Tumour cells incorporate exosomes derived from dendritic cells through a mechanism involving the tetraspanin CD9

Exosomes (Exos) are secreted nanovesicles that contain membrane proteins and genetic material, which can be transferred between cells and contribute to their communication in the body. We show that Exos, obtained from mature human dendritic cells (DCs), are incorporated by tumour cells, which after Exos treatment, acquire the expression of HLA‐class I, HLA‐class II, CD86, CD11c, CD54 and CD18. This incorporation reaches its peak eight hours after treatment, can be observed in different cell tumour lines (SK‐BR‐3, U87 and K562) and could be a means to transform non‐immunogenic into immunogenic tumour cells. Interestingly, tetraspanins, which are expressed by the tumour cells, have their surface level decreased after Exo treatment. Furthermore, the intensity of Exo incorporation by the different tumour cell lines was proportional to their CD9 expression levels and pretreatment of Exos with anti‐CD9 decreased their incorporation (by SK‐BR‐3 cells). This modification of tumour cells by DC‐derived Exos may allow their use in new immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer. Furthermore, by showing the involvement of CD9 in this incorporation, we provide a possible selection criterion for tumours to be addressed by this strategy

Early-type galaxies as probes of galaxy formation and cosmology

The goal of this thesis is to analyze the possibility of using early-type galaxies to place evolutionary and cosmological constraints, by both disentangling what is the main driver of ETGs evolution between mass and environment, and developing a technique to constrain H(z) and the cosmological parameters studying the ETGs age-redshift relation. The (U-V) rest-frame color distribution is studied as a function of mass and environment for two sample of ETGs up to z=1, extracted from the zCOSMOS survey with a new selection criterion. The color distributions and the slopes of the color-mass and color-environment relations are studied, finding a strong dependence on mass and a minor dependence on environment. The spectral analysis performed on the D4000 and Hδ features gives results validating the previous analysis. The main driver of galaxy evolution is found to be the galaxy mass, the environment playing a subdominant but non negligible role. The age distribution of ETGs is also analyzed as a function of mass, providing strong evidences supporting a downsizing scenario. The possibility of setting cosmological constraints studying the age-redshift relation is studied, discussing the relative degeneracies and model dependencies. A new approach is developed, aiming to minimize the impact of systematics on the “cosmic chronometer” method. Analyzing theoretical models, it is demonstrated that the D4000 is a feature correlated almost linearly with age at fixed metallicity, depending only minorly on the models assumed or on the SFH chosen. The analysis of a SDSS sample of ETGs shows that it is possible to use the differential D4000 evolution of the galaxies to set constraints to cosmological parameters in an almost model-independent way. Values of the Hubble constant and of the dark energy EoS parameter are found, which are not only fully compatible, but also with a comparable error budget with the latest results.

Conformational diversity versus nucleic acid triplex stability, a combinatorial study

The stability of a triple helix formed between a DNA duplex and an incoming oligonucleotide strand strongly depends on the solvent conditions and on intrinsic chemical and conformational factors. Attempts to increase triple helix stability in the past included chemical modification of the backbone, sugar ring, and bases in the third strand. However, the predictive power of such modifications is still rather poor. We therefore developed a method that allows for rapid screening of conformationally diverse third strand oligonucleotides for triplex stability in the parallel pairing motif to a given DNA double helix sequence. Combinatorial libraries of oligonucleotides of the requisite (fixed) base composition and length that vary in their sugar unit (ribose or deoxyribose) at each position were generated. After affinity chromatography against their corresponding immobilized DNA target duplex, utilizing a temperature gradient as the selection criterion, the oligonucleotides forming the most stable triple helices were selected and characterized by physicochemical methods. Thus, a series of oligonucleotides were identified that allowed us to define basic rules for triple helix stability in this conformationally diverse system. It was found that ribocytidines in the third strand increase triplex stability relative to deoxyribocytidines independently of the neighboring bases and position along the strand. However, remarkable sequence-dependent differences in stability were found for (deoxy)thymidines and uridines

Genetic markers for stallion fertility - lessons from humans and mice

Our knowledge on the many aspects of mammalian reproduction in general and equine reproduction in particular has greatly increased during the last 15 years. Advances in the understanding of the physiology, cell biology, and biochemistry of reproduction have facilitated genetic analyses of fertility. Currently, there are more than 200 genes known that are involved in the production of fertile sperm cells. The completion of a number of mammalian genome projects will aid in the investigation of these genes in different species. Great progress has been made in the understanding of genetic aberrations that lead to male infertility. Additionally, the first genetic mechanisms are being discovered that contribute to the quantitative variation of fertility traits in fertile male animals. As artificial insemination (AI) represents a widespread technology in horse breeding, semen quality traits may eventually become an additional selection criterion for breeding stallions. Current research activities try to identify genetic markers that correlate to these semen quality traits. Here, we will review the current state of genetic research in male fertility and offer some perspectives for future research in horses.

A systematic review of literature on socioeconomic disparities in the prevalence of dental caries

Dental caries, also known as tooth decay, are a disease of the oral cavity that affects the tooth structure and leads to the occurrence of cavities in teeth. Dental caries are one of the leading chronic diseases in the population and are very common in childhood. If not treated appropriately, dental caries have debilitating effect on the oral and general health of individuals. ^ Objectives. The aims of this review are to (1) analyze and elucidate the relationship between the social and economic determinants of health like income, education and race/ethnicity and the prevalence of dental caries and (2) identify and understand the pathways/underlying causes through which these factors affect the occurrence of dental caries. This review will provide a foundation for formulation of better oral health policies in future by identifying the key socio-economic factors and pathways affecting the prevalence of dental caries. Knowledge about these socioeconomic factors could be incorporated in the design of future policies and interventions to achieve greater benefits.^ Methods. This review includes information from all pertinent articles, reviews, surveys, reports, peer reviewed literature and web sources that were published after 2000. The selection criterion includes literature focusing on individuals between the ages of 1 to 65 years, and individuals from different subgroups of community based on income, education and race/ethnicity. The analyses of literature include identifying if a relationship between income/education/race and the prevalence of dental caries exists by comparing the prevalence of dental caries in different socio-economic groups. Also included in this review are articles that are relevant to the mechanisms/pathways through which income/education/race affect the prevalence of dental caries.^ Results. Analyses of available literature suggests that disparities in the prevalence of dental caries may be attributed to differences in income, education and race/ethnicity. Higher prevalence of dental caries was observed in African-American and Mexican-American individuals, and in people with low income and low education. The leading pathways through which the socioeconomic factors affect the prevalence of dental caries are the lack of access to dental care, lack of awareness about good oral hygiene beliefs and habits, oral health, inability to afford dental care, lack of social support to maintain oral health and lack of dental insurance.^ Conclusion. Disparities in the prevalence of dental caries exist in various socio-economic groups. The relationship between socio-economic factors and dental caries prevalence should be considered in the development of future policies and interventions that are aimed at reducing the prevalence of dental caries and enhancing oral health status.^

Populus spp : estabilidad y ganancia genética sobre la altura media dominante en tres ambientes de la pampa ondulada, Argentina

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la altura media dominante (AMD) y su estabilidad en 15 clones de álamos de 5 años de edad, implantados en tres ambientes diferentes de la pampa ondulada, Argentina. Los sitios fueron: Teodelina (Sitios 1 y 2), Santa Fe (34° 12' LS; 61° 43' W; 90 msnm) y Alberti (Sitio 3), Buenos Aires (34° 50' LS; 60° 30' W; 55 msnm) y se caracterizaron en base a variables de clima y suelo. Se realizaron los análisis de la varianza del conjunto de clones entre sitios y entre los clones por sitio. La comparación de AMD se realizó aplicando el test de Tukey. Se analizó la interacción clon-sitio. Se construyó un criterio de elección basado en parámetros genéticos de estabilidad sobre el carácter (AMD), estimándose la ganancia genética al seleccionar los mejores clones. Se realizaron los cálculos de heredabilidad en sentido amplio. Los posicionamientos en AMD fueron significativos entre clones por sitio y entre sitios. La interacción clon sitio fue significativa. Los valores de AMD y los de ecovalencia permitieron seleccionar genomas con mayor amplitud de adaptación y consecuentemente conciliar la producción con la plasticidad dentro de la disimilitud de los sitios evaluados.

Método de Rorscharch em adultos: evidências psicométricas da Escola Francesa

O Método de Rorschach é internacionalmente utilizado e reconhecido como instrumento de avaliação psicológica em processos de investigação da personalidade. Para embasar seu adequado uso no contexto do Brasil, contínuos estudos sobre suas evidências psicométricas fazem-se necessários, sobretudo sobre seus indicadores de validade, precisão e referenciais normativos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetivou: a) verificar indicadores de precisão e validade do Rorschach (Escola Francesa ou de Paris), por meio da reavaliação de adultos não pacientes do estudo normativo de Pasian (1998), para checagem da estabilidade temporal (estrutural e funcional) das características de personalidade examinadas pelo método (ESTUDO 1); b) revisar e atualizar padrões normativos e atlas da Escola Francesa do Rorschach em adultos, avaliando-se eventuais especificidades de produção associadas ao sexo, à idade e à escolaridade (ESTUDO 2). No primeiro estudo foram reavaliados 88 adultos do estudo de Pasian (1998), com idade entre 34 a 69 anos, de ambos os sexos e de diferentes níveis de escolaridade (baixa, média e alta). No segundo estudo compôs-se nova amostra com 102 adultos, entre 18 e 65 anos, com sinais de desenvolvimento típico, distribuídos equitativamente em relação ao sexo e com diferentes graus de escolaridade (baixa, média e alta). Para elaboração dos dados normativos foram incluídos 66 adultos do Estudo 1, totalizando 168 casos nessa nova amostra (86 mulheres e 82 homens). Os participantes residiam no interior do Estado de São Paulo e foram avaliados, individualmente, por: a) instrumento de rastreamento de saúde mental (SRQ-20) - no estudo 1, utilizado para caracterização da amostra e no estudo 2 como critério de seleção dos participantes; b) instrumento de avaliação intelectual (Teste de Inteligência Não Verbal - INV, forma C - apenas no Estudo 2) para controle cognitivo da amostra; c) critério de classificação econômica Brasil (ABEP) e d) Método de Rorschach (Escola de Paris). Cada instrumento de avaliação psicológica foi aplicado, codificado e sistematizado conforme seus respectivos manuais técnicos. Especificamente o Método de Rorschach foi avaliado pelas diretrizes da Escola Francesa, sendo cada protocolo (de cada um dos dois estudos) examinado independentemente por dois avaliadores, chegando-se a uma classificação final dos casos. Calculou-se o índice de concordância entre examinadores pelo coeficiente Kappa para as quatro categorias de classificação das respostas do Rorschach (localização, determinante/qualidade formal, conteúdo e banalidades). Os resultados foram sistematizados inicialmente em termos descritivos (média, desvio-padrão, mediana, valor mínimo e máximo), realizando-se análises inferenciais específicas para as amostras de cada estudo em função de seus objetivos centrais. No Estudo 1, os achados relativos aos índices de correlação entre as duas avaliações dos 88 voluntários variaram entre 0,72 a -0,005, evidenciando estabilidade em um conjunto das características de personalidade dos adultos examinados após 15 anos, configurando evidências empíricas de precisão e de validade de método projetivo. Houve variáveis do Rorschach que não apresentaram resultados estáveis entre os dois momentos avaliativos (fórmulas vivenciais), sugerindo se tratarem de indicadores técnicos relativos ao funcionamento da personalidade, mais do que componentes estruturais. As análises do Estudo 2 apontaram reduzida influência dos fatores relacionados ao sexo, à escolaridade e à idade sobre as variáveis do Rorschach, não indicando a necessidade de normas específicas para grupos em termos desses fatores. Por fim, foi elaborado novo atlas de referência do Método de Rorschach (Escola de Paris) no contexto brasileiro, seguindo-se as diretrizes técnicocientíficas nacionais e internacionais da área. Os dados fortalecem a relevância dos estudos de natureza psicométrica para embasar adequadas análises interpretativas desse instrumento de avaliação psicológica (FAPESP e CAPES/PDSE).

Análise de práticas de compras sustentáveis aplicada à indústria química brasileira.

No contexto organizacional, o departamento de suprimentos exerce papel fundamental na melhoria dos desempenhos sociais e ambientais de uma cadeia. Dentre as atividades desempenhadas pela função de suprimentos está a seleção de fornecedores na qual são definidos os critérios utilizados para a escolha de um fornecedor. Sendo assim, pode-se afirmar que a função de suprimentos é capaz de estender a sua cadeia requerimentos econômicos, sociais e ambientais. Como objeto desse trabalho foi selecionada a indústria química, uma vez que trata-se de uma indústria base para diversas outras atividades econômicas e com grande importância na economia brasileira. Além disso, é um segmento marcado por acidentes ambientais bem como programas de apoio ambiental e social mundialmente reconhecidos como o Responsible Care. Diante desse contexto, esse trabalho buscou propor um modelo conceitual de seleção de fornecedores que incorpore critérios sociais e ambientais para a indústria química. A partir da revisão de literatura, elaborou-se a proposta de um modelo conceitual capaz de abranger organizações compradoras em diferentes níveis de maturidade para incorporação de critérios sociais e ambientais em seu processo de seleção de fornecedores. A primeira etapa proposta no modelo consiste na utilização de ferramentas simples como listagens, nessa primeira etapa o objetivo é proteger a organização compradora de um comportamento não adequado por parte do fornecedor à legislação pertinente. A segunda etapa do modelo consiste no desenvolvimento de uma base gerencial, estabelecimento de critérios sociais e ambientais e utilização de certificações para seleção de fornecedores. Através do método survey, por correio eletrônico, entre abril a setembro do ano de 2015, objetivou-se compreender as atitudes dos responsáveis por formular e implementar as estratégias de compras em direção às compras sustentáveis. A pesquisa demonstrou que há descompasso entre estratégia e execução no sentido de incorporar as perspectivas sociais e ambientais em um processo de seleção de fornecedores. O estudo indicou que as organizações ainda se encontram em estágios iniciais de seleção do fornecedor e compras em se tratando da inclusão de uma perspectiva socioambiental. As ações apresentam-se mais em termos de políticas e documentações, do que em nível operacional.

Macular atrophy in patients with long-term anti-VEGF treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE To identify the prevalence and progression of macular atrophy (MA) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients under long-term anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy and to determine risk factors. METHOD This retrospective study included patients with neovascular AMD and ≥30 anti-VEGF injections. Macular atrophy (MA) was measured using near infrared and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Yearly growth rate was estimated using square-root transformation to adjust for baseline area and allow for linearization of growth rate. Multiple regression with Akaike information criterion (AIC) as model selection criterion was used to estimate the influence of various parameters on MA area. RESULTS Forty-nine eyes (47 patients, mean age 77 ± 14) were included with a mean of 48 ± 13 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (ranibizumab:37 ± 11, aflibercept:11 ± 6, mean number of injections/year 8 ± 2.1) over a mean treatment period of 6.2 ± 1.3 years (range 4-8.5). Mean best-corrected visual acuity improved from 57 ± 17 letters at baseline (= treatment start) to 60 ± 16 letters at last follow-up. The MA prevalence within and outside the choroidal neovascularization (CNV) border at initial measurement was 45% and increased to 74%. Mean MA area increased from 1.8 ± 2.7 mm(2) within and 0.5 ± 0.98 mm(2) outside the CNV boundary to 2.7 ± 3.4 mm(2) and 1.7 ± 1.8 mm(2) , respectively. Multivariate regression determined posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and presence/development of intraretinal cysts (IRCs) as significant factors for total MA size (R(2) = 0.16, p = 0.02). Macular atrophy (MA) area outside the CNV border was best explained by the presence of reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) and IRC (R(2) = 0.24, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION A majority of patients show MA after long-term anti-VEGF treatment. Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD), IRC and PVD but not number of injections or treatment duration seem to be associated with the MA size.

Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to drought under rainfed lowlands 4. Vegetative stage screening in the dry season

Screening for drought resistance of rainfed lowland rice using drought score (leaf death) as a selection index has a long history of use in breeding programs. Genotypic variation for drought score during the vegetative stage in two dry season screens was examined among 128 recombinant inbred lines from four biparental crosses. The genotypic variation detected for drought score in the dry season was used to examine the reliability of the dry season screening method to estimate relative grain yield of genotypes under different types of drought stress in the wet season. Large genotypic variation for drought score existed in two experiments (A and B). However, there was no relationship between the drought scores of genotypes determined in these two experiments. Different patterns of development and severity of drought stress in these two experiments, i.e. slow development and mild plant water deficit in experiment A and fast development and severe plant water deficit in experiment B, were identified as the major factors contributing to the genotypes responding differently. Larger drought score in the dry season experiments was associated with lower grain yield under specific drought stress conditions in the wet season, but the association was weak to moderate and significant only in particular drought conditions. In most cases, a significant phenotypic and moderate genetic correlation between drought score in the dry season and grain yield in the wet season existed only when both drought score and grain yield of genotypes were affected by similar patterns and severity of drought stress in their respective experimental environments. The dry season environments used to measure genotypic variation for drought score should be managed to correspond to relevant types of drought environment that are frequent in the wet season. The efficiency of using the drought score as an indirect selection criterion for improving grain yield for drought conditions was lower than the direct selection for grain yield, and hence wet season screening with grain yield as a selection criterion would be more efficient. However, using drought score as a selection index, a larger number of genotypes can be evaluated than for wet season grain yield. Therefore, it is possible to apply higher selection intensities using the drought score system, and the selected lines can be further tested for grain yield in the wet season. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Strategic sourcing in the UK bioenergy industry

Successful supply chain management requires the management of a complex, multi-stakeholder, multi-criteria system. Stakeholder inclusion in the supply chain design and decision making processes is an area of growing interest for companies looking to design sustainable supply chains or produce sustainable products. This paper demonstrates the use of the integrated quality function deployment and analytic hierarchy process (QFD-AHP) method for the inclusion of a wide group of stakeholder requirements into the supplier selection process. The method provides a weighted ranked list of evaluating criteria which can be used to assess potential suppliers in the UK renewable bioenergy industry. The bioenergy industry is suitable as there are many stakeholders placing various requirements upon potential biomass suppliers. The paper uses a mixture of literature review and semi-structured industry interviews to answer three research questions: which stakeholder groups are important when selecting biomass suppliers for the UK? What requirements are made by these stakeholders on the supply of biomass fuels and feedstocks? Which evaluating criteria are most important? © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Development of a risk-oriented strategic sourcing (ROSS) framework for the construction and electronics manufacturing industries

Strategic sourcing has increased in importance in recent years, and now plays an important role in companies’ planning. The current volatility in supply markets means companies face multiple challenges involving lock-in situations, supplier bankruptcies or supply security issues. In addition, their exposure can increase due to natural disasters, as witnessed recently in the form of bird flu, volcanic ash and tsunamis. Therefore, the primary focus of this study is risk management in the context of strategic sourcing. The study presents a literature review on sourcing based on the 15 years from 1998–2012, and considers 131 academic articles. The literature describes strategic sourcing as a strategic, holistic process in managing supplier relationships, with a long-term focus on adding value to the company and realising competitive advantage. Few studies discovered the real risk impact and status of risk management in strategic sourcing, and evaluation across countries and industries was limited, with the construction sector particularly under-researched. This methodology is founded on a qualitative study of twenty cases across Ger-many and the United Kingdom from the construction sector and electronics manufacturing industries. While considering risk management in the context of strategic sourcing, the thesis takes into account six dimensions that cover trends in strategic sourcing, theoretical and practical sourcing models, risk management, supply and demand management, critical success factors and the strategic supplier evaluation. The study contributes in several ways. First, recent trends are traced and future needs identified across the research dimensions of countries, industries and companies. Second, it evaluates critical success factors in contemporary strategic sourcing. Third, it explores the application of theoretical and practical sourcing models in terms of effectiveness and sustainability. Fourth, based on the case study findings, a risk-oriented strategic sourcing framework and a model for strategic sourcing are developed. These are based on the validation of contemporary requirements and a critical evaluation of the existing situation. It contemplates the empirical findings and leads to a structured process to manage risk in strategic sourcing. The risk-oriented framework considers areas such as trends, corporate and sourcing strategy, critical success factors, strategic supplier selection criteria, risk assessment, reporting, strategy alignment and reporting. The proposed model highlights the essential dimensions in strategic sourcing and guides us to a new definition of strategic sourcing supported by this empirical study.

Oblique matching pursuit

A method for selecting a suitable subspace for discriminating signal components through an oblique projection is proposed. The selection criterion is based on the consistency principle introduced by Unser and Aldroubi and extended by Elder. An effective implementation of this principle for the purpose of subspace selection is achieved by updating of the dual vectors yielding the corresponding oblique projector. © 2007 IEEE.

Classifier PGN: Classification with High Confidence Rules

ACM Computing Classification System (1998): H.2.8, H.3.3.

A methodology to select an enterprise resource planning system for a small or medium sized enterprise

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are software programs designed to integrate the functional requirements, and operational information needs of a business. Pressures of competition and entry standards for participation in major manufacturing supply chains are creating greater demand for small business ERP systems. The proliferation of new offerings of ERP systems introduces complexity to the selection process to identify the right ERP business software for a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME). The selection of an ERP system is a process in which a faulty conclusion poses a significant risk of failure to SME’s. The literature reveals that there are still very high failure rates in ERP implementation, and that faulty selection processes contribute to this failure rate. However, the literature is devoid of a systematic methodology for the selection process for an ERP system by SME’s. This study provides a methodological approach to selecting the right ERP system for a small or medium-sized enterprise. The study employs Thomann’s meta-methodology for methodology development; a survey of SME’s is conducted to inform the development of the methodology, and a case study is employed to test, and revise the new methodology. The study shows that a rigorously developed, effective methodology that includes benchmarking experiences has been developed and successfully employed. It is verified that the methodology may be applied to the domain of users it was developed to serve, and that the test results are validated by expert users and stakeholders. Future research should investigate in greater detail the application of meta-methodologies to supplier selection and evaluation processes for services and software; additional research into the purchasing practices of small firms is clearly needed.^