Dislocation mechanisms for plastic flow of nickel in the temperature range 4.2 – 1200 K

The temperature ranges of thermal and athermal deformation behaviour of nickel are identified by employing the temperature-dependence of flow-stress and strain-rate cycling data. The results are used to present a unified view of dislocation mechanisms of glide encompassing the two thermally activated and the intermediate athermal regimes of plastic flow.In the low-temperature thermally activated region (<250 K) the strain rate is found to be controlled by the repulsive intersection of glide and forest dislocations, in accordance with current ideas. The athermal stress in this region can be attributed mainly to the presence of strong attractive junctions which are overcome by means of Orowan bowing, a small contribution also coming from the elastic interactions between dislocations. The values of activation area and activation energy obtained in the high-temperature region (> 750 K) negate the operation of a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Instead, the data support a thermal activation model involving unzipping of the attractive junctions. The internal (long-range) stress contribution here results solely from the elastic interactions between dislocations. This view concerning the high-temperature plastic flow is further supported by the observation that the Cottrell–Stokes law is obeyed over large strains in the range 750–1200 K.

Phase relations and Gibbs energies of spinel phases and solid solutions in the system Mg-Rh-O

Pure stoichiometric MgRh(2)O(4) could not be prepared by solid state reaction from an equimolar mixture of MgO and Rh(2)O(3) in air. The spinel phase formed always contained excess of Mg and traces of Rh or Rh(2)O(3). The spinel phase can be considered as a solid solution of Mg(2)RhO(4) in MgRh(2)O(4). The compositions of the spinel solid solution in equilibrium with different phases in the ternary system Mg-Rh-O were determined by electron probe microanalysis. The oxygen potential established by the equilibrium between Rh + MgO + Mg(1+x)Rh(2-x)O(4) was measured as a function of temperature using a solid-state cell incorporating yttria-stabilized zirconia as an electrolyte and pure oxygen at 0.1 MPa as the reference electrode. To avoid polarization of the working electrode during the measurements, an improved design of the cell with a buffer electrode was used. The standard Gibbs energies of formation of MgRh(2)O(4) and Mg(2)RhO(4) were deduced from the measured electromotive force (e.m.f.) by invoking a model for the spinel solid solution. The parameters of the model were optimized using the measured composition of the spinel solid solution in different phase fields and imposed oxygen partial pressures. The results can be summarized by the equations: MgO + beta -Rh(2)O(3) -> MgRh(2)O(4); Delta G degrees (+ 1010)/J mol(-1) = -32239 + 7.534T; 2MgO + RhO(2) -> Mg(2)RhO(4); Delta G degrees(+/- 1270)/J mol(-1) = 36427 -4.163T; Delta G(M)/J mol(-1) = 2RT(xInx + (1-x)In(1-x)) + 4650x(1-x), where Delta G degrees is the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction and G(M) is the free energy of mixing of the spinel solid solution Mg(1+x)Rh(2-x)O(4). (C) 2011 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Indium flux, growth temperature and RF power induced effects in InN layers grown on GaN/Si substrate by plasma-assisted MBE

In the present work, we report the growth of wurtzite InN epilayers on GaN/Si (1 1 1) substrate by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE). The growth parameters such as indium flux, substrate temperature and RF power affect the crystallographic and morphological properties of InN layers, which were evaluated using high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) analysis and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is found that excess indium (In) concentrations and surface roughness were increased with increase in In flux and growth temperature. The intensity of HRXRD (0 0 0 2) peak, corresponding to c-axis orientation has been increased and full width at half maxima (FWHM) has decreased with increase in RF power. It was found that highly c-axis oriented InN epilayers can be grown at 450 degrees C growth temperature, 450 W RF power and 1.30 x 10(-7) mbar In beam equivalent pressure (BEP). The energy gap of InN layers grown by optimizing growth conditions was determined by photoluminescence and optical absorption measurement. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dependence of Protein Adsorption on Wetting Behavior of UHMWPE-HA-Al2O3-CNT Hybrid Biocomposites

Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is used as an articulating surface in total hip and knee joint replacement. In order to enhance long-term durability/wear resistance properties, UHMWPE-based polymer-ceramic hybrid composites are being developed. Surface properties such as wettability and protein adsorption alter with reinforcement or with change in surface chemistry. From this perspective, the wettability and protein adsorption behavior of compression-molded UHMWPE-hydroxyapatite (HA)-aluminum oxide (Al2O3)-carbon nanotube (CNT) composites were analyzed in conjunction with surface roughness. The combined effect of Al2O3 and CNT shows enhancement of the contact angle by similar to 37A degrees compared with the surface of the UHMWPE matrix reinforced with HA. In reference to unreinforced UHMWPE, protein adsorption density also increased by similar to 230% for 2 wt.%HA-5 wt.%Al2O3-2 wt.%CNT addition to UHMWPE. An important conclusion is that the polar and dispersion components of the surface free energy play a significant role in wetting and protein adsorption than do the total free energy or chemistry of the surface. The results of this study have major implications for the biocompatibility of these newly developed biocomposites.

Nonlocal continuum mechanics formulation for axial, flexural, shear and contraction coupled wave propagation in single walled carbon nanotubes

This paper presents the effect of nonlocal scaling parameter on the coupled i.e., axial, flexural, shear and contraction, wave propagation in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The axial and transverse motion of SWCNT is modeled based on first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and thickness contraction. The governing equations are derived based on nonlocal constitutive relations and the wave dispersion analysis is also carried out. The studies shows that the nonlocal scale parameter introduces certain band gap region in all wave modes where no wave propagation occurs. This is manifested in the wavenumber plots as the region where the wavenumber tends to infinite or wave speed tends to zero. The frequency at which this phenomenon occurs is called the escape frequency. Explicit expressions are derived for cut-off and escape frequencies of all waves in SWCNT. It is also shown that the cut-off frequencies of shear and contraction mode are independent of the nonlocal scale parameter. The results provided in this article are new and are useful guidance for the study and design of the next generation of nanodevices that make use of the coupled wave propagation properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Effect of doping concentration on the structural and optical properties of pure and tin doped zinc oxide thin films by nebulizer spray pyrolysis (NSP) technique

Pure and tin doped zinc oxide (Sn:ZnO) thin films were prepared for the first time by NSP technique using aqueous solutions of zinc acetate dehydrate, tin (IV) chloride fendahydrate and methanol. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm that the films are polycrystalline in nature exhibiting hexagonal wurtzite type, with (0 0 2) as preferred orientation. The structural parameters such as lattice constant ('a' and `c'), crystallite size, dislocation density, micro strain, stress and texture coefficient were calculated from X-ray diffraction studies. Surface morphology was found to be modified with increasing Sn doping concentration. The ZnO films have high transmittance 85% in the visible region, and the transmittance is found to be decreased with the increase of Sn doping concentration. The corresponding optical band gap decreases from 3.25 to 3.08 eV. Room temperature photoluminescence reveals the sharp emission of strong UV peak at 400 nm (3.10 eV) and a strong sharp green luminescence at 528 nm (2.34 eV) in the Sn doped ZnO films. The electrical resistivity is found to be 10(6) Omega-cm at higher temperature and 10(5) Omega-cm at lower temperature. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Functionality preservation with enhanced mechanical integrity in the nanocomposites of the metal-organic framework, ZIF-8, with BN nanosheets

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and boron nitride both possess novel properties, the former associated with microporosity and the latter with good mechanical properties. We have synthesized composites of the imidazolate based MOF, ZIF-8, and few-layer BN in order to see whether we can incorporate the properties of both these materials in the composites. The composites so prepared between BN nanosheets and ZIF-8 have compositions ZIF-1BN, ZIF-2BN, ZIF-3BN and similar to ZIF-4BN. The composites have been characterized by PXRD, TGA, XPS, electron microscopy, IR, Raman and solid state NMR spectroscopy. The composites possess good surface areas, the actual value decreasing only slightly with the increase in the BN content. The CO2 uptake remains nearly the same in the composites as in the parent ZIF-8. More importantly, the addition of BN markedly improves the mechanical properties of ZIF-8, a feature that is much desired in MOFs. Observation of microporous features along with improved mechanical properties in a MOF is indeed noteworthy. Such manipulation of properties can be profitably exploited in practical applications.

Exploring the potential of adjunct therapy in tuberculosis

A critical unmet need for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is to find novel therapies that are efficacious, safe, and shorten the duration of treatment. Drug discovery approaches for TB primarily target essential genes of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) but novel strategies such as host-directed therapies and nonmicrobicidal targets are necessary to bring about a paradigm shift in treatment. Drugs targeting the host pathways and nonmicrobicidal proteins can be used only in conjunction with existing drugs as adjunct therapies. Significantly, host-directed adjunct therapies have the potential to decrease duration of treatment, as they are less prone to drug resistance, target the immune responses, and act via novel mechanism of action. Recent advances in targeting host-pathogen interactions have implicated pathways such as eicosanoid regulation and angiogenesis. Furthermore, several approved drugs such as metformin and verapamil have been identified that appear suitable for repurposing for the treatment of TB. These findings and the challenges in the area of host- and/or pathogen-directed adjunct therapies and their implications for TB therapy are discussed.

Multiphase technique improves mud-pulse velocity calculations

Measurement while drilling (MWD) has become a popular survey technology to monitor directional data, drilling data, formation evaluation data and safety data in the world. And closed loop drilling shows promise in recent years. Obviously, the method of tr

An incremental micromechanical scheme for nonlinear particulate composites

A general incremental micromechanical scheme for the nonlinear behavior of particulate composites is presented in this paper. The advantage of this scheme is that it can reflect partly the effects of the third invariant of the stress on the overall mechanical behavior of nonlinear composites. The difficulty involved is the determination of the effective compliance tensors of the anisotropic multiphase composites. This is completed by making use of the generalized self-consistent Mori-Tanaka method which was recently developed by Dai et al. (Polymer Composites 19(1998) 506-513; Acta Mechanica Solida 18 (1998) 199-208). Comparison with existing theoretical and numerical results demonstrates that the present incremental scheme is quite satisfactory. Based on this incremental scheme, the overall mechanical behavior of a hard-particle reinforced metal matrix composite with progressive particle debonding damage is investigated.

Estimación del comportamiento de los principales índices reproductivos de un hato Cebú, bajo explotación semi-intensiva en el trópico seco de Nicaragua

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo utilizando datos de registros reproductivo de los años 1976 a1985, de un hato de vacas Cebú en el departamento de Rivas, ubicado a 11º, 26, Latitud Norte; 85º, 50`, longitud Oeste y una elevación de 70 m.s.n.m; con una temperatura, humedad relativa y precipitación pluvial promedio en los últimos 14 años de 28, 89oc,-86.69% y 1,654.5mm anuales, respectivamente. Las variables en estudio fueron: edad de incorporación (EI), Edad al primer parto (EPP), intervalo parto-primera inseminación (IPPI), periodo de servicio (PS), Intervalo parto-parto (IPP), y nùmero de servicios por concepción (NSC); con promedios de 44+/-10 meses, 54+/4 meses, 202+/87 días, 2201+/9-98 días, 513+/-102 días y 1.54+/-0.03 servicios, respectivamente. En el ANDEVA para EI, resulto significativo el año de nacimiento, mes de nacimientos y unidad de producción estatal (UPE); para la EPP el año, mes y UPE resultaron no significativos, a diferencia de la covariable edad de incorporación; para IPPI Y PS resultaron significativos el año de parto, mes de parto, UPE y covariable cada de parto; para el IPP resulto significativo el año y no significativo el mes, UPE y covariables edad al parto. Las correlaciones lineales entre: NSC con IPP, PS; IPP con PS, IPPI y EP; IPPI y EP; resultaron significativas con un coeficiente de: +0.250, +0.232, +0.121, +0.934, +0.859, +0.201, +0.918, -0.246 y -0.297, respectivamente. Las regiones para la PS con IPPI, IPPI con EP, NSC con EP, IPP con NSC y PS, resultaron significativas con coeficiente: +0.97 días, -1.16 días /mes, +0.0044 servicios/mes, +4.02 días/servicio y +0.93 días, respectivamente.

Producción de materia seca y acumulación de nutrientes en el mantillo por la combinación de árboles de sombra y niveles de insumo en el cultivo de café (Coffea arabica L.) Masatepe, Nicaragua

En un experimento de sistemas agroforestales con café en el municipio de Masatepe, Nicaragua, se determinó el aporte de materia seca y sus contenidos de N, P, K, Ca y Mg, en las combinaciones de árboles de sombra de Simarouba glauca+ Tabebuia rosea (SGTR), Samanea saman + Inga laurina (SSIL) y café a pleno sol (Psol) como factor A, y el factor B: aplicación de Niveles de insumos: Convencional Intensivo (CI) y Convencional Moderado (CM), Orgánico Intensivo (OI) y Orgánico Moderado (OM). Las interacciones fueron establecidas en un diseño de bloques incompletos al azar en parcelas divididas con tres repeticiones. Se evaluó la cantidad de materia seca y sus contenidos de N, P, K, Ca y Mg en el mantillo en el años 2004, 2009 y 2013; realizándose el muestreo de campo en los meses de Abril y Mayo de cada año. Fueron definidos seis puntos de muestreo al azar dentro del área de la parcela útil del área experimental a través de un marco de 0.25 m2. Cada punto fue ubicado en calle y otro paralelo en la hilera cerca de la base de una planta de café. Se recolectó todo el material vegetal separándose por componente (hojas, tallos, raquis, ramas, flores, frutos, material fraccionado), por tipo de especie, las cuales fueron pesadas. Una muestra compuesta por componente y especie se obtuvo para determinar la relación peso fresco peso seco. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la combinación de sombra S. saman + I. laurina (SSIL) árboles leguminosos, fue la que aportó mayor cantidad de materia seca con 6,926.75 kg ha-1 en el 2004, 18,351.88 kg ha-1 en el 2009 y 20,356.43 kg ha-1 en el 2013. Con respecto al nivel de insumo, el Orgánico Intensivo (OI), fue el que tuvo mayor efecto en la producción de materia seca con 7,559.68 kg ha-1 en el 2004, 16,688.31 kg ha-1 en el 2009 y 20,474.16 kg ha-1 en el 2013. La interacción sombra*insumo (SSIL-OI), fue la que contribuyó con mayor cantidad de materia seca en los tres años cuantificados, en comparación a la combinación de árboles maderables (SGTR) y la condición Pleno sol. Los tratamientos con árboles S. saman + I. laurina y manejo orgánico, fueron los que presentaron las mayores acumulaciones de nutrientes en residuos vegetales, obteniendo los siguientes resultados: en el año 2004, (SSIL-OM); acumuló 202.60 kg ha-1 de N, 34.69 kg ha-1 de P, 92.85 kg ha-1 de K, 88.82 kg ha-1 de Ca y 31.25 kg ha-1 de Mg. En el año 2009, presentó una mayor acumulación de nutrientes el tratamiento (SSIL- OI); con 435.64 kg ha-1 de N, 20.36 kg ha-1 de P, 123.95 kg ha-1 de K, 83.34 kg ha-1 de Ca y 60.47 kg ha-1 de Mg. En el año 2013, (SSIL- OI); acumuló 513.60 kg ha-1 de N, 34.46 kg ha-1 de P, 297.61 kg ha-1 de K, 426.83 kg ha-1de Ca y 20.23 kg ha-1 de Mg. Las combinaciones de árboles leguminosos y maderables con manejo orgánico presentaron los mayores aportes de materia seca y acumulación de nutrientes en los años 2004, 2009 y 2013, en comparación a los tratamientos con café a Pleno sol con manejo convencional.

连续波化学激光的非均匀加宽效应

本文用运动论模型处理二能级连续波HF化学激光问题.对层流和湍流混合情况,给出了振荡器特性的具体计算公式,并在一定的(?)值和有限的化学泵浦速率K的情况下,精确求解了激光强度、功率和化学效率.计算结果表明,当加宽参数η<0.20时,非均匀加宽影响严重,必需采用运动论模型处理;η>0.20时,本文结果与速率模型结果比较接近,可用速率模型处理.