Characterization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in normal rat mammary gland and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-induced mammary gland tumors from rats fed high and low fat diets

Normal Sprague-Dau ley rat mammary gland epithelial cells and mammary gland carcinomas induced by 2-amino-1 -methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, a carcinogen found in the diet, were examined for the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha). PPAR alpha mRNA and protein was detected in normal and tumor tissue by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. By quantitative RT-PCR, carcinomas had a 12-fold higher expression than control mammary glands, a statistically significant difference. PPAR alpha expression was examined in carcinomas and normal tissues from rats on high fat (23.5/% corn oil) and low fat (5% corn oil) diets. Although neither carcinomas, nor control tissues showed statistically significant differences between the two diet groups, PPAR alpha expression was the highest in carcinomas from rats on the high fat diet. The expression of PPAR alpha in normal mammary gland and its significant elevation in mammary gland carcinomas raises the possibility of its involvement in mammary gland physiology and pathophysiology. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

2,6,,9-trioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-3,7-dienes and 2,4,6,8-tetraoxaadamantanes: Novel chiral spacer units in macrocyclic polyethers

The unusual chiral heterocyclic systems, trioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-3,7-dienes (bridged bisdioxines), are incorporated as novel spacer molecules into macrocyclic polyether ring systems of various sizes (8, 9 as well as 11-15) by cyclocondensation reaction of the! bisacid chloride 4b or bisesters 6,7 and 10, with several ethylene glycols. The 2:2 macrocycles 12-14 are obtained in approximately 50:50 mixtures of diastereomers. These conclusions are mainly based on HPLC data presented in Table I as well as X-ray analyses of (1R,5R)-8c (space group Pbca, a = 10.163(3) Angstrom, b = 18.999(4) Angstrom, c = 36.187(10) Angstrom, V = 6987(3) Angstrom(3), Z = 8, d(calc) = 1.218 g cm(-3), 6974 reflections, R = 0.0553.), mesolrac-11 (space group P (1) over bar, a = 10.472(5) Angstrom, b = 16.390(5) Angstrom, c = 17.211(5) Angstrom, alpha = 98.69(2)degrees, beta = 93.04(2)degrees, gamma = 98.52(2)degrees, V = 2879.3(18) Angstrom(3), Z = 2, d(calc) = 1.173 g cm(-3), 11,162 reflections, R = 0.0945) and meso-12 (space group P2(1)/c, a = 9.927(2), b = 18.166(3), c = 17.820(3) Angstrom, beta = 96.590(10)degrees, V = 3192.3(10)Angstrom(3), Z = 4, D-c = 1.109 g cm(-3), 3490 reflections, R = 0.0646). The 1:1 macrocycles 8b,c are also formed by intramolecular transesterification of the open-chain bisesters 7b,c and their formation is favored by the use of metal ions as templates. The bridged bisdioxine moieties in 8b and 12 are converted into the corresponding chiral tetra-oxaadamantane spacers to afford macrocycles 16 and 17. Preliminary metal ion complexation studies with selected species (8c, 11-14) were also performed.

Mu-Chlorido-Bridged Dimanganese(II) complexes of the schiff base derived from [2+2] condensation of 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol and 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)tetramethyldisloxane: structure, magnetismo, electrochemical behaviour, and catalytic oxidation of secondary alcohols

The reaction of 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol with 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane in the presence of MnCl2 in a 1:1:2 molar ratio in methanol afforded a dinuclear -chlorido-bridged manganese(II) complex of the macrocyclic [2+2] condensation product (H2L), namely, [Mn2Cl2(H2L)(HL)]Cl center dot 3H(2)O (1). The latter afforded a new compound, namely, [Mn2Cl2(H2L)(2)][MnCl4]center dot 4CH(3)CN center dot 0.5CHCl(3 center dot)0.4H(2)O (2), after recrystallisation from 1:1 CHCl3/CH3CN. The co-existence of the free and complexed azomethine groups, phenolato donors, mu-chlorido bridges, and the disiloxane unit were well evidenced by ESI mass spectrometry and FTIR spectroscopy and confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The magnetic measurements revealed an antiferromagnetic interaction between the two high-spin (S = 5/2, g = 2) manganese(II) ions through the mu-chlorido bridging ligands. The electrochemical behaviour of 1 and 2 has been studied, and details of their redox properties are reported. Both compounds act as catalysts or catalyst precursors in the solvent-free low-power microwave-assisted oxidation of selected secondary alcohols, for example, 1-phenylethanol, cyclohexanol, 2- and 3-octanol, to the corresponding ketones in the absence of solvent. The highest yield of 72% was achieved for 1-phenylethanol by using a maximum of 1% molar ratio of catalyst relative to substrate.

µ-Chlorido-bridged dimanganese(II) complexes of the schiff base derived from [2+2] condensation of 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol and 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane: structure, magnetismo, electrochemical behaviour, and catalytic oxidation of secondary alcohols

The reaction of 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol with 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane in the presence of MnCl2 in a 1:1:2 molar ratio in methanol afforded a dinuclear -chlorido-bridged manganese(II) complex of the macrocyclic [2+2] condensation product (H2L), namely, [Mn2Cl2(H2L)(HL)]Cl center dot 3H(2)O (1). The latter afforded a new compound, namely, [Mn2Cl2(H2L)(2)][MnCl4]center dot 4CH(3)CN center dot 0.5CHCl(3 center dot)0.4H(2)O (2), after recrystallisation from 1:1 CHCl3/CH3CN. The co-existence of the free and complexed azomethine groups, phenolato donors, mu-chlorido bridges, and the disiloxane unit were well evidenced by ESI mass spectrometry and FTIR spectroscopy and confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The magnetic measurements revealed an antiferromagnetic interaction between the two high-spin (S = 5/2, g = 2) manganese(II) ions through the mu-chlorido bridging ligands. The electrochemical behaviour of 1 and 2 has been studied, and details of their redox properties are reported. Both compounds act as catalysts or catalyst precursors in the solvent-free low-power microwave-assisted oxidation of selected secondary alcohols, for example, 1-phenylethanol, cyclohexanol, 2- and 3-octanol, to the corresponding ketones in the absence of solvent. The highest yield of 72% was achieved for 1-phenylethanol by using a maximum of 1% molar ratio of catalyst relative to substrate.

1.° Liber gestorum Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi, quem invenit Theodosius Magnus Hierosolymis in Praetorio Pontii Pilati ; sive evangelium Nicodemi. — 2.° Sermo in decollatione sancti Joannis Baptistae. — 3.° Visio angelica quam ostendit Deus Guetino, famulo suo : is autem erat Monachus sancti Vincentii Metensis. — 4.° Visio de qualitate poenarum infernalium, beato Paulo Apostolo à Michaële Archangelo revelata. — 5.° Beati Anselmi parabolae ad mores informandos idoneae — 6.° Philosophorum apophthegmata quaedam.

DD. de Bethune

1.° Anicii Manlii Severini Boëtii de syllogismo hypothetico fragmentum. — 2.° Apuleii, Madaurensis, liber de philosophia naturali. — 3.° Boëtii commentarius in Aristotelis librum de interpretatione : finis desideratur. — 4.° Fragmentum libri sancti Augustini de dialectica. — 5.° Alcuini libri de divinis officiis fragmenta. — 6.° Sancti Gregorii, Papae, epistolae numero quinquaginta quinque.

Petavianus

1.° Summa medicinae Gualteriana. — 2.° Rogerii Parmensis practica medicinae, major et minor. — 3.° Summula de praeparatione ciborum et potuum infirmorum, secundùm Musandinum. — 4.° Ricardi liber de signis prognosticis. — 5.° Nicolai antidotarius. — 6.° Platearii tractatus de simplicibus medicinis, Salerni editus. — 7.° Placeani tractatus de signis aegritudinum et earum curatione. — 8.° Anonymi antidotarius.

Colbertinus

1.° Ars judiciaria secundùm novem Judices : authore anonymo. — 2.° Anonymi liber de inundatione Nili. — 3.° Anonymi liber de coloribus. — 4.° Anonymi liber de bona fortuna. — 5.° Anonymi libellus de lineis invisibilibus. — 6.° Liber de morte Aristotelis. — 7.° Liber de intelligentia Aristotelis. — 8.° Liber de causa motûs animalium. — 9.° Liber de juventute et senectute. — 10.° Liber de respiratione. — 11.° Aristotelis liber de morte et vita.

Colbertinus

1.° Anonymi tractatus de algorismo, sive de arte numerandi : praemittuntur tractatus de numerorum mysteriis, et narratio Fratris Benedicti Aretini de indulgentia loco de Portiuncula concessa ab Honorio Papa III. — 2.° Magistri Joannis de Sacrobosco tractatus de computo. — 3.° Ejusdem tractatus de sphaera. — 4.° Theorica planetarum : authore Gerardo Carmonensi. — 5.° Anonymi explicationes allegoricae quorumdam Scripturae sacrae locorum : initium desideratur. — 6.° Elementorum Euclidis libri quinque priores. — 7.° Anonymi tractatus de speculis.

Colbertinus

1.° Flores et notabilia, è Senecae libris ab anonymo collecta. — 2.° M. T. Ciceronis paradoxa. — 3.° Sancti Gregorii Nazianzeni apologeticus de fuga sua in Pontum. — 4.° Ejusdem oratio de nativitate Christi. — 5.° Ejusdem oratio de baptismo. — 6.° Sancti Hieronymi liber de viris illustribus : accedit Gennadii de eodem argumento liber, cujus finis desideratur. — Hujusce codicis pars decimo quarto, pars decimo quinto saeculo videtur exarata.

Mazarinaeus