The European Union’s growing innovation divide. Bruegel Policy Contribution Issue 2016/08 April 2016

There is a significant divide between the European Union countries with the greatest capacity to innovate, and those with the least capacity to innovate. The difficult convergence process has been proceeding only very slowly and unevenly, and more recently seems to have come to a halt. A particular weak spot for the EU is corporate investment in research; in this area, the intra-EU divide is growing. As the business sector is responsible for the persistent R&D intensity gap between the EU and the United States and Asia, the persistent failure of lagging EU countries to catch up in this area provides much of the explanation for the EU’s weak performance compared to other economies. The evidence shows that the deployment of public budgets and the mix of policies employed by EU member states have tended to aggravate the intra-EU divide. The EU needs to better understand its growing internal innovation divide if it is to achieve its ambition of becoming a world innovation leader.

e-Consultation as a tool for participation in teachers’ unions: the greater the focus, the greater the number of visits

In the 2000’s, the Internet became the preferred mean for the citizens to communicate. The YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, i.e., the social networks in general appeared together with the Web 2.0, which allows an extraordinary interaction between citizens and the democratic institutions. The trade unions constantly fight governments’ decisions, especially in periods of crisis like the one that the world, Europe and, in particular, Portugal are facing. In this regard, the use of e-participation platforms is expected to strengthen the relationship between trade unions and the education community. This paper reports the research about the planning and driving of a series of experiments of online public consultation, launched by teachers’ trade unions. These experiments are compared with those of other countries, such as Australia, United Kingdom and United States of America. A quantitative analysis of the results regarding hits, subscriptions, and response rates is presented, and it is compared with the 90-9-1 rule, the ASCU model and data from government agencies. The experiments performed used the Liberopinion, an online platform that supports bidirectional asynchronous communication. A better understanding of the benefits of these collaborative environments is expected by promoting quality of interaction between actors.

Trade unions and the law.

Mode of access: Internet.

The challenge ahead : equal opportunity in referral unions : a report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights.

Mode of access: Internet.

American company unions; a study of employee representation plans, "works councils" and other substitutes for labor unions,

Cover-title: Company unions.

Nonreferral unions and equal employment opportunity : a report /

Item 288-A

Information for employers and unions entering into a collective bargaining relationship for the first time : an address at the Information Program for Labor and Management at West Virginia University, April 18, 1963.

Mode of access: Internet.

American labor unions and politics.

Bibliography: v.[1] p.333-345.

The Edge : organized crime, business, and labor unions : report to the President and the Attorney General : appendix /

Shipping list no.: 86-473-P.

Annual report of the Superintendent of Banks relative to savings and loan associations, Savings and Loan Bank of the State of New York and credit unions.

Some of the reports issued also without Detailed statement.

Village trade unions in two centuries /

Includes index.

Annual Report Showing the Conditions of State Banks, Savings Banks, Trust Companies and Loan and Investment Companies Building-Loan Associations and Credit Unions

Mode of access: Internet.

Company unions, employers' "industrial democracy" / with an introduction by Louis F. Budenz.

Mode of access: Internet.

Etat général des unions faites des biens et revenus des maladeries, léproseries, aumôneries et autres lieux pieux, aux hôpitaux des pauvres malades ... divisé par Diocèse et par ordre alphabetique.

Mode of access: Internet.

Sitting in with the supervisory committee : a series of conversations on the powers, duties and functions of the supervisory committees of federal credit unions /

Cover title.