Pharmaceutical generics, vertical product differentiation and public policy

This paper studies oligopolistic competition in off-patent pharmaceuticalmarkets using a vertical product differentiation model. This model canexplain the observation that countries with stronger regulations havesmaller generic market shares. It can also explain the differences inobserved regulatory regimes. Stronger regulation may be due to a higherproportion of production that is done by foreign firms. Finally, a closelyrelated model can account for the observed increase in prices by patentowners after entry of generic producers.

Wh-constructions in cape verdean creole: extensions of the copy theory of movement

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Report and Recommendations of the Iowa Vertical Infrastructure Advisory Committee, December 17, 2007

This report summaries the work of the committee over the last year and its vision for the future. The committee is followed with interest the work of the Department of Corrections and the Department of Veterans Affairs in evaluating the needs of their facilities and recommends similar evaluations of facilities around the state by other agencies. The committee members are ready to offer advice on the needs of the state's again infrastructure and steps that could be taken to evaluate vacant and underutilized buildings and reduce operational and maintenance costs.

Vertical distributions of plankton in the upper 35m of the peruvian upwelling zone - application of a shipboard electronic plankton counting system

Analiza el proyecto ICANE y suma modificaciones para estudiar la distribución de zooplancton pequeño

Horizontal and vertical distributions of zooplanckton numbers and biomass off the coast of Peru

Estudio de las distribuciones horizontales y verticales del zooplancton a lo largo de una línea desde cerca de la costa hasta el borde de la plataforma.

Short term variation in the vertical distribution of copepods off the coast of northern Peru

Analiza los datos colectados de la clorofila frente al Peru cerca de 9°S. Determinandose la profundidad a la que se enuentran y la concentración de oxigeno durante el dia y la noche.

Distribución vertical del krill (Euphasia superba) en función de los parámetros oceanográficos a lo largo del estrecho de Bransfield. Vernao austral 1998. Perú Antar IX

Se ha determinado, mediante un análisis preliminar, que el krill (Euphausia superba) se distribuyó en aguas provenientes del Mar de Wedell y en aquellas procedentes del Paso Drake a lo largo del Estrecho de Bransfield y al sur de la Isla Elefante. En cuanto a sus parámetros preferenciales de distribución se ha determinado que esta especie se distribuyó en aguas con relativamente baja temperatura, pero con altos contenidos de salinidad y oxígeno.

Vertical Infrastructure Program Plan of Action, December 17, 2008

In order to promote the importance of our assets and to ensure continued and increasing funding for major maintenance and routine maintenance, in 2008 we intend to, annually update a list of facts relating to state buildings and the maintenance needs for those buildings. This information will support the case for increased and permanent funding

Report and Recommendations of the Iowa Vertical Infrastructure Advisory Committee, December 15, 2008

This report summaries the work of the committee over the last year and its vision for the future. The committee is followed with interest the work of the Department of Corrections and the Department of Veterans Affairs in evaluating the needs of their facilities and recommends similar evaluations of facilities around the state by other agencies. The committee members are ready to offer advice on the needs of the state's again infrastructure and steps that could be taken to evaluate vacant and underutilized buildings and reduce operational and maintenance costs.

Distribución vertical de la vinciguerria, Estrategias de pesca y comportamiento de la red de arrastre pelágica tipo 124/1800. Crucero Bic Jose Olaya Balandra 9910

Durante este estudio se registraron valores de ecointegración y CPUE altos durante la noche, cuando los peces estaban más concentrados cerca de la superficie en una capa de 50 metros de profundidad.

Distribución vertical de la anchoveta peruana desde Tumbes a Tacna, en el verano 2002, relacionada con la temperatura y la salinidad

Analiza la distribución vertical de la anchoveta, tomada de la evaluación hidroacustica de los recursos pelagicos, colectada por el crucero BIC.

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass After Failed Vertical Banded Gastroplasty: a Multicenter Experience with 203 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) has long been the main restrictive procedure for morbid obesity but has many long-term complications for which conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) is often considered the best option. METHODS: This series regroups patients operated on by three different surgeons in four different centers. All data were collected prospectively, then pooled and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Out of 2,522 RYGBP performed between 1998 and 2010, 538 were reoperations, including 203 laparoscopic RYGBP after VBG. There were 175 women and 28 men. The mean BMI before VBG was 43.2 ± 6.3, and the mean BMI before reoperation was 37.4 ± 8.3. Most patients had more than one indication for reoperation and/or had regained significant weight. There was no conversion to open surgery. A total of 24 patients (11.8 %) developed complications, including nine (4.5 %) who required reoperation and one death. With a follow-up of 88.9 % after 8 years, the mean BMI after 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 years was 29.1, 28.8, 28.7, 29.9, and 28.8, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of this experience, the largest with laparoscopic reoperative RYGBP after failed VBG, we conclude that this procedure can safely be performed in experienced hands, with weight loss results similar to those observed after primary RYGBP. In patients with too difficult an anatomy below the cardia, dividing the esophagus just above the esophago-gastric junction and performing an esophagojejunostomy may be a safe alternative to converting to a Scopinaro-type BPD, obviating the additional long-term risks associated with malabsorption.

Anomalías del perfil vertical de temperatura del punto fijo Paita como indicador de la propagación de Ondas Kelvin

La propagación frecuente de ondas Kelvin de hundimiento o “downwelling” atrapadas a la costa, suele caracterizar la ocurrencia de El Niño costero frente al Perú. Estas ondas causan la elevación del nivel del mar y se asocian a la profundización de la estructura vertical sub-superficial de la columna de agua, influenciando en la fertilidad del afloramiento costero. En el presente estudio se describe la variabilidad mensual de la estructura vertical de la columna de agua frente a la costa de Paita-Piura y se comparan con anomalías del nivel del mar frente a Galápagos y en la costa norte del país. Para tal propósito se calculó una climatología con la base de datos histórica de temperatura del punto fijo de Paita, puesta a disposición por el Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), para el periodo 1994-2010. Luego de la remoción de datos extremos dudosos, se realizó una interpolación vertical de los datos cada 10 m y una climatología de los datos a frecuencia mensual. La serie de tiempo de anomalía de temperatura muestra una gran consistencia con el arribo de ondas Kelvin a las costa de Sudamérica, por lo cual su monitoreo es de gran utilidad para la alerta temprana de El Niño.

Effects of convection on the removal of the multiplicity of stable states in one-dimensional vertical models

Here I develop a model of a radiative-convective atmosphere with both radiative and convective schemes highly simplified. The atmospheric absorption of radiation at selective wavelengths makes use of constant mass absorption coefficients in finite width spectral bands. The convective regime is introduced by using a prescribed lapse rate in the troposphere. The main novelty of the radiative-convective model developed here is that it is solved without using any angular approximation for the radiation field. The solution obtained in the purely radiation mode (i. e. with convection ignored) leads to multiple equilibria of stable states, being very similar to some results recently found in simple models of planetary atmospheres. However, the introduction of convective processes removes the multiple equilibria of stable states. This shows the importance of taking convective processes into account even for qualitative analyses of planetary atmosphere