Peacetime Violence in El Salvador and Honduras: A tale of two countries

The end of the Cold War did not bring about an end to violence in Central America. Today, so-called non-political violence continues to worsen. Academics and public policymakers are frequently influenced by the assumption that there is a causal relationship between the political violence of the 1980s and the non-political violence of today. By looking at the cases of El Salvador and Honduras, this working paper seeks to systematize existing claims about the causal relationship between past and present violence into two approaches. Our research shows that high levels of prolonged political violence, along with an abundance of firearms, can lead to high levels of prolonged non-political violence but not in the ways most often cited in existing literature. We propose a new model to better understand the connection between past and present violence and recommend indicators that can be used to measure variations in violence over time in contexts of protracted non-political violence.

Une Suisse pas si paisible : la violence comme moyen de revendication politique (1950-2000)

L'objectif de cette recherche est d'interroger la place, la valeur et l'appréhension de la violence comme un moyen de revendication politique dans un pays comme la Suisse qui s'est construit un mythe de non-violence. Son système de démocratie directe, son aisance économique, sa stabilité politique et sa neutralité seraient censés l'épargner à la fois des insurrections violentes et des conflits internationaux. Toutefois, une recherche dans les archives de la presse nationale révèle que pour la période étudiée, entre 1950 et 2000, la Suisse a vécu les actions collectives violentes provenant des séparatistes et des anti-séparatistes jurassiens, de l'extrême gauche et de l'extrême droite. Le pays a également été le terrain des actions violentes provenant de mouvements de lutte armée clandestins allemands, italiens ainsi que des attentats organisés par des mouvements arabes, comme le Front Populaire de Libération de la Palestine (FPLP). Avec une approche mettant l'accent sur les acteurs, plusieurs axes de recherches ont été développés, notamment la fonction de l'action violente pour les individus et les mouvements qui y ont recouru afin d'exprimer une revendication, qu'elle ait été politique, sociale ou culturelle, et la façon dont le gouvernement suisse a perçu le danger représenté par les différents courants politiques. La question des réseaux développés avec les organisations de lutte armée clandestines a été abordée avec les cas de l'Allemagne et de l'Italie, pour ce qui est des mouvements établis en Europe, puis, avec les organisations issues des pays arabes, notamment le FPLP. L'analyse articule une réflexion à la fois empirique et théorique, ne perdant jamais de vue que la notion de violence est le lieu privilégié de jugements de valeur et que sa signification varie selon d'où provient le discours.

Confronting a victim of intimate partner violence in nursing care : a literature review

Intimate partner violence is a growing problem in health care. The purpose of this thesis was to find ways of confronting a victim of intimate partner violence in nursing care and methods how nurses can encourage the victim to disclose the abuse. The aim of this thesis was to help the health care professionals to understand the issue and the need of the victims better, and that way provide a better care. This thesis is a literature review of previously made research articles about intimate partner violence. The research material consisted of 10 published articles, which were collected from different databases. The articles were published within 10 years. A content analysis method was used to examine the articles by making descriptive summary tables according to each questions. The results of this study showed multiple factors which the health care providers should take into consideration when caring the patients. Asking with a non-judgemental attitude, in a safe, confidential setting without the partner present and prioritizing the abuse was mentioned to be important for the victims. Routinely screening and different kind of brochures was considered as good methods to encourage the victims to disclose the abuse. The need for better training and counselling of the health care providers was also discovered. The results of this thesis, did answer to the chosen study questions and that way the purpose of the thesis was filled. Hopefully, in the future this problem can be minimized and prevented in advanced. Further studies are needed to examine whether these caring methods are actually being used in clinical settings and do they have any effect.

Tradṳ̣o e adapta̤̣o cultural da Management of Aggression And Violence Attitude Scale РMAVAS Рem enfermeiros brasileiros

Este estudo objetivou traduzir e adaptar culturalmente a Management of Aggression and Violence Attitude Scale – MAVAS – para uso no Brasil. As etapas metodológicas seguiram as diretrizes internacionais para adaptação cultural de escalas psicométricas: equivalência conceitual, equivalência semântica, equivalência de itens e equivalência operacional. A validade de conteúdo realizada por um grupo de juízes resultou numa escala composta por 23 itens divididos em quatro fatores com Coeficientes de Validade de Conteúdo (CVC) satisfatórios nos parâmetros avaliados: (0,88) para clareza de linguagem, 0,91 pertinência prática e 0,92 para relevância teórica. Os dados foram coletados no ano de 2011, em Londrina, PR, Brasil. Concluiu-se que a MAVAS-BR está traduzida e adaptada culturalmente para uso no Brasil e que o instrumento traduzido e adaptado apresenta validade de conteúdo satisfatória. Estudos futuros relacionados à MAVAS-BR são sugeridos, dentre eles a avaliação de suas qualidades psicométricas, como a validade de construto e a confiabilidade do instrumento.