Crescimento inicial do cafeeiro Rubi em resposta a doses de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio e a regimes hídricos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento da parte aérea do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) cultivar Rubi MG 1192 submetido a três doses de N, P e K e dois regimes hídricos durante o primeiro ano após o transplante, em 20 de novembro de 2000. O crescimento da planta foi avaliado aos 134, 196, 236, 284, 334 e 383 dias após o transplante (dat). Houve resposta ao N e ao K no crescimento em número de ramos plagiotrópicos por planta, ao passo que no número de nós com gemas por planta, observou-se resposta apenas ao nitrogênio. Não houve resposta ao N, P e K no aumento da massa seca da parte aérea e no índice de área foliar. Além de mostrar efeito significativo no crescimento do cafeeiro, a irrigação antecipou o rápido crescimento para julho (236 dat) proporcionando plantas mais vigorosas. Nas plantas não-irrigadas, o rápido crescimento ocorreu em meados de outubro (334 dat). Entretanto, a irrigação não impediu a queda na taxa de crescimento durante o inverno. O desenvolvimento das gemas em frutos ou ramos secundários nas plantas não-irrigadas alterou a distribuição de matéria seca e reduziu o crescimento do caule, ramos e folhas.

Welfare regimes and change in the employment structure: Britain, Denmark and Germany since 1990

Welfare states are often reduced to their role as providers of social protection and redistribution. In 1990, Esping-Andersen argued that they also affect employment creation and the class structure. We analyse the stratification outcomes for three welfare regimes - Britain, Germany and Denmark - over the 1990s and 2000s. Based on individual-level surveys, we observe a disproportionate increase among professionals and managers, and a decline among production workers and clerks. The result is clear-cut occupational upgrading in Denmark and Germany. In Britain, high and low-end service jobs expanded, resulting in a polarized version of upgrading. Growth in low-end service jobs - and thus polarization - is no precondition for full employment. Both Britain and Denmark halved their low-educated unemployment rate between 1995 and 2008. Yet low-end service jobs expanded only in Britain, not in Denmark. The cause is the evolution of labour supply: rising educational attainment means that fewer low-educated workers look for low-skilled jobs.

Post-switching beta synchronization reveals concomitant sensory reafferences and active inhibition processes

It is known that post-movement beta synchronization (PMBS) is involved both in active inhibition and in sensory reafferences processes. The aim of this study was examine the temporal and spatial dynamics of the PMBS involved during multi-limb coordination task. We investigated post-switching beta synchronization (assigned PMBS) using time-frequency and source estimations analyzes. Participants (n = 17) initiated an auditory-paced bimanual tapping. After a 1500 ms preparatory period, an imperative stimulus required to either selectively stop the left while maintaining the right unimanual tapping (Switch condition: SWIT) or to continue the bimanual tapping (Continue condition: CONT). PMBS significantly increased in SWIT compared to CONT with maximal difference within right central region in broad-band 14âeuro"30 Hz and within left central region in restricted-band 22âeuro"26 Hz. Source estimations localized these effects within right pre-frontal cortex and left parietal cortex, respectively. A negative correlation showed that participants with a low percentage of errors in SWIT had a large PMBS amplitude within right parietal and frontal cortices. This study shows for the first time simultaneous PMBS with distinct functions in different brain regions and frequency ranges. The left parietal PMBS restricted to 22âeuro"26 Hz could reflect the sensory reafferences of the right hand tapping disrupted by the switching. In contrast, the right pre-frontal PMBS in a broad-band 14âeuro"30 Hz is likely reflecting the active inhibition of the left hand stopped. Finally, correlations between behavioral performance and the magnitude of the PMBS suggest that beta oscillations can be viewed as a marker of successful active inhibition.

Asymmetric stochastic switching driven by intrinsic molecular noise

Low-copy-number molecules are involved in many functions in cells. The intrinsic fluctuations of these numbers can enable stochastic switching between multiple steady states, inducing phenotypic variability. Herein we present a theoretical and computational study based on Master Equations and Fokker-Planck and Langevin descriptions of stochastic switching for a genetic circuit of autoactivation. We show that in this circuit the intrinsic fluctuations arising from low-copy numbers, which are inherently state-dependent, drive asymmetric switching. These theoretical results are consistent with experimental data that have been reported for the bistable system of the gallactose signaling network in yeast. Our study unravels that intrinsic fluctuations, while not required to describe bistability, are fundamental to understand stochastic switching and the dynamical relative stability of multiple states.

Heliotropic responses of soybean cultivars at three phenological stages and under two water regimes

The objectives of this work were to determine the heliotropic movements of the upper trifoliates for two soybean cultivars, BR 16 and Embrapa 48, during a daily cycle, in three phenological stages and two water regimes, and to estimate the impact of irrigation and daily leaflet movements on agronomic characteristics and grain yield. Heliotropic movements were studied in three phenological stages: V4-V6, V7-V10, and R5 in irrigated and non-irrigated plots. For each stage, the leaflet elevation and azimuth were measured hourly. Under a low (V4-V6 stage) and mid (V7-V10 stage) leaf area index (LAI) the diaheliotropism was slightly more frequent and intensive in non-irrigated than in irrigated plants, only at early morning and late afternoon hours. At R5 stage (high LAI) the paraheliotropism of superior trifoliates was predominant and more intensive in non-irrigated plants. The heliotropic movements are correlated to carbon gain, but not to environment (light intensity or temperature), for measurements at 11h. 'Embrapa 48' expresses greater paraheliotropism than 'BR 16' at high LAI, while 'BR 16' displays lower heliotropic plasticity under irrigation. In spite of significant heliotropic differences, genotype and water availability treatments did not influence the final grain yield.

Produtividade, eficiência de uso da água e qualidade tecnológica de cana‑de‑açúcar submetida a diferentes regimes hídricos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de colmos e de açúcar, a eficiência de uso da água e os atributos tecnológicos de cinco variedades de cana-de-açúcar de maturação precoce e seis de maturação média à tardia, submetidas ao regime de sequeiro (1.141,4 mm) e à irrigação plena (1.396,6 mm). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A produtividade de colmos das variedades RB92579, RB72454 e SP81-3250 apresentou ganhos superiores a 180%, com uso da irrigação. A irrigação promoveu aumentos na produtividade de açúcar superiores a 200%, nas variedades RB92579 e RB943365. A irrigação plena proporcionou maior eficiência de uso da água, com produção média de 70,2 kg ha-1 mm-1 de colmos a mais em comparação ao regime de sequeiro. Com exceção das variedades RB72454, RB763710 e RB943365, não houve diferença nos atributos tecnológicos entre a irrigação plena e o regime de sequeiro. As variedades RB92579 e SP81-3250 de maturação média à tardia se destacam quanto à produtividade de colmos e de açúcar e à eficiência de uso da água, e são recomendadas para estudos de resposta à irrigação pela cana-de-açúcar.

Leaf miner incidence in coffee plants under different drip irrigation regimes and planting densities

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different drip irrigation regimes and planting densities on the incidence of the leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella, in arabica coffee plants for one year. The experiment was carried out in 2008, in a complete randomized block design, in a split-plot in time arrangement, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of four drip irrigation regimes - soil water balance, irrigations at 20 and 60 kPa soil tensions, and a nonirrigated treatment -, which were distributed at three plant densities: 2, 500, 5, 000, and 10, 000 plants per hectare. The evaluations were made on a monthly basis between January and December 2008. The highest pest occurrence period was from August to November, a season with low-air relative humidity preceded by a drought period. Irrigated coffee plants showed an incidence of intact mines 2.2 times lower than that of nonirrigated plants. Irrigation and increasing of plant density contribute to the reduction of coffee leaf miner occurrence.

Respostas fisiológicas de cultivares de soja à adubação potássica sob diferentes regimes hídricos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência da adubação potássica em parâmetros fisiológicos de duas cultivares de soja, sob diferentes regimes hídricos. O experimento foi realizado em condições de casa de vegetação, em Presidente Prudente, SP. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x2x3, com as cultivares BR‑16 (tolerante ao estresse hídrico) e Embrapa 48 (suscetível), regimes hídricos com reposição diária de água de 100% (controle) e de 40% da capacidade de campo, e três níveis de suplementação com K (0, 90 e 180 mg dm‑3). Duas semanas após a imposição da restrição hídrica, foram avaliados: conteúdo relativo de água, potencial fotossintético e rendimento de biomassa. As plantas que se desenvolveram sob restrição hídrica tiveram sua capacidade fotossintética reavaliada após 12 horas de reidratação. Em condições de restrição hídrica, a adubação potássica não interferiu significativamente nos parâmetros fisiológicos e de crescimento avaliados. A suplementação com potássio promoveu melhor eficiência dos parâmetros fisiológicos, no regime sem deficiência hídrica, nas duas cultivares, e as principais variáveis influenciadas pelo nutriente foram: condutância estomática, taxa máxima de carboxilação da Rubisco e assimilação máxima de CO2. A suplementação com K melhora a recuperação fotossintética das plantas após a reidratação, especialmente na cultivar Embrapa 48.

Impacts of different thinning regimes in the yield of uneven-structured Scots pine stands on drained peatland

Abstract

A cultura da manga sob diferentes regimes de profundidades do lençol freático em condições subúmidas

O conhecimento dos critérios agronômicos de drenagem para a cultura da manga é fundamental na elaboração de sistemas de drenagem para áreas com essa cultura e permite antecipar o seu comportamento sob diferentes níveis de drenagem do solo . O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as condições de aeração e umidade do perfil de um solo arenoso (areia franca) sob diferentes regimes de profundidades do lençol freático, para determinação de critérios de drenagem para a cultura da manga, cultivar Keitt. O experimento seguiu um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (regimes de profundidades do lençol freático às distâncias do dreno de 3,5 m; 10,5 m; 17,5 m e sem presença de lençol freático) e cinco repetições. As profundidades do lençol freático e os teores de água no perfil do solo em cada tratamento foram monitorados durante os períodos chuvosos, em três anos consecutivos (1997-1999). Não houve diferença significativa entre as produtividades da cultura nos tratamentos. As diferenças nas profundidades do lençol freático, nos tratamentos com drenagem, não foram suficientes para diferenciar o estado da água no solo nesses tratamentos. O lençol freático, na profundidade média de 1,0 m, durante os cinco ou seis meses de período chuvoso, com recargas temporárias atingindo profundidades próximas da superfície do solo, seguidas de rebaixamento imediato do lençol freático, não foi suficiente para afetar o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da manga.

Product Platform Development from the Product Lines' Perspective: Case of Switching Platform

In the era of fast product development and customized product requirements, the concept of product platform has proven its power in practice. The product platform approach has enabledcompanies to increase the speed of product introductions while simultaneously benefit from efficiency and effectiveness in the development and production activities. The product platforms are technological bases, which can be used to develop several derivative products, and hence, the differentiation can be pushed closer to the product introduction. The product platform development has some specific features, which differ somewhat from the product development of single products. The time horizon is longer, since the product platform¿slife cycle is longer than individual product's. The long time-horizon also proposes higher market risks and the use of new technologies increases the technological risks involved. The end-customer interface might be far away, but there is not a lack of needs aimed at the product platforms ¿ in fact, the product platform development is very much balancing between the varying needs set to it by thederivative products. This dissertation concentrated on product platform development from the internal product lines' perspective of a singlecase. Altogether six product platform development factors were identified: 'Strategic and business fit of product platform', 'Project communication and deliverables', 'Cooperation with product platform development', 'Innovativeness of product platform architecture and features', 'Reliability and quality of product platform', and 'Promised schedules and final product platform meeting the needs'. From the six factors, three were found to influence quite strongly the overall satisfaction, namely 'Strategic and business fit of product platform', 'Reliability and quality of product platform', and 'Promised schedules and final product platform meeting the needs'. Hence, these three factors might be the ones a new product platform development unit should concentrate first in order to satisfy their closest customers, the product lines. The 'Project communication and deliverables' and 'Innovativeness of product platform architecture and features' were weaker contributors to the overall satisfaction. Overall, the factors explained quite well the satisfaction of the product lines with product platform development. Along the research, several interesting aspects about the very basic nature of the product platform development were found. The long time horizon of the product platform development caused challenges in the area of strategic fIT - a conflict between the short-term requirements and long term needs. The fact that a product platform was used as basis of several derivative products resulted into varying needs, and hence the match with the needs and the strategies. The opinions, that the releases of the larger product lines were given higher priorities, give an interesting contribution to the strategy theory of powerand politics. The varying needs of the product lines, the strengths of them as well as large number of concurrent releases set requirements to prioritization. Hence, the research showed the complicated nature of the product platform development in the case unIT - the very basic nature of the product platform development might be its strength (gaining efficiency and effectiveness in product development and product launches) but also the biggest challenge (developing products to meet several needs). As a single case study, the results of this research are not directly generalizable to all the product platform development activities. Instead, the research serves best as a starting point for additional research as well as gives some insights about the factors and challengesof one product development unit.

Peduncle and fruit yield, in six cropping seasons, of early dwarf cashew tree clones irrigated with different water regimes

The objective of this work was to evaluate peduncle and fruit yield in clone MS 076 and in a clonal population of drip-irrigated, early dwarf cashew trees propagated by layering, in six cropping seasons. In order to meet the increased water requirements of the crop resulting from plant growth and development, irrigation during the dry season was performed daily according to the following water regime: 15 min/plant/day during the 1st year, 30 min/plant/day during the 2nd year, 45 min/plant/day during the 3rd year and 60 min/plant/day during all subsequent years. Water was supplied by one drip emitter/plant, at an (adjustable) flow rate of 36 L/h.The research was carried out in Fortaleza-Ceará, Brazil, and a random block design was utilized, with five replicates and split-plots. The clones were assigned to plots and the cropping seasons were considered as subplots. The clonal population was superior to the clone only with regard to number of nut shells (NNS), and solely in the first season. The clone was superior to the population as to NNS and peduncle yield (PY) in the second season, and also with regard to the three evaluated traits - NNS, PY, and nut shell yield, in the last three cropping seasons.

The Effect of Switching Ranibizumab to Aflibercept in Refractory Cases of Macular Edema Secondary to Ischemic Central Vein Occlusion.

Background: Macular edema resulting from central retinal vein occlusion is effectively treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections. However, some patients need monthly retreatment and still show frequent recurrences. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visual and anatomic outcomes of refractory macular edema resulting from ischemic central retinal vein occlusion in patients switched from ranibizumab to aflibercept intravitreal injections. Patients and Methods: We describe a retrospective series of patients followed in the Medical Retina Unit of the Jules Gonin Eye Hospital for macular edema due to ischemic central retinal vein occlusion, refractory to monthly retreatment with ranibizumab, and changed to aflibercept. Refractory macular edema was defined as persistence of any fluid at each visit one month after last injection during at least 6 months. All patients had to have undergone pan-retinal laser scan. Results: Six patients were identified, one of whom had a very short-term follow-up (excluded from statistics). Mean age was 57 ± 12 years. The mean changes in visual acuity and central macular thickness from baseline to switch were + 20.6 ± 20.3 ETDRS letters and - 316.4 ± 276.6 µm, respectively. The additional changes from before to after the switch were + 9.2 ± 9.5 ETDRS letters and - 248.0 ± 248.7 µm, respectively. The injection intervals could often be lengthened after the switch. Conclusions: Intravitreal aflibercept seems to be a promising alternative treatment for macular edema refractory to ranibizumab in ischemic central retinal vein occlusion.

Resistance Switching in Transparent Magnetic MgO Films

We have studied the abrupt and hysteretic changes of resistance in MgO-based capacitor devices. The switching behavior is discussed in terms of the formation and rupture of conduction filaments due to the migration of structural defects in the electric field, together with the redox events which affects the mobile carriers. The results presented in this paper suggest that MgO transparent films combining ferromagnetism and multilevel switching characteristics might pave the way for a new method for spintronic multibit data storage.