Under-reporting of energy intake is more prevalent in a healthy dietary pattern cluster

The aim of the present study was to determine whether under-reporting rates vary between dietary pattern Clusters. Subjects were sixty-five Brazilian women. During 3 weeks, anthropometric data were collected. total energy expenditure (TEE) was determined by the doubly labelled water method and diet Was Measured. Energy intake (El) and the daily frequency of consumption per 1000 kJ of twenty-two food groups were obtained from a FFQ. These frequencies were entered into a Cluster analysis procedure in order to obtain dietary patterns. Under-reporters were defined Lis those who did not lose more than 1 kg of body weight during the study and presented EI:TEE less than 0.82. Three dietary pattern clusters were identified and named according to their most recurrent food groups: sweet foods (SW). starchy foods (ST) and health), (H). Subjects from the healthy cluster had the lowest mean EI:TEE (SW = 0.86, ST = 0.71 and H = 0.58: P = 0.003) and EI - TEE (SW = -0.49 MJ, ST = - 3.20 MJ and H = -5.09 MJ; P = 0.008). The proportion of Under-reporters was 45.2 (95 % CI 35.5, 55.0) % in the SW Cluster: 58.3 (95 % CI 48.6, 68.0) % in the ST Cluster and 70.0 (95 % CI 61.0, 79) % in the H cluster (P=0.34). Thus, in Brazilian women, Under-reporting of El is not uniformly distributed among, dietary pattern clusters and tends to be more severe among subjects from the healthy cluster. This cluster is more consistent with both dietary guidelines and with what lay individuals usually consider `healthy eating`.

Indicadores coincidentes de atividade econômica e uma cronologia de recessões para o Brasil

Esse trabalho discute 3 índices alternativos de atividade econômica para o Brasil e, a partir dos mesmos, busca estabelecer uma cronologia de recessões para o passado recente da economia brasileira. Isso é feito incorporando à nossa pesquisa parte da experiência americana de quase um século de pesquisas sobre ciclos de negócios - da NBER e do TeB. Decidiu-se considerar aqui uma gama de possíveis indicadores coincidentes e antecedentes - uns baseados em métodos heurísticos e outros baseados em sofisticadas técnicas estatístico-econométricas - de forma a poder comparar seus resultados vis-à-vis a nossa pouca experiência de cronologia de recessões. Além disso, houve um grande esforço de construção de séries coincidentes à atividade econômica, pois nem todas estavam disponíveis na abrangência e extensão necessárias. A partir dos resultados de uma bateria de testes estatísticos, e também levando em conta a simplicidade de cálculo, concluímos por sugerir que o índice brasileiro deva seguir a metodologia do TeE.

Avaliação do apêndice atrial esquerdo pela ecocardiografia transtorácica com imagem harmônica após evento neurológico agudo

Introdução: Embora a imagem com segunda harmônica esteja largamente disponível na maioria dos aparelhos de ultra-sonografia, sua acurácia para avaliar a morfologia e a função do apêndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) permanece precariamente caracterizada. Objetivos: Explorar o desempenho diagnóstico da ecocardiografia transtorácica com segunda harmônica (ETTsh) na avaliação do AAE após eventos neurológicos agudos. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo transversal em pacientes com eventos neurológicos isquêmicos agudos, encaminhados para realização de ETTsh e Ecocardiografia Transesofágica (ETE). As análises da área longitudinal máxima e do pico da velocidade de esvaziamento de fluxo do AAE foram realizadas por observadores cegos. Resultados: Foram avaliados 51 pacientes (49% femininas, 62 ± 12 anos) com eventos neurológicos isquêmicos agudos. Contraste ecocardiográfico espontâneo foi observado em 11 (22%) pacientes no AE, em 7(14%) no AAE e em 3 (6%) na aorta torácica descendente. Trombo no AAE foi identificado em apenas 2 (4%) pacientes. O mapeamento e a análise do AAE foi factível na maioria dos casos (98%), tanto para o estudo com Doppler quanto para avaliação da área do AAE. Observamos uma associação positiva e significativa entre o ETTsh e o ETE, tanto para a avaliação das velocidades máximas de esvaziamento do AAE (r=0,63; p<0,001) quanto para a área longitudinal máxima do AAE (r=0,73; p<0,001). Ademais, todos os pacientes com trombos no AAE ou contraste espontâneo (n=7) tiveram velocidade de esvaziamento inferior a 50 cm/s no mapeamento transtorácico (valor preditivo negativo de 100%). Na análise multivariada ajustada para diversos potenciais preditores transtorácicos de risco, a velocidade máxima de esvaziamento do AAE permaneceu independentemente associada com trombos no AAE ou contraste espontâneo. Conclusão: ETTsh pode fornecer informações relevantes a respeito da morfologia e dinâmica do AAE. Em particular, pacientes com velocidades altas de esvaziamento do AAE podem não necessitar de avaliação adicional com ETE.

Emergência e desenvolvimento de plântulas de cultivares de marmeleiro para uso como porta-enxertos

O presente trabalho tee como objetivo estudar a emergência e o desenvolvimento de plantas de marmeleiro, com potencial para serem utilizadas como porta-enxertos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Centro APTA Frutas/IAC, de maio/05 a janeiro/06. Sementes dos marmeleiros 'Mendoza INTA-37', 'Provence', 'Portugal' e 'Japonês' foram extraídas de frutos maduros, lavadas em água corrente, secas à sombra por 48 h e estratificadas a frio por 20 dias. em seguida, foram semeadas em bandejas de poliestireno (72 células, capacidade de 120 cm³/célula) contendo a vermiculita como substrato. Foi feito contagem da porcentagem de emergência após 30 dias da semeadura, a cada 10 dias, em um total de quatro coletas. em seguida, foi retirada uma amostra de 10 plântulas por repetição e avaliados a altura média da parte aérea, nº de folhas, massa seca média da parte aérea e das raízes. Foram ainda separados 10 plântulas uniformes e representativos de cada repetição e transplantados para sacos plásticos (capacidade de 3 L) contendo como substrato solo + esterco de curral curtido + areia (1:1:1 v/v). As plântulas permaneceram em viveiro telado (sombrite 50%), sendo irrigadas periodicamente. A cada 30 dias, foram mensurados a altura e o diâmetro das plântulas até o final da sexta avaliação (após 180 dias do transplantio). Concluiu-se que o marmeleiro 'Japonês' apresenta maior porcentagem de emergência (70%), altura das plântulas (111,83 cm) e diâmetro (0,7 cm), possuindo maior performance e uma excelente alternativa como porta-enxerto para marmeleiros.

Influence of N-Terminus Modifications on the Biological Activity, Membrane Interaction, and Secondary Structure of the Antimicrobial Peptide Hylin-a1

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Coeficientes de perda de carga em valvulas e acessorios no escoamento laminar de fluidos nao-Newtonianos

Friction loss coefficients for laminar flow of xantan gum solutions (concentrations in the range of 0.1-0.5% by weight) through valves and fittings were experimentally determined. The rheological behavior, studied by means of a concentric cylinder rheometer, was pseudoplastic, being well described by the Ostwald-De Waele model with non-linear correlation coefficients (r) between 0.998 and 0.999. In the pressure drop measurements the following fittings were employed: completely open and half way open ball valve, completely open and half way open angle valve, tee used like coupling, tee used like a 90° elbow, short radius 90° elbow and coupling. The results showed that the friction loss coefficients increased with decreasing generalized Reynolds number. The friction loss coefficients could be well adjusted by a potential model, suggested by Kittredge & Rowley (1957) for Newtonian fluids, K f = A(Re g) -B, with correlation coefficients between 0.837 and 0.999.

Associação entre placa de aterosclerose em aorta torácica e alterações morfofuncionais cardíacas, em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Termografia e ultrassonografia Doppler do plexo pampiniforme e termografia do escroto de touros: correlação com a qualidade do sêmen

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Territórios, multiterritorialidades e memórias dos povos Guarani e Kaiowá: diferenças geográficas e as lutas pela Des-colonização na Reserva Indígena e nos acampamentos-tekoha - Dourados/MS

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Fatores associados ao metabolismo energetico na obesidade

Obesity is fundamentally a problem of energy balance that develops when the energy intake is greater than the total energy expenditure (TEE). TEE is composed by the sum of resting energy expenditure (REE), thermal effect of foods and thermal effect of physical activity. Many factors can affect energy expenditure and energy homeostasis. Historically, the energy expenditure has been measured by indirect calorimetry. However, more recently, the use of doubly labeled water has allowed the assessment of energy expenditure in a 24 hour period, which expanded the knowledge on energy metabolism. Factors such as gender, age, thyroid disorders, physical activity and body composition affect REE as already established in the literature. However, there has been speculation whether other factors, such as adipocytokines and diet composition, which might be involved in the genesis of obesity by decreasing the REE. So, this paper aims to review the factors that can alter the energy metabolism.

Impact of Bottom Flange Confinement Reinforcement on Performance of Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders

For many years AASHTO provided no recommendation to state DOT’s on bottom flange confinement reinforcement for their bridge superstructures. The 1996 edition of AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges stated that nominal reinforcement be placed to enclose the prestressing steel from the end of the girder for at least a distance equal to the girder’s height. A few years later the 2004 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification changed the distance over which the confinement was to be distributed from 1.0h to 1.5h, and gave minimum requirements for the amount of steel to be used, No.3 bars, and their maximum spacing, not to exceed 6”. Research was undertaken to study what impact, if any, confinement reinforcement has on the performance of prestressed concrete bridge girders. Of particular interest was the effect confinement had on the transfer length, development length, and vertical shear capacity of the fore mentioned members. First, an analytical investigation was performed on the subject, and then an experimental investigation followed which consisted of designing, fabricating, and testing eight tee-girders and three NU1100 girders with particular attention paid to the amount and distribution of confinement reinforcement placed at the end of each girder. The results of the study show: 1) neither the amount or distribution of confinement reinforcement had a significant effect on the initial or final transfer length of the prestress strands; 2) at the AASHTO calculated development length, no significant impact from confinement was found on either the nominal flexural capacity of bridge girders or bond capacity of the prestressing steel; 3) the effects from varied confinement reinforcement on the shear resistance of girders tested was negligible, however, distribution of confinement did show to have an impact on the prestressed strands’ bond capacity; 4) confinement distribution across the entire girder did increase ductility and reduced cracking under extreme loading conditions.

Promoting Higher Education: The Latino Achievement Mentoring Program (LAMP)

Statistics suggest that Latino youths are at risk for academic underachievement and withdrawal. Culturally sensitive approaches to supporting school achievement based on the needs of Latino youth and their families must be developed. In response to these needs, the Latino Research Initiative (LRI), a collaborative group with members from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) and the Hispanic Community Center (HCC) created the Latino Achievement Mentoring Program (LAMP). LAMP is a culturally appropriate mentoring program designed to promote school success and post-secondary opportunities for Latino youths. This program provides Latino youths with positive role models and information and guidance about academic life and future school success. Finally, because of the cultural significance of family members among many Latinos, LAMP activities are developed and implemented such that the mentees' family members are involved. This presentation will report the first-year activities of the initial mentor and men tee pairs, with particular emphasis on educational outreach and academic development of the program. Evaluation data will be presented for the first cohort of mentees, including academic information, teacher reports and self-measure findings. LAMP activities aimed at promoting academic success will also be presented. Finally, the experiences of the mentors will briefly be reported.

Impact of folate absorption and transport for nutrition and drug targeting

In this thesis, interactions of folic acid with tea and tea components at the level of intestinal absorption have been investigated. Firstly, the interaction between folic acid and tea as well as tea catechins was studied in vitro, using Caco-2 cell monolayers and secondly, a clinical trial was designed and carried out. In addition, targeting of folic acid conjugated nanoparticles to FR expressing Caco-2 cells was studied in order to evaluate the principle of nutrient-receptor-coupled transport for drug targeting. In the first part of this work, it was shown that EGCG and ECG (gallated catechins) inhibit folic acid uptake (IC50 of 34.8 and 30.8 µmol/L) comparable to MTX (methotrexate) under these experimental conditions. Moreover, commercial green and black tea extracts inhibited folic acid uptake with IC50 values of approximately 7.5 and 3.6 mg/mL, respectively. These results clearly indicate an interaction between folic acid and green tea catechins at the level of intestinal uptake. The mechanism responsible for the inhibition process might be the inhibition of the influx transport routes for folates such as via RFC and/or PCFT. For understanding the in vivo relevance of this in vitro interaction, a phase one, open-labeled, randomized, cross-over clinical study in seven healthy volunteers was designed. For the 0.4 mg folic acid dose, the mean Cmax decreased by 39.2% and 38.6% and the mean AUC0 decreased by 26.6% and 17.9% by green tea and black tea, respectively. For the 5 mg folic acid dose, the mean Cmax decreased by 27.4% and mean AUC0 decreased by 39.9% when taken with green tea. The results of the clinical study confirm the interaction between tea and folic acid in vivo leading to lower bioavailabilities of folic acid. In the second part of the thesis, targeting studies using folic acid conjugated nanoparticles were conducted. Folic acid conjugated nanoparticles were shown to be internalized by the cell via FR (folate receptor) mediated endocytosis. DNA block copolymer micelles equipped with 2, 11 and 28 folic acid units respectively were applied on FR expressing Caco-2 cells. There was a direct proportion in the amount of internalized nanoparticle and the number of folic acid units on the periphery of the nanoparticle. To sum up, throughout this thesis, the importance of folic acid for nutrition and nutrient and drug related interactions of folic acid at intestinal level was shown. Furthermore, significance of FRs in targeting for cancer chemotherapy was demonstrated in in vitro cell culture experiments. Folic acid conjugated DNA block copolymer micelles were suggested as efficient nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery.

Isolierung und Identifizierung von wachstumsfördernden Substanzen für das weinrelevante Bakterium Oenococcus oeni aus Fruchtsäften und Blattextrakten

Neben Tomatensaft wurde eine Vielzahl von Säften und Blattextrakten als Medienzusätze auf Wachstumsförderung bei 30 verschiedenen Oenococcus oeni-Stämmen getestet. Es zeigte sich eine breite Wachstumsförderung bei allen Zusätzen mit Ausnahme von Zitronensaft, sodass die Wachstumsfaktoren keine tomatenspezifischen Inhaltsstoffe sein können und eher ubiquitär in der Pflanzenwelt vorkommen. Das Ausmaß der Wachstumsförderung war stammabhängig sehr unterschiedlich und Tomatensaft stellte keineswegs für alle Stämme den optimalen Medienzusatz dar. Durch Schälen der Früchte war eine für die Analytik hilfreiche Abtrennung schalenspezifischer Inhaltsstoffe möglich, wobei auch die Schalenextrakte großes Potential für die Suche nach Wachstumsfaktoren offenbarten und die Wichtigkeit einer Auftrennung der Frucht in die verschiedenen Fruchtbereiche betonte. Aus Tomatensaft konnte analytisch der anorganische Wachstumsfaktor Mangan identifiziert werden. Die größten Zelldichten der Oenokokken-Stämme wurden hierbei bei 67 µM und 34 mM Manganzusatz erreicht. Bei 13 von 20 getesteten Oenokokkenstämmen konnte bei Zusatz von 34 mM Mangan der Tomatensaft ersetzt werden, bei 4 Stämmen (z. B. Stamm B2) fehlten jedoch noch weitere Wachstumsfaktoren und bei 3 Stämmen (z. B. Stamm B120) kam es zu einem verfrühten Absterben. Da weitere Mineralstoffe sowie veraschte Säfte und Blattextrakte keinen positiven Einfluß auf die Oenokokken-Zelldichte hatten, wurde mittels semipräparativer HPLC nach zusätzlichen organischen Wachstumsfaktoren für den Stamm B2 gesucht. Hierzu wurde der nachfolgende Wachstums-Assay miniaturisiert und erfolgreich auf Microtiterplatten etabliert. Es gelang die Isolierung und Identifizierung eines wachstumsfördernden Trisaccharides aus Mangoschalen-Extrakt, das aus den Zuckern Glucose, Rhamnose und Arabinose bestand. Von den monomeren Zuckern erhöhte lediglich die Arabinose die Zelldichte, das Optimum lag bei 1,5 g/l. Auch aus Zitronenmesokarp-Extrakt war die Isolierung eines wachstumsfördernden arabinosehaltigen Disaccharides möglich, die Menge reichte jedoch noch nicht für eine genaue Identifizierung aus. Desweiteren erwies sich 1,5 g/l Cystein als wachstumsstimulierend. Ein Zusatz aller gefundenen Wachstumsfaktoren (34 mM Mangan, 1,5 g/l Arabinose und 1,5 g/l Cystein) ersetzte den Tomatensaft bei weiteren Oenokokken-Stämmen (z.B. Stamm B120) komplett, wobei bei allen Stämmen sogar eine schnellere Anzucht erfolgte. Neben dem Tomatensaft war auch der Zusatz von Hefeextrakt zum Grundmedium nicht mehr nötig, sodass ein neues vereinfachtes Medium für die Anzucht von Oenokokken mit komplexen Nährstoffansprüchen vorgeschlagen werden konnte. Lediglich beim Stamm B2 zeigte sich noch ein OD-Unterschied von 0,2 in der stationären Phase, der nach Adsorptionsversuchen an Polyvinylpolypyrrolidon auf noch unidentifizierte Polyphenole im Tomatensaft zurückzuführen ist. Aus grünem Tee erwies sich das Polyphenol Epigallocatechingallat (EGCG) konzentrationsabhängig sowohl als Hemmstoff (>550 mg/l EGCG) als auch Wachstumsfaktor (400-500 mg/l EGCG) für den Oenokokken-Stamm B2. Der hemmende als auch der fördernde Einfluss auf das Wachstum wurde mittels Sytox/DAPI-Färbung bestätigt. Der sogenannte „Tomatensaft-Faktor“ ist also nicht eine spezielle Substanz, sondern das synergistische Zusammenwirken mehrerer einfacher Substanzen wie Mineralstoffe, Aminosäuren, Kohlenhydrate und Polyphenole. Auch sind die Oenokokken-Stämme bezüglich ihres Nährstoffbedarfes sehr unterschiedlich, sodass für jeden Stamm einzeln das optimale Substratspektrum ermittelt werden muss.

Sustainable development in Darjeeling Hills, India : ecological and socio-economic aspects for small-scale farmers with supportive observations from Kanagawa, Japan

Organic farming means a holistic application of agricultural land-use, hence, this study aimed to assess ecological and socio-economic aspects that show benefits of the strategy and achievements of organic farming in comparison to conventional farming in Darjeeling District, State of West Bengal, India and Kanagawa Prefecture/Kanto in Central Japan. The objective of this study has been empirically analysed on aspects of crop diversity, yield, income and sales prices in the two study regions, where 50 households each, i.e. in total 100 households were interviewed at farm-level. Therefore, the small sample size does not necessarily reflect the broad-scale of the use and benefit of organic farming in both regions. The problems faced in mountainous regions in terms of agriculture and livelihoods for small-scale farmers, which are most affected and dependant on their immediate environment, such as low yields, income and illegal felling leading to soil erosion and landslides, are analyzed. Furthermore, factors such as climate, soils, vegetation and relief equally play an important role for these farmers, in terms of land-use. To supplement and improve the income of farmers, local NGOs have introduced organic farming and high value organic cash crops such as ginger, tea, orange and cardamom and small income generating means (floriculture, apiary etc.). For non-certified and certified organic products the volume is given for India, while for Japan only certified organic production figures are given, as there are several definitions for organic in Japan. Hence, prior to the implementation of organic laws and standards, even reduced chemical input was sold as non-certified organic. Furthermore, the distribution and certification system of both countries are explained in detail, including interviews with distribution companies and cooperatives. Supportive observations from Kanagawa Prefecture and the Kanto region are helpful and practical suggestions for organic farmers in Darjeeling District. Most of these are simple and applicable soil management measures, natural insect repelling applications and describe the direct marketing system practiced in Japan. The former two include compost, intercropping, Effective Microorganisms (EM), clover, rice husk charcoal and wood vinegar. More supportive observations have been made at organic and biodynamic tea estates in Darjeeling District, which use citronella, neem, marigold, leguminous and soil binding plants for soil management and natural insect control. Due to the close ties between farmers and consumers in Japan, certification is often neither necessary nor wanted by the producers. They have built a confidence relationship with their customers; thus, such measures are simply not required. Another option is group certification, instead of the expensive individual certification. The former aims at lower costs for farmers who have formed a cooperative or a farmers' group. Consumer awareness for organic goods is another crucial aspect to help improve the situation of organic farmers. Awareness is slightly more advanced in Kanto than in Darjeeling District, as it is improved due to the close (sales) ties between farmers and consumers in Kanto. Interviews conducted with several such cooperatives and companies underline the positive system of TEIKEI. The introduction of organic farming in the study regions has shown positive effects for those involved, even though it still in its beginning stages in Darjeeling District. This study was only partly able to assess the benefits of organic agriculture at its present level for Darjeeling District, while more positively for the organic farmers of Kanto. The organic farming practice needs further improvement, encouragement and monitoring for the Darjeeling District farmers by locals, consumers, NGOs and politicians. The supportive observations from Kanagawa Prefecture and the Kanto region are a small step in this direction, showing how, simple soil improvements and thus, yield and income increases, as well as direct sales options can enhance the livelihood of organic farmers without destroying their environment and natural resources.