beta gamma-fused turn structures in sugar amino acid (SAA) containing cyclic tetrapeptides with alpha 3 delta architecture

The current manuscript describes conformational analysis of 15-membered cyclic tetrapeptides (CTPs), with alpha 3 delta architecture, containing sugar amino acids (SAA) having variation in the stereocenter at C5 carbon. Conformational analyses of both the series, in protected and deprotected forms, were carried out in DMSO-d(6) using various NMR techniques, supported by restrained MD calculations. It was intriguing to notice that the alpha 3 delta macrocycles got stabilized by both 10-membered beta-turn as well as a seven-membered gamma-turn, fused within the same macrocycle. The presence of fused sub-structures within a 15-membered macrocycle is rare to see. Also, the stereocenter variation at C5 did not affect the fused turn structures and exhibited similar conformations in both the series. The design becomes highly advantageous as fused reverse turn structures are occurring in the cyclic structure with minimalistic size macrocycle and this can be applied to develop suitable pharmacophores in the drug development process. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of Cu addition on the thermoelectric properties of Cu2CdGeSe4

Recently, research in copper based quaternary chalcogenide materials has focused on the study of thermoelectric properties due to the complexity in the crystal structure. In the present work, stoichiometric quaternary chalcogenide compounds Cu2+xCd1-x,GeSe4 (x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.125) were prepared by solid state synthesis. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns of all the samples showed a tetragonal crystal structure with the space group I-42m of the main phase, whereas the samples with x = 0 and x = 0.025 revealed the presence of an orthorhombic phase in addition to the main phase as confirmed by Rietveld analysis. The elemental composition of all the samples characterized by Electron Probe Micro Analyzer showed a slight deviation from the nominal composition. The transport properties were measured in the temperature range of 300 K-723 K. The electrical conductivity of all the samples increased with increasing Cu content due to the enhancement of the hole concentration caused by the substitution of Cd (divalent) by Cu (monovalent). The positive Seebeck coefficient of all the samples in the entire temperature ranges indicates that holes are the majority carriers. The Seebeck coefficient of all the samples decreased with increasing Cu content and showed a reverse trend to the electrical conductivity. The total thermal conductivity of all the samples decreased with increasing temperature which was dominated by the lattice contribution. The maximum figure of merit ZT = 0.42 at 723 K was obtained for the compound Cu2.1Cd0.9GeSe4. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermally switchable metamaterial absorber with a VO2 ground plane

A tri-layer metamaterial absorber, composed of a metal structure/dielectric spacer/vanadium dioxide (VO2) ground plane, is shown to switch reversibly between reflective and absorptive states as a function of temperature. The VO2 film, which changes its conductivity by four orders of magnitude across a insulator-metal transition at about 68 degrees C, enables the switching by forming a resonant absorptive structure at high temperatures while being inactive at low temperatures. The fabricated metamaterial shows a modulation of the reflectivity levels of 58% at a frequency of 22.5 THz and 57% at a frequency of 34.5 THz. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Zinc acetylacetonate hydrate adducted with nitrogen donor ligands: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and thermal analysis

We report synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and thermal analysis of zinc acetylacetonate complex adducted by nitrogen donor ligands, such as pyridine, bipyridine, and phenanthroline. The pyridine adducted complex crystallizes to monoclinic crystal structure, whereas other two adducted complexes have orthorhombic structure. Addition of nitrogen donor ligands enhances the thermal property of these complexes as that with parent metal-organic complex. Zinc acetylacetonate adducted with pyridine shows much higher volatility (106 degrees C), decomposition temperature (202 degrees C) as that with zinc acetylacetonate (136 degrees C, 220 degrees C), and other adducted complexes. All the adducted complexes are thermally stable, highly volatile and are considered to be suitable precursors for metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The formation of these complexes is confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The complexes are widely used as starting precursor materials for the synthesis of ZnO nanostructures by microwave irradiation assisted coating process. (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermoelectric Properties of In-Doped Cu2ZnGeSe4

Recently, much research has been focused on finding new thermoelectric materials. Cu-based quaternary chalcogenides that belong to A(2)BCD(4) (A = Cu; B = Zn, Cd; C = Sn, Ge; D = S, Se, Te) are wide band gap materials and one of the potential thermoelectric materials due to their complex crystal structures. In this study, In-doped quaternary compounds Cu2ZnGe1-xInxSe4 (x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1) were prepared by a solid state synthesis method. Powder x-ray diffraction patterns of all the samples showed a tetragonal crystal structure (space group I-42m) of the main phase with a trace amount of impurity phases, which was further confirmed by Rietveld analysis. The elemental composition of all the samples showed a slight deviation from the nominal composition with the presence of secondary phases. All the transport properties were measured in the temperature range 373-673 K. The electrical resistivity of all the samples initially decreased up to similar to 470 K and then increased with increase in temperature upto 673 K, indicating the transition from semiconducting to metallic behavior. Positive Seebeck coefficients for all the samples revealed that holes are the majority carriers in the entire temperature range. The substitution of In3+ on Ge4+ introduces holes and results in the decrease of resistivity as well as the Seebeck coefficient, thereby leading to the optimization of the power factor. The lattice thermal conductivity of all the samples decreased with increasing temperature, indicating the presence of phonon-phonon scattering. As a result, the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) of the doped sample showed an increase as compared to the undoped compound.

Investigations into enhanced wax production with combustion synthesized Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

Combustion synthesized (CS) cobalt catalysts deposited over two supports, alumina and silica doped alumina (SDA), were characterized and tested for its Fischer-Tropsch (FT) activity. The properties of CS catalysts were compared to catalysts synthesized by conventional impregnation method (IWI). The CS catalysts resulted in 40-70% increase in the yield of C6+ hydrocarbons compared to MI catalysts. The FT activity for CS catalysts showed formation of long chain hydrocarbon waxes (C24+) compared to the formation of middle distillates (C-10-C-20) for IWI synthesized catalysts, indicating higher hydrocarbon chain growth probability for CS catalysts. This is ascribed to the smaller crystallite sizes, increased degree of cobalt reduction and consequentially, a higher number of active metal sites, exposed over the catalyst surface. Additionally, 12-13% increase in the overall C6+ hydrocarbon yield is realized for SDA-CS catalysts, compared to Al2O3-CS catalysts. The improved performance of CS-SDA catalysts is attributed to 48% increase in cobalt dispersion compared to Al2O3 supported CS catalysts, which is again caused by the decrease in the cobalt -support interaction for SDA supports. The metal support interactions were analyzed using XPS and H-2 TPR-TPD experiments. Combustion method produced catalysts with smaller crystallite size (17-18 nm), higher degree of reduction (similar to 92%) and higher metal dispersion (16.1%) compared to the IWI method. Despite its enhanced properties, the CS catalysts require prominently higher reduction temperatures (similar to 1100-1200 K). The hydrocarbon product analysis for Al2O3 supported catalyst showed higher paraffin wax concentrations compared to SDA supported catalysts, due to the lower surface basicity of Al2O3. This work reveals the impact of the CS catalysts and the nature of support on FT activity and hydrocarbon product spectrum. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular dynamics simulation of hydrogen enhancing dislocation emission

The interactive pair potential between Al and H is obtained based on the ab initio calculation and the Chen-Mobius 3D lattice inversion formula. By utilizing the pair potentials calculated, the effects of hydrogen on the dislocation emission from crack tip have been studied. The simulated result shows that hydrogen can reduce the cohesive strength for Al single crystal, and then the critical stress intensity factor for partial dislocation emission decreases from 0.11 MPa root m (C-H = 0) to 0.075 MPa root m (C-H=0.72%) and 0.06 MPa root m (C-H = 1.44%). This indicates thar hydrogen can enhance the dislocation emission. The simulation also shows that atoms of hydrogen can gather and turn into small bubbles, resulting in enhancement of the equilibrium vacancy concentration.

Numerical Analysis of LEC Growth of GaAs with an Axial Magnetic Field

A set of numerical analyses for momentum and heat transfer For a 3 in. (0.075 m) diameter Liquid Encapsulant Czochralski (LEC) growth of single-crystal GaAs with or without all axial magnetic field was carried Out using the finite-element method. The analyses assume a pseudosteady axisymmetric state with laminar floats. Convective and conductive heat transfers. radiative heat transfer between diffuse surfaces and the Navier-Stokes equations for both melt and encapsulant and electric current stream function equations Cor melt and crystal Lire considered together and solved simultaneously. The effect of the thickness of encapsulant. the imposed magnetic field strength as well as the rotation rate of crystal and crucible on the flow and heat transfer were investigated. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Evaluación de inductores florales y dosis en el cultivo de la piña (Ananas comosus (L) Merr) en la zona Ticuantepe

La floración de la piña [Ananas comosus (L) Merr.] ocurre naturalmente influenciado por factores climáticos (fotoperíodo, temperatura, radiación solar, etc.) y artificialmente mediante el uso de sustancias químicas (reguladores de crecimiento de la planta o inductores de la floración). El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar dos inductores de floración: Carburo de Calcio (CaC2) y el Ácido 2-Cloroetilfosfónico (Ethephón), y una combinación de estos, de cada uno se compararon tres diferentes concentraciones. El experimento se realizó en noviembre del 2000, en la finca “El Piñal”, localizada en el municipio de Ticuantepe, departamento de Managua, sobre piña cv “cayena lisa’ de 10 meses de edad y en un promedio de 35-40 hojas. El diseño experimental utilizado en el estudio fue de parcela dividida, con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos o parcelas principales fueron: Carburo de Calcio al 0.57%, 0.43% y 0.28%; Ethephón o ácido 2-cloroétil fosfórico al 0.075%, 0.050% y 0.025% y la combinación de Carburo de Calcio al 0.57% más Ethephón en tres concentraciones 0.025%, 0.020% y 0.015%. Las subparcelas fueron constituidas por cinco (5) intervalos de recuento de floración tomados como días después de la inducción (ddi), estos fueron: 40, 45, 50, 55 y 60 ddi. Se realizó la prueba de Duncan a 95% de confianza para las comparaciones de medias de los tratamientos y sus interacciones. Los tratamientos que presentaron los mejores resultados en cuanto a porcentaje de floración, fueron: los inductores de Carburo de Calcio al 0.57% y 0.43%, que completaron el 100% de plantas florecidas a 50 días después de la inducción y las combinaciones de Carburo de Calcio al 0.57% más Ethephón al 0.025% y al 0.020%. los cuales obtuvieron el 100% de plantas florecidas a los 55 días después de la inducción. Los tratamientos Ethephón al 0.075%, 0.025% y 0.050% con 71.67%, 81.67% y 93.33% respectivamente, presentaron los mas bajos porcentajes de floración a los 60 días después de la inducción. En relación a la rapidez de la aparición de la inflorescencia los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en los tratamientos Carburo de Calcio al 0.57% y al 0.43% que tan solo a 50 días después de la inducción completaron el 100% de plantas florecidas. En cuanto al análisis económico de los tratamientos en estudio, el de mejor rentabilidad resultó ser Carburo de Calcio al 0.28%, dado que es el de menor costo de aplicación, además en este tratamiento se obtuvo uno de los mayores resultados de porcentaje de floración y en menor tiempo.

Influencia de diferentes densidades de siembra y métodos de control de malezas en piña (Ananas comusus L. Merr)

De agosto de 1988 hasta febrero de 1989 se llevo a cabo en el centro Experimental “Campos Azules “ un ensayo en el que se evaluaron dos densidades de siembre y seis métodos de control de malezas con el objetivo de determinar la influencia de diferentes densidades de siembra y métodos de control de malezas sobre el comportamiento de la cenosis. Crecimiento y desarrollo de la piña. Se observó que la mayor abundancia (Ind/M2) se presento en la distancia 1.20x0.40m encontrando que la mezcla Disoprop 1.2 Lt/ha + Fluazifop 0.1 lt/ha provocan fitotoxicidad en la piña. El Glyphosato en aplicaciones dirigidas a la calle, puede ser una buena alternativa por su amplio espectro de control de malezas en piña; Los r mejores resultados n control de malezas y favoreciendo el crecimiento y desarrollo de la piña lo presentaron las variantes limpias mecánicas mensualmente y la mezcla química Diuròn .075 lt/ha +- Atrazina 0.75lt/ha Las dos densidades de siembra no presentaron diferencias significativas en la mayoría de las variables de la piña (Altura de planta, numero de hojas, largo de frutos, diámetro de frutos y número de hijos /planta) favoreciendo generalmente a la distancia (0.90x0.40x0.30m).

Evaluación del rendimiento de sorgos híbridos comerciales para grano

La importancia que posee el presente trabajo, estriba en que suministra un valioso aporte al agriculturado nacional, como fuente de información acerca de los híbridos que más rinden y se adaptan mejor a nuestro clima. Las variedades comerciales objeto del estudio fueron 30, de las cuales 28 son híbridos, una es un sorgo mejorado y otra un sorgo criollo o testigo local. Estas variedades se sembraron de acuerdo al diseño experimental "Bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones", parcelas con tres surcos cada una, de cinco metros de largo por un metro de separación entre surco. La siembra se efectuó a chorrillo seguido. Los resultados de este ensayo se concretan a lo siguiente: Los rendimientos de las variedades mostraron diferencias altamente significativas comparadas a nivel de 5 por ciento. El mayor rendimiento de grano se obtuvo con el híbrido Dekald D-50-A con 5.075 kilogramos de grano por hectárea, en la prueba de Duncan resulta significativamente diferente a las demás. El siguiente rendimiento corresponde desde el híbrido Dekald D-D-50 con 4.521 kilogramos por hectárea, que no resulta significativo con los subsiguientes 13 híbridos hasta el Dekalb F-63 con 2.982 kilogramos por hectárea. Luego el Dekalb B-R-60 con 3.967 kilogramos por hectárea rendimiento que no resulta significativo con los 20 híbridos que le siguen hasta el Payneo que rindió 2.588 kilogramos por hectárea. El cuarto y último rendimiento es a partir del NK-300 cuyo rendimiento de 3.319 kilogramos de grano por hectárea no manifiesta diferencia significativa con ninguno de los siguientes rendimientos. (ver cuadro N° 3). En base a la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan, resultan los cuatro rendimientos citados, de los cuales los tres primeros grupos abarcan un total de 22 variedades cuyos rendimientos se consideran buenos. Es importante hacer notar que los rendimientos descritos corresponden a una sola cosecha, no se verificó la segunda porque se manifestó una irregularidad en la cosecha ocasionada por la inundación y plaga de pájaros.

A comparison of animal abundance and distribution in similar habitats in Rookery Bay, Marco Island and Fakahatchee on the southwest coast of Florida, 1971 - 1972

The three areas in Rookery Bay, near Marco Island and Fakahatchee Bay were sampled from July 1971 through July 1972, and 1,006,640 individual animals were collected, of which the majority (55%) came from the Marco area. The large disparity between the catches at Marco and the remaining study areas was due mainly to the appearance of high numbers of species of polychaetes and echinoderms that were of very minor importance or absent from the catches in Rookery Bay and Fakahatchee Bay. When only the major classes of animals in the catch are considered (i.e., crustaceans, fish and mollusks) the total counts for Fakahatchee (298,830) and Marco (275,075) are quite comparable but both exceed Rookery Bay (119,388) by a considerable margin. The effects of the red tide outbreak in the summer of 1971 were apparently restricted to the Rookery Bay Sanctuary and may account for some of the observed differences. For the purposes of making controlled comparisons between the study areas, three common habitats were selected in each area so that a mud bottom habitat, a sand-shell bottom habitat and a vegetated bottom habitat were located in each of the study areas. Total catches by habitat types for crustaceans, fish and mollusks and certain of the more abundant species show clearly the overwhelming importance of the vegetated bottom as a habitat for animals. By habitat the vegetated areas had the most "indicator species" with five, the mud habitat was next with three and the sand-shell habitat third with two. Thus the vegetated habitat would be the best choice if a single habitat were to be used to detect environmental changes between study areas. (PDF contains 137 pages)

Cooperative artificial propagation programs for salmon and steelhead, 1995-1996

Fifteen cooperative fish rearing and planting programs for salmon and steelhead were active from July 1, 1995 through June 30, 1996. For all programs, 134,213 steelhead trout,(Oncorhynchus mykiss), 7,742,577 chinook salmon,(~ tshawytscha),and 25,075 coho salmon(~ kisutch) were planted. (PDF contains 26 pages.)

Compensating restrictive fisheries management measures: distribution of improved cocks to Kainji Lake communities 1997-2001

The Nigeria-German Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project (KLFPP) promoted the distribution of genetically improved cocks to the Kainji Lake (Nigeria) fishing communities aiming to compensate for possible short-term income losses due to the implementation of fisheries management measures restricting the use of the Lake's resources and to provide alternative sources for income generation, especially for the women. Out of 5,075 cocks produced, 4,171 cocks were distributed at subsidized prices mainly to women in 116 fishing villages of Kainji Lake. During an impact survey carried out in 12 villages, 6-24 months after distribution, only 25% of the cocks distributed were seen. However, potential income for each beneficiary from the hybrid offspring was estimated at minimum 1,000 Naira per year

Wassertiefenabhängige Auftriebsschwerpunktregelung für seitlich versetzt geschleppte Schwingerträger

The noise emission of the vessel, especially in shallow waters, causes a fright reaction of the fishes near the vessel. To reduce the uncertainty of hydroacoustic measurements connected with that fact, a side shifted towed body is used for the hydroacoustic stock estimation in the Baltic sea. If the towed body was running close to the surface it was quite sensitive to waves. To make the running properties of the side shifted towed body more robust a control of the center of buoyancy depending on the diving depth was introduced. The goal was set to control the towed body without additional energy supply. First results are shown.