Trends in properties of para-substituted 3-(phenylhydrazo)pentane-2,4-diones

Trends between the Hammett's sigma(p) and related normal sigma(n)(p), inductive sigma(I), resonance sigma(R), negative sigma(-)(p) and positive sigma(+)(p) polar conjugation and Taft's sigma(o)(p) substituent constants and the N-H center dot center dot center dot O distance, delta(N-H) NMR chemical shift, oxidation potential (E-p/2(ox), measured in this study by cyclic voltammetry (CV)) and thermodynamic parameters (pK, Delta G(0), Delta H-0 and Delta S-0) of the dissociation process of unsubstituted 3-(phenylhydrazo)pentane-2,4-dione (HL1) and its para-substituted chloro (HL2), carboxy (HL3), fluoro (HL4) and nitro (HL5) derivatives were recognized. The best fits were found for sigma(p) and/or sigma(-)(p) in the cases of d(N center dot center dot center dot O), delta(N-H) and E-p/2(ox), showing the importance of resonance and conjugation effects in such properties, whereas for the above thermodynamic properties the inductive effects (sigma(I)) are dominant. HL2 exists in the hydrazo form in DMSO solution and in the solid state and contains an intramolecular H-bond with the N center dot center dot center dot O distance of 2.588(3)angstrom. It was also established that the dissociation process of HL1-5 is non-spontaneous, endothermic and entropically unfavourable, and that the increase in the inductive effect (sigma(I)) of para-substitutents (-H < -Cl < -COOH < -F < -NO2) leads to the corresponding growth of the N center dot center dot center dot O distance and decrease of the pK and of the changes of Gibbs free energy, of enthalpy and of entropy for the HL1-5 acid dissociation process. The electrochemical behaviour of HL1-5 was interpreted using theoretical calculations at the DFT/HF hybrid level, namely in terms of HOMO and LUMO compositions, and of reactivities induced by anodic and cathodic electron-transfers. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Antimicrobial activity of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide and three derivatives

O presente trabalho descreve o estudo da actividad e antimicrobiana de quarto derivados da quinoxalina N,N-dióxido: quinoxalina 1,4-dióxido, 2-metilquinoxalina 1,4- dióxido, 6-cloro-2,3-dimetilquinoxalina 1,4-dióxido e 3-benzoil-2-metilquinoxalina 1,4- dióxido contra as estirpes bacterianas Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 10149, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli HB101, Escherichia coli (blaTEM, blaCTX-M) e Salmonella (blaCTX-M), assim como contra a estirpe de levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae PYCC 4072. A determinação da concentração mínima inibitória (MIC) foi realizada pelo método de diluição. Os valores de MIC’s foram estimados para cada composto e estirpe. Os resultados obtidos sugerem potenciais novas drogas para quimioterapia.

Synthesis, structure and electrochemical behaviour of Na, Mg-II, Mn-II, Cd-II and Ni-II complexes of 3-(2-carboxyphenylhydrazone)pentane-2,4-dione

Mononuclear manganese(II) [Mn(kappa O-HL)(2)(CH3OH)(4)] (4), nickel(II) [Ni(kappa O-2, kappa N-L)(H2O)(3)] (5), cadmium(II) [Cd(kappa O-2-HL)(2)(CH3OH)(3)] (7), tetranuclear zinc(II) [Zn-4(mu-OH)(2)(1 kappa O:2 kappa O-HL)(4)(kappa O-HL)(2)(H2O)(4)] (6) and polynuclear aqua sodium(I) [Na(H2O)(2)(mu-H2O)(2)](n)(HL)(n) (2) and magnesium(II) [Mg(OH)(H2O)(mu-H2O)(2)](n)(-HL)(n) (3) complexes were synthesized using 3-(2-carboxyphenyl-hydrazone)pentane-2,4-dione (H2L, 1) as a ligand precursor. The complexes were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR, H-1 and C-13 NMR (for 2, 3, 6 and 7) spectroscopies. Mono- or dianionic deprotonated derivatives of H2L display different coordination modes and lead to topologies and nuclearities of the complexes depending on metal ions and conditions used for the syntheses. Extensive intermolecular H-bonds form supramolecular arrangements in 1D chains (4 and 6), 1D chains of the organic anion and 2D networks of the metal-aqua aggregates (2 and 3), 2D networks (7) or even 3D frameworks (5). Electrochemical studies, by cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis, show ligand centred redox processes as corroborated by theoretical DFT calculations in terms of LUMO and HOMO compositions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cobalt and Zinc Compounds Bearing 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione or 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane Derivatives - Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and Cell Selectivity Studies

The compounds [mPTA][CoCl4] (1, mPTA = N-methyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane cation), [CoCl(H2O)(DION)(2)][BF4] (2, DION = 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione), [Zn(DION)(2)]Cl-2 (3) and [ZnCl(O-PTA=O)(DION)][BF4] (4) were synthesized by reaction of CoCl2 with [mPTA]I or DION and ZnCl2 with DION or 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-7-oxide (PTA=O) and DION, respectively. All complexes are water soluble and have been characterized by IR, far-IR, H-1, C-13 and P-31{H-1} NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, elemental analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction structural analysis (for 1). They were screened against the human tumour cell lines HCT116, HepG2 and MCF7. Complexes 2 and 3 exhibit the highest in vitro cytotoxicity and show lower cytotoxic activities in normal human fibroblast cell line than in HCT116 tumour cell line, which demonstrates their slight specificity for this type of tumour cell.

Xanthenedione derivatives, new promising antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor agents

Natural and synthetic xanthone derivatives are well-known for their ability to act as antioxidants and/or enzyme inhibitors. This paper aims to present a successful synthetic methodology towards xanthenedione derivatives and the study of their aromatization to xanthones. Additionally their ability to reduce Fe(III), to scavenge DPPH radicals and to inhibit AChE was evaluated. The results demonstrated that xanthenedione derivative 5e, bearing a catechol unit, showed higher reduction capacity than BHT and similar to quercetin, strong DPPH scavenging activity (EC50 = 3.79 ± 0.06 μM) and it was also showed to be a potent AChEI (IC50 = 31.0 ± 0.09 μM) when compared to galantamine (IC50 = 211.8 ± 9.5 μM).

Benzo[c]thiophene chromophores linked to cationic Fe and Ru derivatives for NLO materials: synthesis characterization and quadratic hyperpolarizabilities

5-Monocyclopentadienyliron(II)/ruthenium(II) complexes of the general formula [M(5-C5H5)(PP)(L1)][PF6] {M = Fe, PP = dppe; M = Ru, PP = dppe or 2PPh3; L1 = 5-[3-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c]thiophenyl]thiophene-2-carbonitrile} have been synthesized and studied to evaluate their molecular quadratic hyperpolarizabilities. The compounds were fully characterized by NMR, FTIR and UV/Vis spectroscopy and their electrochemical behaviour studied by cyclic voltammetry. Quadratic hyperpolarizabilities () were determined by hyper-Rayleigh scattering measurements at a fundamental wavelength of 1500 nm. Density functional theory calculations were employed to rationalize the second-order non-linear optical properties of these complexes.

Design, synthesis and biologival evaluation of novel isoniazid derivatives with potente antitubercular activity

The disturbing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has been driving the scientific community to urgently search for new and efficient antitubercular drugs. Despite the various drugs currently under evaluation, isoniazid is still the key and most effective component in all multi-therapeutic regimens recommended by the WHO. This paper describes the QSAR-oriented design, synthesis and in vitro antitubercular activity of several potent isoniazid derivatives (isonicotinoyl hydrazones and isonicotinoyl hydrazides) against H37Rv and two resistant Mtb strains. QSAR studies entailed RFs and ASNNs classification models, as well as MLR models. Strict validation procedures were used to guarantee the models' robustness and predictive ability. Lipophilicity was shown not to be relevant to explain the activity of these derivatives, whereas shorter N-N distances and lengthy substituents lead to more active compounds. Compounds I, 2, 4, 5 and 6, showed measured activities against H37Rv higher than INH (i.e., MIC <= 0.28 mu M), while compound 9 exhibited a six fold decrease in MIC against the katG (S315T) mutated strain, by comparison with INH (Le., 6.9 vs. 43.8 mu M). All compounds were ineffective against H37Rv(INH) (Delta katG), a strain with a full deletion of the katG gene, thus corroborating the importance of KatG in the activation of INH-based compounds. The most potent compounds were also shown not to be cytotoxic up to a concentration 500 times higher than MIC. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Calculation of fractional derivatives of noisy data with genetic algorithms

This paper addresses the calculation of derivatives of fractional order for non-smooth data. The noise is avoided by adopting an optimization formulation using genetic algorithms (GA). Given the flexibility of the evolutionary schemes, a hierarchical GA composed by a series of two GAs, each one with a distinct fitness function, is established.

SPE-LC-FD Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Monohydroxy Derivatives in Cephalopods

A new analytical methodology, based on liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FD), after extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) through Oasis HLB cartridges, was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of three monohydroxy derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The optimized analytical method is sensitive, accurate, and precise, with recoveries between 62 and 110% and limits of detection of 227, 9, and 45 ng/g for 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, and 1-hydroxypyrene, respectively. Their levels were estimated in different cephalopod matrices (edible tissues and hemolymph). The methodology was applied to samples of the major cephalopod species consumed worldwide. Of the 18 samples analyzed, 39% were contaminated with 1-hydroxynaphthalene, which was the only PAH metabolite detected. Its concentration ranged from 786 to 1145 ng/g. This highly sensitive and specific method allows the identification and quantitation of PAH metabolites in forthcoming food safety and environmental monitoring programs.

Biological activity of well defined hydantoin derivatives on efflux pump systems of bacteria and cancer cells

A multi-resistência a antibióticos e medicamentos usados em quimioterapia é um dos grandes problemas com os quais as instituições de saúde se debatem hoje em dia. A acção provocada por bombas de efluxo é uma das suas causas. Estas bombas têm uma importância fundamental, uma vez que, ao expelirem todo o tipo de tóxicos para o exterior das células, também expelem medicamentos, fazendo com que estes não tenham o efeito desejado dentro delas. As bombas de efluxo são transportadores que se encontram nas membranas de todo o tipo de células. Existem dois grandes tipos de bombas de efluxo: as primárias e as secundárias. As primeiras conferem multi-resistência principalmente em células eucariotas, como as células do cancro em humanos, tendo como função a mediação da repulsa de substâncias tóxicas por intermédio da hidrólise de ATP. A primeira a ser descoberta e mais estudada destas bombas foi a ABCB1 que é o gene que codifica a glicoproteína-P (P de permeabilidade). Enquanto as secundárias, que são a maior fonte de multi-resistência em bactérias, promovem a extrusão de substâncias tóxicas através da força motriz de protões. Neste tipo de bombas são conhecidas quatro famílias principais, das quais uma das mais importantes é a superfamília RND, uma vez que inclui a bomba AcrAB-TolC, que é muito importante no metabolismo xenobiótico de bactérias Gramnegativas, nomeadamente a E.coli. Com o objectivo de reverter a multi-resistência, tanto em células eucariotas como procariotas, têm-se desenvolvido estratégias de combate que envolvem a descoberta de substâncias que inibam as bombas de efluxo. Assim sendo, ao longo dos tempos têm sido descobertas variadas substâncias que cumprem este objectivo. É o caso, por exemplo, dos derivados de fluoroquinolonas usados como inibidores de bombas de efluxo em bactérias ou do Tamoxifen, utilizado na terapia de pacientes com cancro da mama. Um dos grupos de substâncias estudados para o desenvolvimento de possíveis compostos que actuem como reversores de multi-resistência são os compostos derivados de hidantoínas. Estes, são conhecidos por possuírem uma grande variedade de propriedades bioquímicas e farmacológicas, sendo portanto usados para tratarem algumas doenças em humanos, como a epilepsia. Nestes, estão englobados compostos com actividade anti-convulsão que constitui a sua grande mais-valia e, dependente da substituição no anel que os constitui, uma grande variedade de outras propriedades farmacológicas como a anti-fungica, a anti-arritmica, a anti-viral, a anti-diabética ou por exemplo a antagonização de determinados receptores, como os da serotonina. Apesar de pouco usados em estudos experimentais para desenvolver substâncias anti-carcinogénicas, existem alguns estudos com este efeito. Objectivos: O presente projecto envolve o estudo de bombas de efluxo primárias e secundárias, em células eucariotas e procariotas, respectivamente. Em bactérias, foram usados quatro modelos experimentais: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, E. coli AG 100 e Salmonella Enteritidis NCTC 13349. Em células de cancro foram usadas, células T de linfoma de rato parentais e células T de linfoma de rato transfectadas com o gene humano MDR-1. O principal objectivo deste estudo foi a pesquisa de novos moduladores de bombas de efluxo presentes em bactérias e células do cancro, tentando assim contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes farmacológicos que consigam reverter a multi-resistência a medicamentos. Assim sendo foram testados trinta compostos derivados de hidantoínas: SZ-2, SZ-7, LL-9, BS-1, JH-63, MN-3, TD-7k, GG-5k, P3, P7, P10, P11, RW-15b, AD-26, RW-13, AD-29, KF-2, PDPH-3, Mor-1, KK-XV, Thioam-1, JHF-1, JHC-2, JHP-1, Fur-2, GL-1, GL-7, GL-14, GL-16, GL-18. Como forma de atingir estes objectivos, a actividade biológica dos trinta compostos derivados de hidantoínas foi avaliada nas quatro estirpes de bactérias da seguinte forma: foram determinadas as concentrações mínimas inibitórias dos trinta compostos como forma de definir as concentrações em que os compostos seriam utilizados. Os compostos foram posteriormente testadas com um método fluorométrico de acumulação de brometo de etídeo, que é um substrato comum em bombas de efluxo bacterianas, desenvolvido por Viveiros et al. A actividade biológica dos compostos derivados de hidantoínas nas células de cancro foi demonstrada por diferentes métodos. O efeito anti-proliferativo e citotóxico dos trinta compostos foi avaliado nas células T de linfoma de rato transfectadas com o gene humano MDR-1 pelo método de thiazolyl de tetrazólio (MTT). Como o brometo de etídeo também é expelido pelos transportadores ABC, estes compostos foram posteriormente testados com um método fluorométrico de acumulação de brometo de etídeo desenvolvido por Spengler et al nos dois diferentes tipos de células eucariotas. Resultados: A maioria dos compostos derivados de hidantoínas foi eficaz na modulação de bombas de efluxo, nas duas estirpes de bactérias Gram-negativas e nos dois diferentes tipos de células T de linfoma. Em contraste com estes resultados, nas duas estirpes de células Gram-positivas, a maioria dos compostos tiveram pouco efeito na inibição de bombas de efluxo ou até nenhum, em muitos dos casos. De uma maneira geral os melhores compostos nas diferentes estirpes de bactérias foram: Thioam-1, SZ-2, P3, Rw-15b, AD-26, AD-29, GL-18, GL-7, KF-2, SZ-7, MN-3, GL-16 e GL- 14. Foram portanto estes os compostos que provocaram maior acumulação de brometo de etídeo, inibindo assim com maior eficácia as bombas de efluxo. No presente estudo, a maioria dos compostos conseguiu inibir a resistência provocada pela bomba de efluxo ABCB1, tanto nas células parentais bem como nas células que sobre-expressam esta bomba, causando a acumulação de brometo de etídeo dentro das células. As células que sobreexpressam a bomba ABCB1 foram posteriormente testadas com citometria de fluxo que é a técnica padrão para pesquisa de inibidores de bombas de efluxo. Os compostos que foram mais efectivos na inibição da bomba ABCB1, causando assim maior acumulação de brometo de etídeo nas células que sobre-expressam esta bomba foram: PDPH-3, GL-7, KK-XV, AD-29, Thioam-1, SZ-7, KF-2, MN-3, RW-13, LL-9, P3, AD-26, JH-63 e RW- 15b. Este facto não corroborou totalmente os resultados da citometria de fluxo uma vez que os moduladores que provocaram maior inibição da bomba ABCB1 foram o MN-3, JH-63 e o BS-1, sendo que o último não foi seleccionado como um bom composto usando o método fluorométrico de acumulação de brometo de etídeo. Conclusão: Os compostos derivados de hidantoínas testados tiveram maior efeito nas estirpes de bactérias Gram-negativas do que nas Gram-positivas. Relativamente às células eucariotas, as estruturas mais activas apresentam substituintes aromáticos bem como alguns fragmentos aminicos terciários.

Improved Numerical Simulation for a Novel Adaptive Control Using Fractional Order Derivatives

A novel control technique is investigated in the adaptive control of a typical paradigm, an approximately and partially modeled cart plus double pendulum system. In contrast to the traditional approaches that try to build up ”complete” and ”permanent” system models it develops ”temporal” and ”partial” ones that are valid only in the actual dynamic environment of the system, that is only within some ”spatio-temporal vicinity” of the actual observations. This technique was investigated for various physical systems via ”preliminary” simulations integrating by the simplest 1st order finite element approach for the time domain. In 2004 INRIA issued its SCILAB 3.0 and its improved numerical simulation tool ”Scicos” making it possible to generate ”professional”, ”convenient”, and accurate simulations. The basic principles of the adaptive control, the typical tools available in Scicos, and others developed by the authors, as well as the improved simulation results and conclusions are presented in the contribution.

ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF LAPACHOL, β-LAPACHONE AND ITS DERIVATIVES AGAINST Toxocara canis LARVAE

Anthelmintics used for intestinal helminthiasis treatment are generally effective; however, their effectiveness in tissue parasitosis (i.e. visceral toxocariasis) is moderate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitroactivity of lapachol, β-lapachone and phenazines in relation to the viability of Toxocara canis larvae. A concentration of 2 mg/mL (in duplicate) of the compounds was tested using microculture plates containing Toxocara canis larvae in an RPMI-1640 environment, incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 tension for 48 hours. In the 2 mg/mL concentration, four phenazines, lapachol and three of its derivatives presented a larvicide/larvistatic activity of 100%. Then, the minimum larvicide/larvistatic concentration (MLC) test was conducted. The compounds that presented the best results were nor-lapachol (MLC, 1 mg/mL), lapachol (MLC 0.5 mg/mL), β-lapachone, and β-C-allyl-lawsone (MLC, 0.25 mg/mL). The larvae exposed to the compounds, at best MLC with 100% in vitro activity larvicide, were inoculated into healthy BALB/c mice and were not capable of causing infection, confirming the larvicide potential in vitro of these compounds.

Phenanthroimidazole derivatives as fluorimetric chemosensors in aqueous medium

In recent years the research of sensors with good sensitivity and good selectivity in aqueous medium has been of great interest. Chemosensors soluble in aqueous media are very interesting, because of the importance in revealing a number of biological processes, disease states and environmental pollutions. 2,4,5-Triaryl-imidazoles are versatile compounds with application in medicine, due to their biological activity, and materials sciences, for their interesting optical properties. These properties can be tuned by careful selection of substituents at positions 2, 4 and 5: replacement of the aryl group by a heterocyclic group results in larger π-conjugated systems with improved optical properties for application in nonlinear optics, OLEDs, DNA intercalators, and chemosensors. In this communication, we report the synthesis of new phenanthroimidazoles, substituted at position 2 with (hetero)aryl groups of different electronic character, in order to evaluate their photophysical properties and chemosensory ability. The new derivatives were characterized by the usual techniques and a detailed photophysical study was undertaken. The evaluation of the compounds as fluorimetric chemosensors was carried out by performing titrations in acetonitrile and acetonitrile/water in the presence of relevant organic and inorganic anions, and of alkaline, alkaline-earth and transition metal cations.

A new and efficient synthesis of benzoimidazopurine derivatives

[Excerpt] Purine nucleobases are essential biomolecules in living organisms. Playing several key roles in the cell, they have been a significant inspiration for drug design.1 Benzimidazole nucleus is an important pharmacophore in the development of molecules with pharmaceutical or biological interest. Benzimidazoles have been reported to display significant pharmacological activities such as antiulcer, antifungal, antiparkinson, anticancer and antibiotic.2 Fused structures incorporating these two scaffolds might be important for medicinal chemistry and, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of these systems in the literature. In particular, benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1]purines seem to be novel and must be important target molecules in the heterocyclic synthesis. (...)

Synthesis of new peptide derivatives that self-assemble into nanostructured hydrogels for biomedical applications

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências (área de especialização em Química)