Análisis del efecto de engranaje generado por la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Lisboa el 1 de diciembre de 2009 en el marco de la Política Común de Seguridad y Defensa (PCSD) en la Unión Europea

El proceso de integración en Unión Europea se caracteriza por la incorporación de los asuntos de seguridad exterior y defensa, tras el Tratado de Lisboa se enmarcaron en la PCSD. Dicha política por un proceso de integración progresiva, Spillover, ha tenido periodos de reactivación y de letargos.

Influencia de la gimnástica en el desarrollo y vigor de la organización del hombre en sus primeras edades : dos Discursos (1860 y 1862).

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Estados Unidos se compromete a ayudar al perfeccionamiento del sistema educativo español : el 26 de septiembre entró en vigor el Convenio de Amistad y Cooperación entre los dos países.

Con la renovación de los acuerdos de cooperación entre España y Estados Unidos, se amplía la colaboración entre ambos países a materias de educación, agricultura, medio ambiente, ciencia y tecnología, además de la defensa de las potencias. Los artículos II y III de este Convenio de Amistad y Cooperación entre España y los Estados Unidos, se reproducen en estas líneas, dónde se tratan todos los aspectos relativos a la colaboración cultural, educativa, científica y técnica.

Orden de 31 de diciembre de 1943 por la que se dispone se considere en vigor el régimen económico prescrito en la Ley de Ordenación de la Universidad Española.

Se transcribe la Orden de 30 de diciembre de 1943 con la que se considera en vigor el régimen económico prescrito en la Ley de Ordenación de la Universidad española y los Centros se deben atener a sus prescripciones en todo lo relativo a ellos.

Taxonomias e consideraçóes metodológicas sobre Testes de Usabilidade em sistemas interativos multimedia. 'Taxonomías y consideraciones metodológicas sobre Tests de Usabilidad en sistemas interactivos multimedia'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Nem tudo o que conta em educação é mensurável ou comparável. Crítica à accountability baseada em testes estandardizados e rankings escolares

O conceito de accountability é, em geral, polissémico e denso. Contudo, eu pretendo, neste texto, mencionar apenas alguns dos aspectos da sua contextualização ampla em termos teórico-conceptuais. Associo o conceito de accountability a três dimensões articuláveis: avaliação, prestação de contas e responsabilização. Depois, analiso algumas das relações entre avaliação e accountability tendo como pretexto os testes estandardizados, os exames nacionais e os rankings. Finalmente, concluo que a accountability baseada apenas nestes procedimentos é uma forma parcelar, incompleta e redutora face à complexidade e pluralidade dos objectivos, missões e funções da educação escolar.

De caminos y controversias: el MERCOSUR a diez años de la entrada en vigor del Protocolo de Olivos (Coyuntura)

The ten years since the Olivos Protocol entered into force represent a milestone in Mercosur’s dispute-resolution system. In this sense, this paper aims to analyze the antecedents of the present system (Annex III of Asuncion Treaty and Brasilia Protocol), and evaluate the present conflict-resolution mechanisms, with special reference to the innovations introduced in this respect and disputes resolved under the Olivos Protocol. Finally, the article analyzes some of the possible paths that the dispute-resolution system might take in the future.

Sperm competition and the evolution of testes size in terrestrial mammalian carnivores

Summary Understanding the factors influencing variation in the degree of sperm competition is a key question underlying the mechanisms driving sexual conflict. Previous behavioural and comparative studies have indicated that carnivores appear to have evolved under sperm competition but an analysis of the predictors of the level of sperm competition is missing. In this study, we use phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate life-history parameters predicted to affect the degree of sperm competition in terrestrial carnivores using variation in relative testes size (RTS, after controlling for body size allometry) as a measure of the level of sperm competition. Due to a paucity of consistent data across taxa, we used three measures of RTS: testes mass (n = 40 species), testes and epididymes mass combined (n = 38), and testes volume (n = 48). We also created a derived data set (n = 79) with testes mass estimated from regression analyses on the other measures of testes size. Carnivores with shorter mating seasons had relatively larger testes, consistent with the hypothesis that sperm competition is greater when the degree of female oestrous synchrony is high. This relationship was stronger in spontaneous versus induced ovulators, suggesting higher sperm competition levels in spontaneous ovulators. This is the first comparative study to show this within mammalian taxa. Neither social mating system nor reproductive lifespan were significantly associated with variation in RTS and hence are poor predictors of sperm competition levels. None of the above relationships were found to be significant for the testes and epididymes mass combined data set, but our understanding of the role of the epididymis in sperm competition is too limited to draw any conclusions. Finally, we consistently found a significant phylogenetic signal in all analyses, indicating that phylogeny has played a significant role in the evolution of carnivore testes size and, therefore, in shaping levels of sperm competition. Our results shed new light into the factors affecting levels of sperm competition in terrestrial carnivores by showing that the degree of oestrous synchrony and ovulation type interact to predict variation in RTS.

Dietary alpha-tocopherol affects differential gene expression in rat testes

Gene-chip technology was employed to study the effect of dietary vitamin E (VE) on gene expression in rat testes. Male albino rats were fed with either a diet deficient in VE or a standard diet containing VE. Differential gene expression was monitored at five individual time-points over a period of 14 months with all animals individually pro. led. Low VE intake resulted in the consistent upregulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase and GATA binding protein 4, both involved in testosterone synthesis. Cyclin D3, important in cell cycle progression and Wilms tumor 1, related to cancer development, were also up-regulated in the vitamin E deficient animals. This study demonstrates that low dietary VE intake has long-term effects on gene expression in the testes. Our data provides insights into the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of vitamin E on the male reproductive organ.

Exploring the land–ocean contrast in convective vigor using islands

Moist convection is well known to be generally more intense over continental than maritime regions, with larger updraft velocities, graupel, and lightning production. This study explores the transition from maritime to continental convection by comparing the trends in Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) radar and microwave (37 and 85 GHz) observations over islands of increasing size to those simulated by a cloud-resolving model. The observed storms were essentially maritime over islands of <100 km2 and continental over islands >10 000 km2, with a gradual transition in between. Equivalent radar and microwave quantities were simulated from cloud-resolving runs of the Weather Research and Forecasting model via offline radiation codes. The model configuration was idealized, with islands represented by regions of uniform surface heat flux without orography, using a range of initial sounding conditions without strong horizontal winds or aerosols. Simulated storm strength varied with initial sounding, as expected, but also increased sharply with island size in a manner similar to observations. Stronger simulated storms were associated with higher concentrations of large hydrometeors. Although biases varied with different ice microphysical schemes, the trend was similar for all three schemes tested and was also seen in 2D and 3D model configurations. The successful reproduction of the trend with such idealized forcing supports previous suggestions that mesoscale variation in surface heating—rather than any difference in humidity, aerosol, or other aspects of the atmospheric state—is the main reason that convection is more intense over continents and large islands than over oceans. Some dynamical storm aspects, notably the peak rainfall and minimum surface pressure low, were more sensitive to surface forcing than to the atmospheric sounding or ice scheme. Large hydrometeor concentrations and simulated microwave and radar signatures, however, were at least as sensitive to initial humidity levels as to surface forcing and were more sensitive to the ice scheme. Issues with running the TRMM simulator on 2D simulations are discussed, but they appear to be less serious than sensitivities to model microphysics, which were similar in 2D and 3D. This supports the further use of 2D simulations to economically explore modeling uncertainties.

Testes de ajustamento de modelos em processos com longa dependência

Estudamos neste trabalho, o nível de significância empírico dos testes portmanteau baseados nas estatísticas propostas por Ljung e Box (1978), Monti (1994) e Pe˜na e Rodríguez (2002) nos processos ARFIMA(p; d; q). Consideramos o processo ARFIMA(p; d; q) nas situações adequadas para representar séries temporais com características de longa dependência. Para estimar o parâmetro de diferenciação d utilizamos os métodos de estimação propostos por Geweke e Porter-Hudak (1983), Reisen (1994), Robinson (1994) e Fox e Taqqu (1983).

Testes de características comuns em mercados Latino- Americanos

A partir da bastante difundida metodologia de Cointegração e Características (Features), propõe-se a execução dos testes de Johansen e regressão auxiliar para verificar a existência de Características Comuns de primeira e segunda ordem entre índices e retornos de bolsas latinoamericanas. A existência de Características Comuns em séries financeiras é de particular importância por implicar em previsibilidade, derivando relações que podem ter aplicações em estratégias de transação e hedge, por exemplo. Os resultados mostram que a ocorrência de Características Comuns é restrita. O primeiro teste indica ocorrência de relações de longo prazo em uma região envolvendo a Argentina. No curto prazo, foram identificados Ciclos Comuns entre Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México. As relações encontradas neste caso servem como indicadores de movimentos pró-cíclicos na resposta a notícias entre estes países. Nos testes de segunda ordem, nenhuma Característica Comum foi identificada.

Testes de sustentabilidade da dívida externa brasileira usando séries longas: 1930-2000

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