Variability of susceptibility to deltamethrin in peridomestic Triatoma sordida from Triângulo Mineiro, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

AbstractINTRODUCTION:Despite chemical and physical vector control strategies, persistent infestations of Triatoma sordida have been reported in a large part of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and the cause for this is little investigated. We aimed to characterize the deltamethrin toxicological profile in peridomestic T. sordidapopulations from Triângulo Mineiro area of Minas Gerais.METHODS:Susceptibility to deltamethrin was assessed in seventeen peridomestic T. sordida populations. Serial dilutions of deltamethrin in acetone (0.2µL) were topically applied on the first instar nymphs (F1; five days old; fasting weight, 1.2 ± 0.2mg). Dose response results were analyzed using Probit software, and the lethal doses, slope and resistance ratios were determined. Qualitative tests were also performed.RESULTS:The deltamethrin susceptibility profile of T. sordida populations revealed resistance ratios ranging from 0.84 to 2.8. The percentage mortality in response to a diagnostic dose was 100.0% in all populations.CONCLUSIONS:From our results, the lack of resistance to insecticides but persistent T. sordida infestations in the Triângulo Mineiro area may be because of: 1) environmental degradation facilitating dispersion of T. sordida , allowing colonization in artificial ecotopes; 2) operational failures; and 3) complexity of the peridomicile in the study area.These variables are being investigated.

Fisheries and fishing effort at the Indigenous Reserves Ashaninka/Kaxinawá, river Breu, Brazil/Peru

This article aimed to describe the subsistence fisheries of traditional populations of three ethnic groups, one Ashaninka and two Kaxinawá, lying on the banks of the River Breu. Initially, monitors were trained to fill logbooks with data from fisheries of the villages during an annual cycle (august/1995 august/1996). Based on these data, it was realized an inventory of the most common fish species caught as well as one about the fishing environment. The following results were obtained: i) Indians prefer to use pools, locally known as "poços", for fishing; ii) the most common caught species are the "mandis" (35%, Pimelodidae), armored catfishes (Loricariidae), specially Hypostomus sp. (25%), the "curimatá" (9%, Prochilodus sp.) and the "saburus" (8%, Curimatidae), among others; iii) the fishing gears that lead to a high rate of fishing are the native "tingui", nets and bow and arrows; iv) fisheries are more intensive during summer; v) the fishing effort and their associated factors statistically significant in predicting the catches in the Indian Reserve were f1 = number of fishermen, f2 = (number of fishermen*total time devoted to fishing), f3 = [(number of fishermen)*(total time devoted to fishing)-(the time displacement)] and the factor villages and fishing gears; vi) although almost all the fisheries are done by walking to the fishing places, catches increase when paddle boats are used; and vii) the most active fishermen belong to Kaxinawá tribe.

Estudo acústico de /a/ acentuado na fala bracarense: potenciais aplicações

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Linguagem

Analysis of a Local HIV-1 Epidemic in Portugal Highlights Established Transmission of non-B and -G Subtypes

Existing data supports Portugal as the Western Europe country with highest HIV-1 subtype diversity. However, detailed phylogenetic studies of Portuguese HIV-1 epidemics are still scarce. Thus, our main goal was to analyze the phylodynamics of a local HIV-1 infection in the Portuguese region of Minho. Molecular epidemiological analysis was applied to data from 289 HIV-1 infected individuals followed in the reference Hospital of the province of Minho, Portugal, in which isolated viruses had been sequenced between 2000 and 2012. Viruses of the G (29.1%) and B (27.0%) subtypes were the most frequent, followed by recombinant forms (17.6%), C (14.5%), F1 (7.3%) and A1 (4.2%) subtypes. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that the odds of being infected with A1 and F1 subtype increased over the years when compared with B, G, C or recombinant viruses. As expected, polyphyletic patterns suggesting multiple and old introductions of subtypes B and G were found. However, transmission clusters of non-B and -G viruses among native individuals were also found with the dates of the most recent common ancestor estimated to the early 2000s. Our study supports that the HIV-1 subtype diversity in the Portuguese region of Minho is high and has been increasing in a manner that is apparently driven by factors other than immigration and international travel. Infections with A1 and F1 viruses in the region of Minho are becoming established and were mainly found in sexually transmitted clusters, reinforcing the need for more efficacious control measures targeting this infection route.

Chemical and physical attributes and calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus in the soil of murundu fields in Brazil

Fields of murundus (FM) are wetlands that provide numerous ecosystem services. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the chemical [organic carbon (OC), P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+ and H+Al] and physical [texture and bulk density (Bd)] soil attributes and calculate the organic matter (OM) and nutrient stock (P, Ca, Mg, and K) in soils of FM located in the Guapore River basin in Mato Grosso. Thirty-six sampling points were selected, and soil samples were collected from two environments: the murundu and plain area surrounding (PAS). At each sampling point, mini trenches of 0.5 &#215; 0.5 &#215; 0.4 m were opened and disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, and 0.2-0.4 m. In the Principal Component Analysis the variables H+Al (49%) and OM (4%) were associated with the F1 component and sand content (47%) with the F2 component. The FM had lower pH values and higher concentrations of K+, P, and H+Al than PAS at all depths (p < 0.05). Additionally, FM stocked up to 433, 360, 205, and 11 kg ha-1 of Ca, Mg, K, and P, respectively, for up to a depth of 0.2 m. The murundu stored two times more K and three times more P than that in the PAS. Our results show that the FM has high sand content and Bd greater than 1.5 Mg m-3, high acidity, low OC content, and low nutrient concentrations. Thus, special care must be taken to preserve FM such that human intervention does not trigger environmental imbalances.

Breastfeeding is negatively affected by prenatal depression and reduces postpartum depression

Background. This prospective cohort study explored the effects of prenatal and postpartum depression on breastfeeding and the effect of breastfeeding on postpartum depression. Method. The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered to 145 women at the first, second and third trimester, and at the neonatal period and 3 months postpartum. Self-report exclusive breastfeeding since birth was collected at birth and at 3, 6 and 12 months postpartum. Data analyses were performed using repeated-measures ANOVAs and logistic and multiple linear regressions. Results. Depression scores at the third trimester, but not at 3 months postpartum, were the best predictors of exclusive breastfeeding duration (β =−0.30, t=−2.08, p<0.05). A significant decrease in depression scores was seen from childbirth to 3 months postpartum in women who maintained exclusive breastfeeding for53 months (F1,65 =3.73, p<0.10, ηp 2 =0.05). Conclusions. These findings suggest that screening for depression symptoms during pregnancy can help to identify women at risk for early cessation of exclusive breastfeeding, and that exclusive breastfeeding may help to reduce symptoms of depression from childbirth to 3 months postpartum.

Evaluation of the marker of hypercoagulability prothrombin fragment F 1+2 in patients with mechanical or biological heart valve prostheses

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether patients with heart valve prostheses and similar International Normalized Ratios (INR) have the same level of protection against thromboembolic events, that is, whether the anticoagulation intensity is related to the intensity of hypercoagulability supression. METHODS: INR and plasma levels of prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) were assessed in blood samples of 27 patients (7 with mechanical heart valves and 20 with biological heart valves) and 27 blood samples from healthy donors that were not taking any medication. RESULTS: Increased levels of F1+2 were observed in blood samples of 5 patients with heart valve prostheses taking warfarin. These findings reinforce the idea that even though patients may have INRs, within the therapeutic spectrum, they are not free from new thromboembolic events. CONCLUSION: Determination of the hypercoagulability marker F1+2 might result in greater efficacy and safety for the use of oral anticoagulants, resulting in improved quality of life for patients.

Programa de Evaluación Genética de caracteres productivos, adaptativos y de comportamiento, en bovinos de carne para áreas desfavorecidas

La producción de carne bovina en áreas subtropical y templadas cálidas se ve afectada en cantidad y calidad debido a las condiciones de calor y humedad a lo largo del año. Las razas tradicionales son las que más sufren esa condición climática y por otra parte, las razas y/o cruzas más adaptadas muestran problemas de calidad de carne, menor precocidad reproductiva y de temperamento. Las razas bovinas de origen índico y africano muestran mayor adaptación al estrés térmico y las razas británicas son más susceptibles aunque existe variación individual. Los indicadores climáticos de estrés térmico son variados, aunque humedad relativa del ambiente y temperatura son los más importantes. En el animal se pueden realizar diversos ensayos que incluyen toma de información de temperatura corporal profunda y frecuencia respiratoria. Dichos ensayos permiten clasificar a los animales como resistentes o susceptibles al estrés térmico. Una raza sanga de origen africano (Tuli) y sus cruzas se están ensayando en la UCC como parte de la búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas planteados anteriormente. Los objetivos son: Implementar un sistema de evaluación genética para seleccionar una población bovina de carne adaptada a condiciones de estrés térmico. Estudiar atributos anátomo-fisiológicos y mecanismos de reacción fisiológica de adaptación a dicho estrés y describir el temperamento de la raza Tuli y sus cruzas, relacionándolo con producción, estrés y calidad de carne. Estimar parámetros genéticos poblacionales. Estudiar por medio de evaluación ecográfica diferencias entre animales de distintas razas en área de ojo de bife y espesor de grasa dorsal. Los animales a utilizar en este trabajo pertenecen a las razas Tuli puros, Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, cruzas F1, cruzas inter sé de las F1 (San Ignacio).

Programa de evaluación genética de caracteres productivos, adaptativos y de comportamiento, en bovinos de carne para el norte de la Provincia de Córdoba

La producción de carne bovina en áreas subtropicales y templadas cálidas (C-N de Cba.) se ve afectada en cantidad y calidad debido a las condiciones de calor y humedad a lo largo del año o en determinados meses del año. Las razas bovinas de origen índico y africano muestran mayor adaptación al estrés térmico y las razas británicas son más susceptibles aunque existe variación individual. Los indicadores climáticos más importantes de stress térmicos son la humedad relativa del ambiente y la temperatura y su combinación en un índice (THI). En el animal se pueden realizar diversos ensayos que permiten clasificar a los animales como resistentes o susceptibles al estrés térmico. En general se argumenta que las razas más adaptadas son simultáneamente de menor productividad en las áreas subtropicales, pero esto no queda claro qué es debido; una menor productividad primaria de esas áreas o al menor desempeño animal. Una hipótesis similar se puede formular para la calidad de la carne y las dificultades de manejo de esas razas por su temperamento más agresivo. Se conocen relaciones positivas entre variables de productividad, adaptabilidad, calidad de carne y temperamento, aunque aun no se han estudiado en nuestra provincia. Una raza sanga de origen africano (Tuli) y sus cruzas se están ensayando en la UCC como parte de la búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas planteados anteriormente. Los objetivos de este proyecto son: Implementar un sistema de evaluación genética para seleccionar una población bovina de carne adaptada a condiciones de estrés térmico. Estudiar atributos anatomo-fisiológicos y mecanismos de reacción fisiológica de adaptación a altas temperaturas y humedad y describir el temperamento y raza Tuli y sus cruzas, relacionándolo con producción, estrés y calidad de carne. Estimar parámetros genéticos poblacionales de las variables mencionadas. Medir variables de información climática, variables indicadoras de estrés medidas sobre los animales, variables de desempeño y de temperamento. Los animales a utilizar en este trabajo estarán divididos por genotipo como: raza Tuli puros, Aberdeen Angus (colorado y negro), Hereford, cruzas F1, cruzas Inter. Se (San Ignacio), y Bradford puro. Con un modelo que incluye genotipo aleatorio se predecirán los componentes de varianza para obtener parámetros genéticos poblacionales mediante el uso del programa ASREML, específicamente diseñado para estos fines. Los indicadores a obtener serán: THI a los cuales se producen los efectos desfavorables del ambiente para cada genotipo en las condiciones climáticas de Córdoba; mecanismos de adaptación de la raza Tuli (sudoración, jadeo, combinación de ambos), niveles de cortisona del estrés térmico y del estrés comportamental, relación entre estrés térmico, comportamiento y calidad de carne. De los resultados esperados se podrán extraer sugerencias y desarrollar estrategias para mejorar la producción de carne en el área subtropical de Córdoba.

Estudios básicos para el mejoramiento genético de buffelgrass (<i>Cenchrus ciliaris</i> L.)

El "pasto salinas" o "buffel grass" (<i>Cenchrus ciliaris</i> L.), forrajera introducida hace pocos años a nuestro medio, muestra buena adaptación a regiones subtropicales áridas y semiáridas (desde Córdoba hacia el norte del país), en las que la actualidad se cultivan materiales provenientes de áreas agroecológicas afines a las zonas de difusión de nuestro país. Estas introducciones manifestaron diferentes niveles de adaptación, no contando los productores con opciones en cuanto a disponibilidad de cultivares de reconocida aptitud forrajera y adecuada producción de semillas. Se plantea como objetivo general del proyecto la generación de variabilidad genética a partir del cruzamiento entre una estirpe sexual y materiales apomícticos adaptados, evaluación y selección de los mejores híbridos apomícticos y obtención a partir de estos nuevos cultivares. Como objetivos específicos se propone: 1) Caracterización morfológica, citológica y reproductiva de la estirpe sexual y materiales apomícticos a utilizarse en este proyecto. 2) Puesta a punto de una técnica de hibridación para la obtención de materiales F1. 3) Determinación de caracteres descriptores que posibiliten la diferenciación de cultivares dentro de la especie (actualmente no disponibles en el INASE).

Programa de evaluación genética de caracteres productivos, adaptativos y de comportamiento, en bovinos de carne para áreas desfavorecidas.

La producción de carne bovina en áreas subtropical y templadas cálidas se ve afectada en cantidad y calidad debido a las condiciones de calor y humedad a lo largo del año o en determinados meses del año. Las razas tradicionales son las que más sufren esa condición climática y por otra parte, las razas y/o cruzas más adaptadas muestran problemas de calidad de carne, menor precocidad reproductiva y de temperamento. Buena parte de la producción bovina de carne de la provincia de Córdoba está incluida en áreas que sufren durante todo o parte del año de condiciones climáticas desfavorables. Además el fenómeno creciente del calentamiento global incrementará la extensión de esas áreas y agravará el problema en las actuales. Las razas bovinas de origén índico y africano muestran mayor adaptación al estrés térmico y las razas británicas son más susceptibles aunque existe variación individual. Los indicadores climáticos de estrés térmico son variados, aunque humedad relativa del ambiente y temperatura son los más importantes. Ambas variables se combinan en un índice de humedad y temperatura (THI) que es un indicador válido para predecir dicho estrés. En el animal se pueden realizar diversos ensayos que incluyen toma de información de temperatura corporal profunda y frecuencia respiratoria. Dichos ensayos permiten clasificar a los animales como resistentes o susceptibles al estrés térmico. Los trabajos que se han realizado en genética animal en otros países demuestran un importante componente genético aditivo en este comportamiento frente al calor y humedad, esto permitiría pensar en incluir en programas de mejoramiento de producción de carne variables de adaptación al estrés térmico. En general se argumenta que las razas más adaptadas son simultáneamente de menor productividad en las áreas subtropicales, pero esto no queda claro a qué es debido; una menor producitividad primaria de esas áreas o al menor desempeño animal. Una hipótesis similar se puede formular para la calidad de la carne y las dificultades de manejo de esas razas por su temperamento más agresivo. Si la respuesta incluye el desempeño, ésto estaría dado en buena parte por componentes genéticos. Se conocen relaciones positivas entre variables de productividad, adaptabilidad, calidad de carne y temperamento, aunque aún no se han estudiado en nuestra provincia. Una raza sanga de orígen africano (Tuli) y sus cruzas se están ensayando en la UCC como parte de la búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas planteados anteriormente. Se desconocen los mecanismos fisiológicos de adaptación al estrés térmico que son utilizados por estos animales y también se ignoran las consecuencias genéticas de las cruzas con otras razas sobre estos mecanismos. Tampoco se disponen de parámetros poblacionales (fenotípicos y genéticos) de esta raza y sus cruzas.Los animales a utilizar en este trabajo pertenecen a las razas Tuli puros, Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, cruzas F1, cruzas inter sé de las F1 (San Ignacio) y Bradford. De los resultados esperados se podrán extraer sugerencias y desarrollar estrategias para mejorar la producción de carne en el área subtropical de nuestra provincia.

A determinação dos números de indivíduos mínimos necessários na experimentação genética

The main object of the present paper consists in giving formulas and methods which enable us to determine the minimum number of repetitions or of individuals necessary to garantee some extent the success of an experiment. The theoretical basis of all processes consists essentially in the following. Knowing the frequency of the desired p and of the non desired ovents q we may calculate the frequency of all possi- ble combinations, to be expected in n repetitions, by expanding the binomium (p-+q)n. Determining which of these combinations we want to avoid we calculate their total frequency, selecting the value of the exponent n of the binomium in such a way that this total frequency is equal or smaller than the accepted limit of precision n/pª{ 1/n1 (q/p)n + 1/(n-1)| (q/p)n-1 + 1/ 2!(n-2)| (q/p)n-2 + 1/3(n-3) (q/p)n-3... < Plim - -(1b) There does not exist an absolute limit of precision since its value depends not only upon psychological factors in our judgement, but is at the same sime a function of the number of repetitions For this reasen y have proposed (1,56) two relative values, one equal to 1-5n as the lowest value of probability and the other equal to 1-10n as the highest value of improbability, leaving between them what may be called the "region of doubt However these formulas cannot be applied in our case since this number n is just the unknown quantity. Thus we have to use, instead of the more exact values of these two formulas, the conventional limits of P.lim equal to 0,05 (Precision 5%), equal to 0,01 (Precision 1%, and to 0,001 (Precision P, 1%). The binominal formula as explained above (cf. formula 1, pg. 85), however is of rather limited applicability owing to the excessive calculus necessary, and we have thus to procure approximations as substitutes. We may use, without loss of precision, the following approximations: a) The normal or Gaussean distribution when the expected frequency p has any value between 0,1 and 0,9, and when n is at least superior to ten. b) The Poisson distribution when the expected frequecy p is smaller than 0,1. Tables V to VII show for some special cases that these approximations are very satisfactory. The praticai solution of the following problems, stated in the introduction can now be given: A) What is the minimum number of repititions necessary in order to avoid that any one of a treatments, varieties etc. may be accidentally always the best, on the best and second best, or the first, second, and third best or finally one of the n beat treatments, varieties etc. Using the first term of the binomium, we have the following equation for n: n = log Riim / log (m:) = log Riim / log.m - log a --------------(5) B) What is the minimun number of individuals necessary in 01der that a ceratin type, expected with the frequency p, may appaer at least in one, two, three or a=m+1 individuals. 1) For p between 0,1 and 0,9 and using the Gaussean approximation we have: on - ó. p (1-p) n - a -1.m b= &#948;. 1-p /p e c = m/p } -------------------(7) n = b + b² + 4 c/ 2 n´ = 1/p n cor = n + n' ---------- (8) We have to use the correction n' when p has a value between 0,25 and 0,75. The greek letters delta represents in the present esse the unilateral limits of the Gaussean distribution for the three conventional limits of precision : 1,64; 2,33; and 3,09 respectively. h we are only interested in having at least one individual, and m becomes equal to zero, the formula reduces to : c= m/p o para a = 1 a = { b + b²}² = b² = &#948;2 1- p /p }-----------------(9) n = 1/p n (cor) = n + n´ 2) If p is smaller than 0,1 we may use table 1 in order to find the mean m of a Poisson distribution and determine. n = m: p C) Which is the minimun number of individuals necessary for distinguishing two frequencies p1 and p2? 1) When pl and p2 are values between 0,1 and 0,9 we have: n = { &#948; p1 ( 1-pi) + p2) / p2 (1 - p2) n= 1/p1-p2 }------------ (13) n (cor) We have again to use the unilateral limits of the Gaussean distribution. The correction n' should be used if at least one of the valors pl or p2 has a value between 0,25 and 0,75. A more complicated formula may be used in cases where whe want to increase the precision : n (p1 - p2) &#948; { p1 (1- p2 ) / n= m &#948; = &#948; p1 ( 1 - p1) + p2 ( 1 - p2) c= m / p1 - p2 n = { b2 + 4 4 c }2 }--------- (14) n = 1/ p1 - p2 2) When both pl and p2 are smaller than 0,1 we determine the quocient (pl-r-p2) and procure the corresponding number m2 of a Poisson distribution in table 2. The value n is found by the equation : n = mg /p2 ------------- (15) D) What is the minimun number necessary for distinguishing three or more frequencies, p2 p1 p3. If the frequecies pl p2 p3 are values between 0,1 e 0,9 we have to solve the individual equations and sue the higest value of n thus determined : n 1.2 = {&#948; p1 (1 - p1) / p1 - p2 }² = Fiim n 1.2 = { &#948; p1 ( 1 - p1) + p1 ( 1 - p1) }² } -- (16) Delta represents now the bilateral limits of the : Gaussean distrioution : 1,96-2,58-3,29. 2) No table was prepared for the relatively rare cases of a comparison of threes or more frequencies below 0,1 and in such cases extremely high numbers would be required. E) A process is given which serves to solve two problemr of informatory nature : a) if a special type appears in n individuals with a frequency p(obs), what may be the corresponding ideal value of p(esp), or; b) if we study samples of n in diviuals and expect a certain type with a frequency p(esp) what may be the extreme limits of p(obs) in individual farmlies ? I.) If we are dealing with values between 0,1 and 0,9 we may use table 3. To solve the first question we select the respective horizontal line for p(obs) and determine which column corresponds to our value of n and find the respective value of p(esp) by interpolating between columns. In order to solve the second problem we start with the respective column for p(esp) and find the horizontal line for the given value of n either diretly or by approximation and by interpolation. 2) For frequencies smaller than 0,1 we have to use table 4 and transform the fractions p(esp) and p(obs) in numbers of Poisson series by multiplication with n. Tn order to solve the first broblem, we verify in which line the lower Poisson limit is equal to m(obs) and transform the corresponding value of m into frequecy p(esp) by dividing through n. The observed frequency may thus be a chance deviate of any value between 0,0... and the values given by dividing the value of m in the table by n. In the second case we transform first the expectation p(esp) into a value of m and procure in the horizontal line, corresponding to m(esp) the extreme values om m which than must be transformed, by dividing through n into values of p(obs). F) Partial and progressive tests may be recomended in all cases where there is lack of material or where the loss of time is less importent than the cost of large scale experiments since in many cases the minimun number necessary to garantee the results within the limits of precision is rather large. One should not forget that the minimun number really represents at the same time a maximun number, necessary only if one takes into consideration essentially the disfavorable variations, but smaller numbers may frequently already satisfactory results. For instance, by definition, we know that a frequecy of p means that we expect one individual in every total o(f1-p). If there were no chance variations, this number (1- p) will be suficient. and if there were favorable variations a smaller number still may yield one individual of the desired type. r.nus trusting to luck, one may start the experiment with numbers, smaller than the minimun calculated according to the formulas given above, and increase the total untill the desired result is obtained and this may well b ebefore the "minimum number" is reached. Some concrete examples of this partial or progressive procedure are given from our genetical experiments with maize.

Nutrição mineral de hortaliças: III. deficiências de macronutrientes em beringela

Plantas de beringela da var. Hibrida F1 Piracicaba nº 100 foram cultivadas em vasos contendo silica e irrigados com solução nutritiva completa e submetidas a tratamento omitindo-se um macronutriente por vez. Apesar da dificuldade de caracterização as plantas exibiram os sintomas de carência na seguinte ordem: nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e enxofre. A caracterização das deficiências foi complementada pela análise química das fôlhas velhas, novas, caule e frutos. A exigência da beringela para macronutrientes obedeceu a seguinte ordem: nitrogênio, potassio, cálcio, fósforo, enxofre e magnésio.

Nutrição mineral de hortaliças: XXIV - carência de macronutrientes em berinjela (Solanum melongena L.)

Plantas de berinjela (Solanum melongena L. var. Híbrida F1, Piracicaba nº 100) foram cultivadas em vasos contendo sílica lavada. As plantas foram irrigadas com solução nutritiva purificada e submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: completo, omissão de B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn. Os sintomas de carência desses elementos foram identificados e descritos. Aquilatou-se a possibilidade de recuperação de plantas deficientes fornecendo-se o elemento. Finalmente, as plantas foram separadas em: raiz, caule superior e inferior, folhas velhas e novas, frutos, e analisadas para B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. A análise química das folhas afetadas pelas carências apresentou os seguintes valores (ppm): B- 48-71; Cu- 1-2; Fe- 169-204; Mn- .42-80; Zn- 37-38. Nas folhas sadias os valores foram (ppm): B- 70-82; Cu- 8; Fe- 192-283; Mn- 54-118; Zn- 52-54.

Curva de sobrevivência e estimativa de entropia em Lucilia cuprina (Diptera, Calliphoridae)

Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830) is a cosmopolite blowfly species of medical and veterinary importance because it produces myiasis, mainly in ovine. In order to evaluate the demographic characteristics of this species, survivorship curves for 327 adult males and 323 adult females, from generation F1 maintained under experimental conditions, were obtained. Entropy was utilized as the estimator of the survival pattern to quantify the mortality distribution of individuals as a function of age. The entropy values 0.216 (males) and 0.303 (females) were obtained. These results denote that, considering the survivorship interval until the death of the last individual for each sex, the males present a tendency of mortality in more advanced age intervals, in comparison with the females.