm The KM mice hepatotoxic model caused by the RPm at the different dosages was established in the present study. The results obtained show that the mouse average body weight obviously decreased in the groups at the different dosages of the unprocessed RPm: the 10 g/kg.d .group decreased 20%; 20 g/kg.d. group decreased 42%, and 50% mice died at 20 g/kg.d. group. The main experimental results on the mice toxicology gene chip The RPm is the CYP450 inhibitor. As compared with the processd RPm, the CYP3A4, CYP4A5 of the unprocessed RPm demonstrate the marked downregulation, which leads to the increase of the poison absorbtion into the body with the result that the unprocessed RPm yields the marked hepatotoxication. The hepatotoxication was produced because the following 6 pathways were affected: ①PPAR signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are RXRB, CYP7a1, Acadl, Apoa2, Cyp4a, FABP2 and MAPKKK5 etc. ②Calcium signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are CAMK2B, CACNA1F, S100A1, F2R, Ryr1,Slc8a2 and Camk4 etc. ③Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, the chief toxicity target genes are Chrm4, Ntsr2, GABRR1, GRIK3 and F2R etc. ④Wnt signaling pathway, the chief toxicity target genes are Daam2, Rac1 etc. ⑤Complement and coagulation cascades, the chief toxicity target genes are F2R, Serpina1b, Cfi and FGA etc. ⑥Oxidative phosphorylation, the chief toxicity target genes are Atp5e, NDUFA1 etc. The above experimental results, for the first time , demonstrate on the gene level that the unprocessed Rpm toxicity is far stronger than the processed RPm one, and the toxicity of the water decoction of the unprocessed RPm is greater than the one of its acetone extracts, which shows that the chief toxicity components of the RPm are probably not only the anthraquinones, for example, the emodin, but the complex compounds produced by the interaction between the emondin and the stilbene glucoside which is the largest component of the unprocessed RPm. The result is accordance with the above effect of the RPm on the hepatic drugenzyme. Aftter being processed, in fact, the content of the stibene glucoside in the RPm markedly decreases. 2. The results on the pharmacodynamic differences between the unprocessed and processed RPm The results obtained show that the effects of processing on RPm pharmacodynamic behaviour received in the Chinese Material Medica are correct. It is known to author that this is the first experimental result in the research materials now available. The chief results are as follows: For the treatment of the antidepressant, the curative effect of the processed RPm is far better than the one of the unprocessed RPm. By contrast with the above results, the hypoblycemic effect of the unprocessed RPm is better than the one of the processed RPm. 3. The results on the Chemical Composition The results obtained by using HPLC-DAD fingerprint and by the determination of effective component content show that the main chemical components in the RPm after being processed do not disappear, but their contents change. The contents of the stilbene glucoside (SG) and emodin in the different samples were determined as follows: SG contents 5.512 % for the unprocessed RPm 3.811 % for the processed RPm (Steamed) 3.588 % for the processed RPm (black soybean) Emodin contents 0.094 % for the unprocessed RPm 0.119 % for the processed RPm (Steamed) 0.126 % for the processed RPm (black soybean) The combination of above experimental results on the toxicity, the pharmacodynamics and the chemical composition indicates that the changes of the content ratio of SG/emodin may be the substance base of the toxicity decrease and pharmacodynamic changes of the RPM by the processing.