A Numerical Study for Turbulent Flow and Thermal Influence Over Inhomogenous Canopy of Roughness Elements

A large-eddy simulation with transitional structure function(TSF) subgrid model we previously proposed was performed to investigate the turbulent flow with thermal influence over an inhomogeneous canopy, which was represented as alternative large and small roughness elements. The aerodynamic and thermodynamic effects of the presence of a layer of large roughness elements were modelled by adding a drag term to the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and a heat source/sink term to the scalar equation, respectively. The layer of small roughness elements was simply treated using the method as described in paper (Moeng 1984, J. Atmos Sci. 41, 2052-2062) for homogeneous rough surface. The horizontally averaged statistics such as mean vertical profiles of wind velocity, air temperature, et al., are in reasonable agreement with Gao et al.(1989, Boundary layer meteorol. 47, 349-377) field observation (homogeneous canopy). Not surprisingly, the calculated instantaneous velocity and temperature fields show that the roughness elements considerably changed the turbulent structure within the canopy. The adjustment of the mean vertical profiles of velocity and temperature was studied, which was found qualitatively comparable with Belcher et al. (2003, J Fluid Mech. 488, 369-398)'s theoretical results. The urban heat island(UHI) was investigated imposing heat source in the region of large roughness elements. An elevated inversion layer, a phenomenon often observed in the urban area (Sang et al., J Wind Eng. Ind. Aesodyn. 87, 243-258)'s was successfully simulated above the canopy. The cool island(CI) was also investigated imposing heat sink to simply model the evaporation of plant canopy. An inversion layer was found very stable and robust within the canopy.

Plantas útiles en el municipio El Castillo a partir de categorías de uso popular

Investigaciones etnobotánicas en la Reserva de la Biosfera Indio Maiz (RBIM) pretenden promover una ética conservacionista a través del reconocimiento, documentación, y uso de la flora local por parte de la población rural. El propósito de este estudio fue conocer los patrones que detenninan el uso de especies. El uso concerniente a las especies vegetales se ha documentado por medio de la aplicación de una Metodologia Etnobotánica basada en un modelo de inventario/entrevista con 133 infonnantes. Se establecieron 11 categorias de uso y 68 usos, lo que pennitió detenninar el número y tipo de usos de cada especie; asi como calcular indicas de importancia relativa basada en la percepción local. Todas las especies de plantas mencionadas en entrevistas; cuyo número fue de 398, fueron reportadas como útiles para uno o más propósitos; siendo el41.5% especies introducidas. Las comunidades más alejadas del área núcleo de la reserva reportaron más especies que las comunidades cercanas y hacen un uso más diverso. Los indicas de importancia relativa sugieren mayor diversidad de uso de especies maderables. que especies medicinales o plantas cultivadas. El uso de las plantas depende de factores como la abundancia relativa en la flora local, la tradicionalidad de uso de pocas especies; la calidad y demanda de mercado de muchas especies, asi como de la experimentación o contacto práctico con los ecosistemas habitados.

Effect of quasicrystalline phase on the deformation behavior of Zr62Al9.5Ni9.5Cu14Nb5 bulk metallic glass

Quasicrystalline phase with different volume fraction were formed by isothermally annealing the as-castZr(62)Al(9.5)Ni(9.5)Cu(14)Nb(5) bulk metallic glass at 723 K for different times. The effects of quasicrystals on the deformation behavior of the materials were studied by nanoindentation and compression test. It revealed that the alloys with homogeneous amorphous structure exhibit pronounced flow serrations during the nanoindentation loading, while no obvious flow serration is observed for the sample with quasicrystals more than 10 vol.%. However, further compression tests confirm that the no-serrated flows are formed due to different reasons. For annealed samples containing quasicrystals less than 35 vol.%, continuous plastic deformation occurs due to propagation of multiple shear bands. While the disappearance of serrated flow cannot be explained by the generation of multiple shear bands for samples containing quasicrystals more than 35 vol.%, which will fracture with a totally different fracture mode, namely, dimple fracture mode under loading instead of shear fracture mode. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

激光激发-碰撞传能诱导的荧光的动力学

被多光子吸收所激发而处于高激发态的分子通过碰撞传能将原子激发至电子激发态,产生波长远较激励激光短的荧光.对这种激光激发-碰撞传能诱导的荧光的动力学进行了分析.

《煤炭的燃烧与应用》

<正> 这是“能源与燃烧科学进展”(PECS)杂志的一期特刊,由美国能源部煤炭燃烧与应用工作组(CCAWG)编辑。内容有一篇综述文章“发展中的燃煤技术”由14位学术界与工业界专家撰写,和一组关于燃煤应用中某些基本问题的文章及其讨论。这组文章是一次由CCAWG组织的讨论会的论文,计有下列几篇:

泥沙在动水中的沉淀运动(一)——圆球在流体中运动时所受的阻力

在河道动力学中,一般在讨论泥沙和水的相对速度时,都应用斯笃克斯公式。但是这样一个假定是没有经过严格证明的,它的正确性必须仔细地加以讨论。本文根据流体力学的基本理论讨论了一个小球在不均匀流场中运动时候的情况。在讨论的时候,我们引进了两个基本假定:(1)圆球直径和流场的线性尺度比较起来小得很多;(2)水和圆球的相对速度很小。有了这两个假定以后,我们就可以把运动方程式线性化,然后再利用拉普拉斯转换找出线性化以后的方程式的解。最后得到小球在非均匀流场中运动时所受到的阻力。

Concentration distribution in crystallization from solution under microgravity

Concentration distribution in crystallization from solution under microgravity is numerically studied. A quasi-steady state growth and dissolution in a 2D rectangular enclosure filled with sodium chlorate (NaClO3) aqueous solution, in which one wall is the growth surface of the crystal and the opposite one is the dissolution surface, is considered. The solute transport process at the growth surface is described by the diffusion-reaction theory with finite interface kinetics coefficient. The results show that the concentration at the growth surface is supersaturated and the supersaturation distribution is of non-uniformity, i.e. the supersaturation in a region facing an incoming flow is high. On the other hand, the non-uniformity of supersaturation at the growth surface is closely related to the gravity level even under microgravity, it exponentially increases as the thermal Rayleigh number on behalf of the gravity level rises.

Collecção das Leis do Imperio do Brasil de 1844

Parte 1 - Leis