Efeito de período de controle de plantas daninhas na cultura de amendoim

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes períodos de controle das plantas daninhas, sobre algumas características produtivas da cultura do amendoim. Os experimentos foram instalados no município de Taquaritinga-SP, em duas épocas de semeadura, sendo uma no cultivo das secas, semeada durante o mês de março, e outra no cultivo das águas, semeada durante o mês de setembro. Os tratamentos foram períodos de controle das plantas daninhas entre 017, 0-31, 0-45, 0-59, 0-73, 17-31, 17-45, 17-59, 17-73, 31-45, 31-59, 31-73, 45-59, 45-73 e 59-73 dias após a emergência da cultura. Foram mantidas duas testemunhas, uma sem controle e outra com controle das plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo da cultura. A principal planta daninha, nos dois experimentos, foi Digitaria horizontalis. A comunidade infestante e a cultura foram influenciadas pela época de semeadura, modificando suas relações de interferência. No cultivo da época das águas, os efeitos da convivência da comunidade infestante foram mais drásticos, afetando com maior intensidade a produtividade da cultura. Dentre as características produtivas avaliadas, o número de vagens por planta foi o principal fator na redução da produtividade. No cultivo das águas, o controle somente foi necessário após os 45 dias iniciais de convivência, e na cultura das secas, após os 59 dias, caracterizando os períodos anteriores à interferência. Nas duas épocas de semeadura o controle das plantas daninhas, realizado até 17 dias após a emergência, foi suficiente para garantir a produtividade da cultura semelhante à testemunha capina, caracterizando o período total de prevenção à interferência.

Produtividade e desenvolvimento de cultivares de repolho em função de doses de boro

A cultura do repolho é cultivada em áreas pequenas e necessita de muita mão de obra, sendo na maior parte conduzida pela agricultura familiar. Avaliou-se o efeito de doses de boro em diferentes cultivares de repolho na região oeste de Mato Grosso do Sul. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados no esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo duas cultivares e cinco doses de boro, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as características: teores de boro foliar, área da planta, altura de planta, número de folhas externas, massa fresca de folhas externas, massa seca de folhas externas, altura da cabeça, diâmetro da cabeça, número de folhas internas, massa fresca de folhas internas, massa seca de folhas externas, classificação do peso da cabeça, compacidade e produção por hectare. A cultivar 60 Dias apresentou maiores valores nos componentes de produção e conseqüentemente maior produtividade. A aplicação de boro influencia linearmente nos teor de boro foliar, diâmetro de cabeça e número de folha interna. As doses de boro interferem na produtividade de repolho, sendo que na cultivar 60 Dias a dose máxima é de 7,2 kg ha-1 e para cultivar Chato de Quintal a dose mínima deve ser de 1,06 kg ha-1.

População de plantas e espaçamento entre linhas do feijoeiro irrigado. II: rendimento de grãos e componentes do rendimento

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes populações de plantas e espaçamentos entre linhas de cultivo na produção de massa seca, rendimento de grãos e componentes do rendimento da cultura do feijoeiro irrigado. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 1997/1998, em área do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS. A cultivar de feijão preto BR-FEPAGRO 44 - Guapo brilhante, habito de crescimento indeterminado (tipo II), foi submetida a três populações de plantas (175, 250 e 325 mil plantas há-1) e três espaçamentos entre linhas de cultivo (35, 50 e 65cm). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, bifatorial, com quatro repetições. Irrigações por aspersão foram aplicadas quando a evapotranspiração máxima da cultura, estimada a partir da evaporação do tanque classe A, indicava um valor acumulado de 25mm. Os resultados demonstraram que as diferentes populações de plantas e espaçamentos entre linhas de cultivo não ocasionaram alterações no rendimento de grãos e massa de mil sementes. No entanto, o número de sementes por vagem e de vagens por planta aumentaram com a redução na população de plantas. Na fase do enchimento de grãos, a redução do espaçamento entre linhas de cultivo aumentou a massa seca da parte aérea das plantas. A cultivar de feijoeiro, BR-FEPAGRO 44 - Guapo brilhante, apresenta elevada plasticidade dos componentes do rendimento, havendo compensação no rendimento de grãos nas menores populações de plantas com aumento da produção por planta.

Época de colheita e desenvolvimento vegetativo de aveia preta

Embora a aveia preta apresente importantes características de interesse agronômico, os estudos direcionados ao conhecimento da planta visando aumentos de produtividade são ainda em pequeno número em condições brasileiras. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de plantas de aveia preta, cultivar Comum. O experimento foi instalado no mês de maio, em condições de campo, em Nitossolo Vermelho, em Botucatu, SP. O delineamento experimental empregado foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de épocas de coletas de plantas, as quais foram iniciadas aos 21 dias após a emergência das plântulas (DAE). O maior desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas, considerando-se o número total de perfilhos e o número total de folhas, foi observado na fase de emissão da panícula, aos 84 DAE. A contribuição dos perfilhos primários foi maior que a dos perfilhos secundários, tanto nos componentes vegetativos como nos componentes relacionados à produção de sementes.

Efeitos de fontes de fósforo e da calagem na produção de amendoim

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Efeito da densidade de semeadura na produção do amendoim

In this work, the effects of sowing densities on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crop, cv. Tatu were studied. Three experiments were carried out under field conditions on a soil classified as ''Latosol Roxo'', in the Municipality of Pontal, SP, during the wet seasons of 1987-88, 1988-89, and 1989-90. The densities studied were 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28 seeds in one metter of row, under some row spacing of 0.60 m. The pod number per plant was the yield component responsible for the variation of pod production per plant and these decreased with the increase of sowing density. However. The low pod production per plant in high densities of sowing was compensated by the high populations of plants and these produced high yield. Thus, good pod yields were obtained, without significant losses of yield compared with the higher densities, at density of 13 seeds per meter, in 1987-88, 16 seeds per meter in 1988-89 and 10 seeds per meter in 1989-90, that resulted, respectively, in 11.36, 12.72 and 9.28 plants per meter at harvest time.

EFFECT OF DROUGHT AND DEFOLIATION STRESS IN THE FIELD ON SOYBEAN SEED-GERMINATION AND VIGOR

Although drought and defoliation stress have been shown to reduce soybean [Glycine max (L.). Merr.] yield, little information has been published regarding their effects on soybean seed quality. Field experiments were conducted in 1986, 1987, and 1989 to evaluate the effect of drought and defoliation (1989 only) stress during soybean seed development on seed germination and vigor. Essex (MG [maturity group] V) and Union (MG III) were grown in 1986 and 1987, and Harper (MG III) and McCall (MG 00) in 1989. Moisture treatments were either well watered or drought stressed during seed development (R5 to R7). In 1989, a total defoliation treatment was also imposed at R6 as an additional stress factor. There were significant reductions in yield and yield components following drought stress in all 3 yr and following defoliation in 1989. Leaf conductance and transpiration also decreased in the drought stress treatments. There was no effect of drought stress on seed germination or seed vigor as measured by accelerated aging germination and the cold test across the four cultivars (determinate and indeterminate) and 3 yr. In 1989 slight changes in 3-d germination and conductivity occurred for some drought stress treatments. Most of this response, however, was related to increased occurrence of hard seed, which does not represent an indication of a change in vigor. Seed germination and vigor were significantly reduced for small, flat, shriveled, and underdeveloped seeds that only occurred following defoliation. These seeds represented a small portion of the seed lot that would normally be removed during conditioning. The data suggest that drought stress would have no effect on seed germination or vigor, unless the stress was severe enough to produce shriveled, flat, underdeveloped seeds.

Crescimento e produtividade da mamona de porte baixo em diferentes espaçamentos e populações de plantas

It is necessary to establish adequate row spacings and plant populations for recently developed short height castor (Ricinus communis L) cultivars. This work aimed to evaluate the growth, yield components, and yield of short castor cultivar IAC 2028 as affected by row spacing and plant population, in summer cropping season. The experiments were carried out in 2007/08 and 2008/09 cropping seasons, in Botucatu County, São Paulo State, Brazil. A randomized complete block design in a split-plot scheme with four replications was used. Treatments assigned to plots were four row spacing (0.45, 0.60, 0.75, and 0.90m) and subplots were assigned to four levels of plant populations (25000, 40000, 55000, and 70000 plants/ha). The increase of plant population decreased plants survival rate, shoot dry weight, stem diameter, number of racemes per plant, number of fruits per raceme, and 100-grains weight. In higher plant populations, the best arrangement of plants, provided by the narrower row spacing (0.45m), promoted higher grain and oil yields. Increasing plant population increased grain and oil yields only when was used the narrower row spacing.

Épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio para híbridos de mamona no sistema plantio direto em safrinha

The castor bean cultivation has a high demand for nitrogen, in addition, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization in most cases is low, so that this essential nutrient is provided at the appropriate time. The objective was to study the time nitrogen application in castor bean hybrids under no-till system in off-season. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area located in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, for two growing off-seasons (2006 and 2007). The experimental design was a randomized block in split plot design, with four replications. The plots were constituted by two castor bean hybrids (Lyra/Savana in 2006 and Lyra/Sara in 2007). Six combination of times out rates (0-0, 0-100, 100-0, 30-70, 70-30, 50-50 kg ha-1 of N) side dressing nitrogen fertilization constituted the subplots. The N source used was ammonium nitrate, applied 20 days after emergence and 40 days after emergence. Measurements were carried out: dry matter production of shoots, nitrate and ammonium leaf, leaf analysis, yield components and nitrogen factor utilization. The highest grain yield was obtained to the hybrid Lyra with nitrogen fertilization. In 2006 the highest nitrogen utilization factor to the hybrid Lyra was obtained with the form 70-30 and in the 2007 with 50-50.

Efeito da época de colheita e da calagem no rendimento de sementes comercializáveis de amendoim cv. Botutatu

A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of liming and time of harvesting on peanut cv. Botutatu (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed yield and yield components in the period of July, 1991 to February, 1992, in São Manuel, State of São Paulo. The soil was a Dark Red Latosol (Hapludult, sandy loam), and the experimental design was a subplot replicated four times in completely randomized blocks. Lime levels (0.0 and 1.75 t/ha) were applied in the plots, and the subplots were nine weekly harvests, starting at 87 days after planting (DAP). There was no effect of lime on hulls or seed yield and on peanut yield components. The germination of seeds in hulls was incresead at each harvest and was lower at lime presence. The highest yield was observed at 129 DAP.

Doses e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio no feijoeiro irrigado cultivado em plantio direto

The nitrogen is the nutrient required in greatest quantities by the bean crop and the response to its application depends on the applied N rate as well as the time of its application. The objective of this work was to evaluate yield components, grain productivity and physiological quality of bean seeds, affected by different nitrogen (urea) rates top-dressed at three crop growth stages. The experiment was conducted in no-till system. The treatments were constituted by 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240 kg ha-1 N top-dressed at V4-5, R5 and R6 growth stages, corresponding to 21, 32 and 38 days after plant emergence, respectively. Seed physiological quality was evaluated by germination and vigor tests. Nitrogen applied at different crop growth stages did not interfere on the yield components, but interfered on bean productivity. Maximum grain productivity was obtained with top-dressed 164 kg ha-1 N, independently of growth stage application. Seed physiological quality was not affected by the treatments, fitting in the category of seeds for commercialization.

Parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada na cultura do milho irrigado em sistema plantio direto

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the best time for application of N for an irrigated corn crop in a no-tillage system in the State of Alagoas. Three corn hybrids were used (TORK, FORT and BRS-3003) with four application times (days after sowing - DAS) for fertilizing with nitrogen as top dressing, consisting of the following treatments: 1) 120 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS, 2) 60 kg ha-1 at 15 DAS and 60 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS, 3) 120 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS, 4) 60 kg ha-1 at 30 DAS and 60 kg ha -1 at 45 DAS and 5) control treatment without N fertilization. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications in a subdivided plot scheme. The components of the production studied were: final population of plants ha-1, numbers of corn ears ha-1 length of corn ears and number of rows of grains of corn and mass of 1000 grains. The productivities of grains obtained did not present significant differences among the treatments that received fertilization with nitrogen, independent of the time of application and number of split applications. It is concluded that in the notillage system in Alagoas spliting the manuring with nitrogen (top dressing) is not necessary.

Fontes e parcelamento do nitrogênio em cobertura, na cultura do milho sob plantio direto

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Supressão de água em diferentes fases fenológicas do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is widespread in the Brazilian social and economic scene. The hypothesis is that if the water supply is suppressed in just one of the five development stages of irrigated beans, it can result in yield reduction lower than 20%, allowing water economy. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of bean Carioca group IAC Alvorada yield components, with irrigation suppression in each of the five phenological phases (emergence, vegetative, flowering, grain filling and maturation) and no irrigation and irrigated in all stages. The study was conducted at Agronomical Sciences College, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. The statistical design was the randomized block with seven treatments and four replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and t test at 5% probability. A rainfall event (58 mm) after planting allowed the successful emergence of seedling beans in plots where water would not be applied. The yield components were higher affect when there was irrigation's suppression at Vegetative phase and at Flowering phase. The treatments where occurred irrigation suppression at Maturation and at Emergence showed yield reduction of less than 20%, proving the hypothesis.

Análise de crescimento e produtividade de cultivares de arroz de terras altas dos tipos tradicional, intermediário e moderno

The growth analysis allows the characterization and understanding of the upland rice cultivars development. This study aimed at characterizing, by using the growth analysis, the physiological components and agronomic performance, as well as the differences among traditional, intermediate and modern upland rice cultivars. The experiment was conducted under upland rice conditions, favored by the use of supplementary irrigation. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with three treatments consisting of traditional (Caiapó), modern (Maravilha) and intermediate (BRS Primavera) cultivars and eight replications. The leaf area index (LAI), instantaneous growth rate (IGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and specific leaf area (SLA), as well as grain yield and yield components, were evaluated. The intermediate and traditional cultivars presented the highest total dry matter accumulation rate, while the traditional and modern ones showed the highest LAI. The intermediate cultivar presented the highest IGR, RGR, NAR and SLA levels, as well as the highest grain yield, as a consequence of the higher spikelet fertility and 1,000 grain mass.