新型混凝剂处理印染废水的实验研究

采用自行制备的具有不同SiO2 :Al:Fe(摩尔比值 )和碱化度的两类新型无机高分子混凝剂聚硅酸氯化铝铁 (PSAFC)和聚硅酸硫酸铝铁 (PSAFS)各 7种 ,直接对印染废水进行处理。从中选出 2种混凝剂 ,考察了pH值、混凝剂投量等对混凝效果的影响 ,并对混凝处理后 ,印染废水出水中残留混凝剂主要成分Al、Fe、SiO2 的含量进行分析。实验结果表明 ,氯化物型 (PSAFC)和硫酸盐型 (PSAFS)混凝剂对印染废水的色度、浊度、CODCr均有良好的去除效果

城市生活垃圾填埋场释放汞的形态初步研究

大气的人为汞释放源研究已经较为广泛,但国内外对垃圾填埋场这一潜在的大气汞释放源还没有重视,尤其是垃圾填埋场释放汞的形态研究较为缺乏。2003 年11 月下旬,对贵阳市一新建的生活垃圾填埋场排放气体中的总汞( TGM) 、单甲基汞(MMHg) 、二甲基汞(DMHg) 进行了初步的研究。结果显示填埋半年、填埋一年与填埋两年的垃圾填埋场排气筒气体中总汞浓度分别为665. 52 ±291. 25 ng/ m3 ( n = 305) 、25. 6 ±3. 2 ng / m3 ( n = 13) 、14. 5±1. 8 ng/ m3 ( n = 28) ;填埋半年与填埋两年的垃圾填埋场排气筒气体中单甲基汞浓度分别为2. 06 ±1. 82 ng/ m3( n = 11) 、0. 18 ±0. 06 ng/ m3 ( n = 2) ,二甲基汞浓度为9. 45 ±5. 18 ng/ m3 ( n = 12) 。这一结果初步说明垃圾填埋场不仅是大气总汞的释放源类型之一,也是大气中毒性更强的单甲基汞与二甲基汞的释放源之一。

贵州省几个典型金属矿区周围河水的重金属分布特征

为了解矿山的开采、冶炼对周围水环境的影响,对贵州省杉树林铅锌矿、榨子厂铅锌矿、赫章县后河土法炼锌区、万山汞矿周围水体的重金属(Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Pb) 含量进行了测定。结果显示水流对矿区尾渣堆的冲刷可以导致河水中悬浮颗粒物迁移很远,溶解态重金属含量主要受到悬浮颗粒物释放的影响。颗粒物少的河水溶解态重金属含量低,如榨子厂和万山;颗粒物多的河水则溶解态重金属含量高,如杉树林和赫章后河。

芙蓉锡矿田骑田岭花岗岩黑云母矿物化学组成及其对锡成矿的指示意义

芙蓉锡矿田骑田岭复式岩体主要由早阶段角闪石黑云母花岗岩和晚阶段黑云母花岗岩组成.电子探针分析结果表明角闪石黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母属于铁黑云母,黑云母花岗岩中的黑云母属于铁叶云母.相对于黑云母花岗岩,角闪石黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的MgO、TiO2含量偏高,Al2O3含量偏低.矿物化学研究结果显示,角闪石黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的结晶温度、氧逸度(logfO2)分别为680℃～740℃、-16.00～-15.31,黑云母花岗岩中黑云母的结晶温度、氧逸度分别为530℃～650℃、-19.20～-17.50.从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩,岩浆结晶温度和氧逸度逐渐降低.与花岗岩有关的共存流体性质的研究发现,与角闪石黑云母花岗岩共存的热液流体log(fH2O/fHF)fluid,log(fH2O/fHCl)fluid,log(fHF/fHCl)fiuid值分别为4.22～4.39,2.78～3.24,-1.82～-1.73,而与黑云母花岗岩共存的热液流体log(fH2O/fHF)fluid,log(fH2OfHCl)fluid,log(fHF/fHCl)fluid值分别为3.27～3.53,2.85～3.22,-0.75～-0.22,可见与两种岩石类型共存热液流体的性质存在明显差异,且热液中Cl、Sn含量变化与岩浆结晶分异指数呈正相关关系.骑田岭岩体从角闪石黑云母花岗岩到黑云母花岗岩,随着岩浆的演化.岩浆结晶期后分异出的热液流体向富Cl和Sn方向演化.芙蓉锡矿田的成矿流体应主要来源于黑云母花岗岩岩浆结晶期后分异出的岩浆热液.

纳米粒子—胶体溶液—吸附作用—对某些金属矿床成因的探讨

根据物质呈纳米级状态时，其物理性质发生显著的变化，认为由其作为分散相分散于不同的分散介质（气体、液体和固体）中所构成的气溶胶、胶体溶液或固体溶胶，尤其是胶体溶液对运移成矿物质尤为重要，而对于被运移的胶粒来说，自身凝聚或被其他载体矿物或岩石的吸附富集将是一种重要的成矿作用，这特别有助于解释微细浸染型金矿、砂金矿及某些稀有及分散元素矿床的成因。

贵州红枫湖汞的生物地球化学循环

上世纪八十年代，科学家们发现在北美和北欧一些远离汞污染源的湖泊中，某些鱼汞含量远远超过了世界卫生组织建议的食用水产品汞含量标准，这一现象引起了人们对水环境系统中汞的生物地球化学循环的极大关注。因此本论文对贵州红枫湖和加拿大安大略省3个小湖中汞的形态与分布特征进行了详细的研究，并对红枫湖整个汞的生物地球化学循环做了较为完整深入的探讨。本论文主要包括以下4方面的研究内容：（1）沉积物甲基汞分析方法的建立；（2）红枫湖水体、沉积物、鱼体中各种汞形态的含量、分布特征以及水体富营养化对其影响的研究；（3）红枫湖汞形态转化、输入输出通量及其质量平衡的估算；（4）红枫湖的对比研究点—加拿大安大略省的Mary、St. George和Philips湖中不同形态汞分布特征的初步研究。通过本论文的研究，得出以下主要结论： 1. 建立了硝酸和硫酸铜溶液浸提，CH2Cl2萃取并结合水相乙基化和GC-CVAFS测定沉积物及土壤中甲基汞的方法。该方法平均回收率为 97.8%，相对标准偏差≤10.2%，方法检出限为0.6pg/g，具有所需试剂少、不用连续萃取、简捷易行、回收率高以及精密度好等特点。 2． 2004年红枫湖湖水总汞浓度在2.5-14 ng/L之间，平均值为6.9 ng/L；溶解态汞浓度范围在1.2-8.0 ng/L之间，平均为3.9 ng/L。不管是红枫湖水体汞浓度的空间分布，还是季节变化都严重受到人为污染源的干扰。湖水汞在颗粒态和溶解态之间的分配，主要受内源有机质以及氧化还原条件的影响。2004年春季后五由于水华现象大量繁殖的藻类，吸附了大量的汞，从而改变了汞在水库中的分配和迁移。这些藻类的生长对水体中溶解气态汞浓度分布也有显著的影响。湖水中活性汞分布特征主要受Hg2+的光致还原过程、Hg2+的甲基化过程以及人为源的输入等过程控制。 3. 红枫湖夏季下层滞水带中，甲基汞含量显著升高，特别是在后五缺氧层，最高值达0.92ng/L。夏季总甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞在水体剖面上的分布表明：在富营养化较严重的后五，水体中升高的甲基汞主要来自水体中汞的甲基化过程；而在富营养化特征不明显的大坝，水体中升高的甲基汞主要来自沉积物甲基汞的释放。红枫湖水体中各种汞形态的分布特征表明，富营养化对汞的迁移转化影响显著，尤其是汞的甲基化过程。水体富营养化为汞的甲基化提供了有利条件，给水生生态环境及人体健康带来了潜在的威胁。 4. 红枫湖沉积物总汞浓度为0.392 ± 0.070 μg/g，高于世界其它背景区汞浓度，也高于处于同一流域的乌江渡水库和东风水库，表明红枫湖受到了一定程度的汞污染。两个采样点总汞无明显的季节变化，但其剖面分布都有在上层富集的趋势。沉积物甲基汞浓度的季节变化和剖面最大峰值分布，主要受氧化还原带的季节性迁移所控制。沉积物甲基汞浓度在春季最高，其余季节则没有明显差异，甲基汞峰值出现在表层0～8cm以内，与红枫湖沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌活动区域一致。 5. 红枫湖总汞在孔隙水中的浓度及在固/液之间的分配系数主要和温度有关，与沉积物中总汞相关性不大，而孔隙水中甲基汞浓度则和沉积物甲基汞浓度存在着极显著的相关性（r=0.70, p<0.001）。沉积物和孔隙水甲基汞浓度除受到固/液分配系数影响外，主要还受到甲基汞产生过程控制。 6. 由于本次研究所采集的鱼类多为红枫湖人工饲养鱼，生长速度快，食物链短，故总汞含量（32ng/g）和甲基汞含量(12ng/g)都远远低于国家食用标准。汞含量在不同鱼种中的分布趋势为：肉食性鱼类>杂食性鱼类>草食性鱼类，这表明鱼体中汞含量主要和鱼的摄食习惯有关。 7． 红枫湖总汞质量平衡模型的估算结果表明，红枫湖水体中汞的总源为30066 g.a-1，总汇为31010g.a-1。水体中总汞最大的源来自于河流输入（82%），而最大的汇是水体颗粒态汞的沉降（78%）。甲基汞质量平衡模型的估算结果表明河流输出是水体甲基汞一个重要的汇，占总汇的45%, 比河流输入占总源的比例高30%，表明水库是下游水体甲基汞的源。 8. 红枫湖汞在水-沉积物界面的迁移通量表明，沉积物是水体中汞和甲基汞一个巨大的汇，而沉积物对上覆水体总汞和甲基汞的贡献却很有限。红枫湖汞在水-气界面的迁移通量表明，大气汞沉降特别是干沉降是红枫湖水体总汞一个重要的污染源，其对红枫湖汞的贡献远大于水体向大气释放的汞，大气沉降每年向红枫湖净贡献汞量为3364 g.a-1。 9. 在对比研究的湖泊中，水体中甲基汞的剖面分布表明，斜温层颗粒态甲基汞的沉降、沉积物甲基汞的释放以及水体汞的甲基化过程都是下层水体高甲基汞的重要来源。在这些湖泊中近代汞的沉积通量为22.1 μg m-2 a-1，远低于红枫湖中汞的沉积通量（714 μg m-2 a-1）。与红枫湖以及一些典型的沉积物甲基汞的垂直剖面分布相比，这些小湖中甲基汞的产生不仅发生在沉积物表层，在较深的沉积物中可能也有汞的甲基化过程，而且这个过程和有机质的含量密切相关。

Heat capacity and enthalpy of fusion of fenoxycarb

Fenoxycarb was synthesized and its heat capacities were precisely measured with an automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 79 to 360 K. The sample was observed to melt at (326.31 +/- 0.14) K. The molar enthalpy and entropy of fusion as well as the chemical purity of the compound were determined to be (26.98 +/- 0.04) kJ-mol(-1), (82.69 +/- 0.09) J-K-1-mol(-1) and 99.53% +/- 0.01%, respectively. The thermodynamic functions relative to the reference temperature (298.15 K) were calculated based on the heat capacity measurements in the temperature range between 80 and 360 K. The extrapolated melting temperature for the absolutely pure compound obtained from fractional melting experiments was (326.62 +/- 0.06) K. Further research on the melting process of this compound was carried out by means of differential scanning calorimetry technique. The result was in agreement with that obtained from the measurements of heat capacities.

A modified TRIMP to quantify the in-season training load of team sport players

Thatcher, Rhys, et al., 'A modified TRIMP to quantify the in-season training load of team sport players', Journal of Sport Sciences, (2007) 25(6) pp.629-634 RAE2008

Variation in use of surveillance colonoscopy among colorectal cancer survivors in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Clinical practice guidelines recommend colonoscopies at regular intervals for colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors. Using data from a large, multi-regional, population-based cohort, we describe the rate of surveillance colonoscopy and its association with geographic, sociodemographic, clinical, and health services characteristics. METHODS: We studied CRC survivors enrolled in the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance (CanCORS) study. Eligible survivors were diagnosed between 2003 and 2005, had curative surgery for CRC, and were alive without recurrences 14 months after surgery with curative intent. Data came from patient interviews and medical record abstraction. We used a multivariate logit model to identify predictors of colonoscopy use. RESULTS: Despite guidelines recommending surveillance, only 49% of the 1423 eligible survivors received a colonoscopy within 14 months after surgery. We observed large regional differences (38% to 57%) across regions. Survivors who received screening colonoscopy were more likely to: have colon cancer than rectal cancer (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05-1.90); have visited a primary care physician (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.14-1.82); and received adjuvant chemotherapy (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.27-2.41). Compared to survivors with no comorbidities, survivors with moderate or severe comorbidities were less likely to receive surveillance colonoscopy (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49-0.98 and OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.29-0.66, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Despite guidelines, more than half of CRC survivors did not receive surveillance colonoscopy within 14 months of surgery, with substantial variation by site of care. The association of primary care visits and adjuvant chemotherapy use suggests that access to care following surgery affects cancer surveillance.

A genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility variants for type 2 diabetes in Han Chinese.

To investigate the underlying mechanisms of T2D pathogenesis, we looked for diabetes susceptibility genes that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a Han Chinese population. A two-stage genome-wide association (GWA) study was conducted, in which 995 patients and 894 controls were genotyped using the Illumina HumanHap550-Duo BeadChip for the first genome scan stage. This was further replicated in 1,803 patients and 1,473 controls in stage 2. We found two loci not previously associated with diabetes susceptibility in and around the genes protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D (PTPRD) (P = 8.54x10(-10); odds ratio [OR] = 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36-1.82), and serine racemase (SRR) (P = 3.06x10(-9); OR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.18-1.39). We also confirmed that variants in KCNQ1 were associated with T2D risk, with the strongest signal at rs2237895 (P = 9.65x10(-10); OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.19-1.40). By identifying two novel genetic susceptibility loci in a Han Chinese population and confirming the involvement of KCNQ1, which was previously reported to be associated with T2D in Japanese and European descent populations, our results may lead to a better understanding of differences in the molecular pathogenesis of T2D among various populations.

Nomenclature and syntaxonomic notes on some high-rank syntaxa of the European grassland vegetation

We present descriptions of a new order (Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranietalia reuteri and of a new alliance (Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophion sempervirentis) for the herbaceous fringe communities of Macaronesia and of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, respectively. A new alliance, the Polygalo mediterraneae-Bromion erecti (mesophilous post-cultural grasslands), was introduced for the Peninsular Italy. We further validate and typify the Armerietalia rumelicae (perennial grasslands supported by nutrient-poor on siliceous bedrocks at altitudes characterized by the submediterranean climate of central-southern Balkan Peninsula), the Securigero-Dasypyrion villosae (lawn and fallow-land tall-grass annual vegetation of Italy), and the Cirsio vallis-demoni-Nardion (acidophilous grasslands on siliceous substrates of the Southern Italy). Nomenclatural issues (validity, legitimacy, synonymy, formal corrections) have been discussed and clarified for the following names: Brachypodio-Brometalia, Bromo pannonici-Festucion csikhegyensis, Corynephoro-Plantaginion radicatae, Heleochloion, Hieracio-Plantaginion radicatae, Nardetea strictae, Nardetalia strictae, Nardo-Callunetea, Nardo-Galion saxatilis, Oligo-Bromion, Paspalo-Heleochloetalia, Plantagini-Corynephorion and Scorzoneret alia villosae. 

Art as an educative and social tool

Since remote times, certain sectors of society have been exposed to inequality and vulnerability, where adequate intervention processes have become conspicuous because of their absence. Nowadays, current societies have the responsibility of contributing, based on their experience and knowledge, with more efficient policies and programs that improve the life quality of the most disadvantaged. It is here where art and its different tools play a very important role, not only on a physical level, but also as an education tool that allows the development of emotional, mental and communicative skills. The aim of this paper is to make clear the potential of art as an instrument of social and educational intervention. It starts by showing worldwide-collected experience related to education and arts, and then, it acquaints the reader with two parallel intervention projects that worked with youths under social vulnerability conditions. These interventions were developed based on a qualitative research (Grounded theory), using as methodology “The Artistic Mediation” with emphasis on body language. This methodology helped researchers to get close to the participants and to know their experiences and emotions. At the same time, it was possible to evidence the positive effects of educative interventions through art. These workshops were based on an artistic methodology especially focused on body language. Data in this work is qualitative, and as such, it permits a special approach to the personal and emotional experiences of the participants; clearly showing the positive effects of the referenced practice on them.