Learning experience and identity development as a research assistant /

What research learning experiences do current students have as research assistants (RAs) in the Faculty of Education at Brock University? How do the experiences of research assistants contribute to the formation of a researcher identity and influence future research plans? Despite the importance of these questions, there seems to be very little research conducted or written about the experiences of research assistants as they engage in the research process. There are few resources to which research assistants or their advisors can refer regarding graduate student research learning experiences. The purpose of this study was to understand the kinds of learning experiences that 4 RAs (who are enrolled in the Faculty of Education at Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario) have and how those experiences contribute to their identities as researchers. Through interviews with participants, observations of participants, and textual documents produced by participants, I have (a) discovered what 4 RAs have learned while engaged in one or more research assistantships and (b) explored how these 4 RAs' experiences have shaped their identities as new researchers. My research design provided a separate case study for each participant RA, including myself as a research participant. Then as a collective, I studied all 4 cases as a case study in itself in the form of a cross-analysis to identify similarities and differences between cases. Using a variety of writing forms and visual narratives, I analyzed and interpreted the experiences of my participants utilizing arts-based literature to inform my analysis and thesis format. The final presentation includes electronic diagrams, models, poetry, a newsletter, a website presentation, and other representational arts-based forms.This thesis is a resource for current and future research assistants who can learn from the research assistant experiences presented in the research. Faculty members who hire research assistants to assist them with their research will also benefit from reading about RAs' learning experiences from the RAs' perspective. The information provided in this thesis document is a resource to inform future policies and research training initiatives in faculty departments and offices at universities. Consequently, this thesis also informs researchers (experienced and inexperienced) about how to conduct research in ways that benefit all parties and provide insight into potential ways to improve research assistantship practices.

The effectiveness of a multisensory writing program in improving cursive writing ability in children with sensorimotor difficulties

It is estimated that five to ten percent of children experience sensory motor difficulties that result in various learnlng disabilitiies , among them. inabllity to output Information on paper in the appropriate manner (Ayres ,1985). The relationship between sensorimotorabillty and handwriting is well documented in the literature (Freeman,1917; Townsend , 1951; Nlkola-Ll sa, 1987). While much of the literature is inconclusive, there are findings to suggest that muitisensory handwriting programmes are an effective approach to improvlng writing abIlity in these chlldren. For a number of years, Occupational Therapists have been involved in the remediation of handwriting utllizing , amongst other approaches . multisensory programmes. While subjective assessments of effectiveness have been extremerly positive. scientIfic evaluation has been minimal . If further intervention in this area is to occur, it Is essential that the profession be able to justify the existence of such programmes . The purpose of this study was to examine what effects a multlsensory writing prog~am would have on the curslve writing ability of chlldren with sensorimotor dlfficulties. A single case with multiple baselines across be havlours design was used , with the behavlours being cursive writing abilIty of fIve distInct letter groups. The fIve groups were taught in random order, one group every two weeks , In a one-hour session. Repeated measurements of writing speed and qualIty for each letter group were made. This design was repeated over three other cases . Results of the study yielded statistical signifi cance in trend changes In specIfic letter groups for all of the chlldren following interventlon. One child achieved statistical significance In the overall change In quality , while none of the children achieved overall statistical significance In speed score changes . Teacher reports and an assessment of written language prior to and following the program suggest that Intervention may have had a positive effect on self-confidence in written output, and on the maturlty of written expression in some of the cases . Further research in this field is needed to validate the continual use of multisensory writing programmes by Occupational Theraplsts worklng with this specific population and to provide some directlon with regards to the Integration of multlsensory writing programmes within the regular academic remedial programme .

Evaluation of a professional development curriculum in movement education and adapted physical activity for invisible disabilities : a critical cross-case analysis

Movement education and adapted physical activity are content areas not addressed in pre-service education or in-service training for Ontario practitioners working with individuals with disabilities in physical environments. Consequently, physical activity is often overlooked by service providers in programming and intervention for exceptional young learners. A formative evaluation, multiple-case study design was employed in this research in which a purposeful sample of expert practitioners performed a guided, descriptive evaluation of a three-day professional development workshop curriculum designed to supplement these areas lacking in professional preparation within their respective cohorts. Case-by-case and comparative analyses illustrated the inherent assumptions and societal constraints which prioritize the structure of professional development within the education system and other government organizations providing services for school-aged persons with disabilities in Ontario. Findings, discussed from a critical postmodern perspective, illustrate the paradoxical nature of Western values and prevailing mind/body dichotomy that guide professional practice in these fields.

Rethinking Fiscal Decentralization Policies in Developing Economies: A Case Study of Ghana

This thesis invites geographers to pay more attention to public policy research by addressing the need to rethink fiscal decentralization policies in Ghana. By applying “Simandan’s wise stance in human geography” and “Grix’s building blocks of social research design”, I developed a conceptual framework that unites two incommensurable ontological and epistemological research positions in geography—the positive and normative positions. I used the framework to investigate two key research questions. First, does fiscal decentralization actually work in Ghana? Through quantitative analysis of empirical revenue and expenditure data (1994-2011) of local governments in Ghana, this study reveals significant issues of inefficiency, inequity, and unaccountability. Local governments generate less revenue, and therefore depend largely on central government transfers for developing their jurisdictions. Worse yet, these transfers are highly unpredictable in terms of amount and timing. Even though a multivariate regression analysis revealed that these transfers are apolitical, the actual disbursement formula tends to focus on equality instead of equity. Additionally, the unclear expenditure assignments in each locality make accountability difficult. In view of these problems, I addressed the question: why is fiscal decentralization held out as a good thing in Ghana? By drawing lessons from Foucault’s and Escobar’s critical discourse analysis, I traced a genealogy of Ghana’s fiscal decentralization. I found that the policy is held out as a good thing in Ghana because of the triangular operation of multiplicities of power, knowledge, and truth regimes at the local, national and international scale. I concluded that although nation-states remains a necessary causal link in fiscal decentralization policy process in Ghana, direct and indirect international involvement have profound effect on these policies. Therefore, rethinking fiscal decentralization involves acknowledging the complex intermingling effects that global, national, and local territories produce.

A Case Study of Disengaged Students' Experiences with Teaching Games for Understanding

The purpose of this research study was to determine if the instructional model, Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), would allow for the successful teaching of sport to disengaged female students in Physical Education (PE) classes. An instrumental case study research design was used to determine grade nine female students’ experiences with TGfU, the factors of TGfU that facilitated their engagement, and the ways in which these students resisted engaging in TGfU. Data was collected through a pre and post TGfU unit focus group, participant observation, in-depth interviews, and researcher reflections. Results showed that TGfU caused an increase in the participants’ engagement in PE physically, mentally, and socially/emotionally. Future researchers could structure their entire study holistically and should examine TGfU’s impact on student engagement over the course of an entire semester. Subsequent studies should moreover examine the presence of disengagement within physically skilled students in PE.

Forme et dynamique sociale de l'entreprise réseau : monographie d'un atelier de dessin technique

Le recours à la stratégie du recentrage sur le cœur de métier (core business) par les entreprises fait apparaître, en discours comme en pratique, trois mouvements qui déstabilisent les ensembles bureaucratiques: la réorganisation de la grande firme en « centres de profits », la multiplication des relations inter-firmes et un changement d’ordre qualitatif dans les termes de l’échange. L’avènement et le maintien de ce que nous convenons d’appeler l’« entreprise réseau » demeurent à ce jour problématique : soit cette forme organisationnelle serait le résultat d’une adaptation unilatérale à son environnement; soit la dynamique sociale serait réglée par la confiance entre les acteurs. Notre démarche inductive et exploratoire d’un cas d’entreprise réseau québécoise veut contribuer au démontage de la notion, puis à la compréhension sociologique du phénomène. Nous constatons que cette forme d’entreprise ne peut être comprise que lorsque nous la mettons en perspective avec l’entreprise bureaucratique.

Les enjeux de la régulation dans un système complexe : le cas du Régime général d'assurance médicaments du Québec (RGAM)

En 1997, dans un souci de justice sociale et de solidarité entre tous les québécois, le gouvernement a instauré un Régime général d’assurance médicaments (RGAM) devant permettre de fournir à moindre coût et de manière équitable, des médicaments prescrits assurant une meilleure prise en charge de la maladie des individus. Depuis sa mise en place, le rythme soutenu d’évolution des coûts des médicaments remboursés par le Régime est le sujet d’un nombre croissant de débats. Le Québec ne fait pas figure d’exception car au cours des dernières décennies, la croissance des dépenses de médicaments des régimes d’assurance médicaments des pays industrialisés a connu un rythme de progression élevé, cela malgré l’instauration successive de mécanismes de régulation ciblant une utilisation optimale des médicaments et un meilleur contrôle de la trajectoire de leurs dépenses. La recherche propose une réflexion sur les cadres communs d’action dans lesquels ces outils de régulation sont implantés et évoluent. Elle s’intéresse à l’ensemble des facteurs relationnels et contextuels qui les constituent. Le devis de recherche s’appuie sur une étude de cas unique qu’est le processus menant à l’utilisation du médicament prescrit couvert par le RGAM. Il se compose de trois unités d’analyse identifiées comme étant des cibles importantes de régulation : l’inscription du médicament à la liste du RGAM, la prescription et l’accès au médicament couvert par le Régime. La perspective conceptuelle retenue est celle de l’analyse stratégique de Crozier et Friedberg (1987). La démarche analytique s’appuie sur des entrevues réalisées auprès des régulateurs, de fabricants de médicaments brevetés et de génériques, de médecins, de pharmaciens et de patients impliqués dans l’utilisation des médicaments remboursés par le RGAM et sur une revue du cadre réglementaire concernant ces acteurs, le médicament d’ordonnance et le RGAM. La recherche décrit et analyse la structuration du processus menant à l’utilisation du médicament couvert par le RGAM. Elle conduit au développement d’un construit organisationnel- le système d’action concret- fondé sur les interdépendances des cinq groupes d’acteurs et les relations de pouvoir qu’ils entretiennent entre eux. Ceux-ci évoluent dans des contextes organisationnels singuliers constitués d’enjeux, de stratégies et de ressources. Ils développent diverses stratégies pour accroître leurs possibilités d’action (capacités stratégiques) face aux problèmes qu’ils ont à résoudre. Les capacités stratégiques, inégales entre les groupes d’acteurs, découlent des relations de pouvoir qu’ils exercent entre eux et les amènent à occuper des positions différentes dans le système d’action concret. La recherche démontre qu’en fonction des capacités stratégiques dont ils disposent, les acteurs sont portés à s’approprier certaines règles en tentant de les influencer, de les contourner ou de ne pas les respecter. La connaissance empirique des cadres communs d’action permet d’établir les bases d’un système d’action concret dans un contexte de « phénomène organisation » (Friedberg, 1997). Cette connaissance d’une part, établit que les retombées de certaines stratégies d’acteurs peuvent s’avérer peu compatibles avec les objectifs du RGAM et, d’autre part, pose les limites de certains mécanismes de régulation en vigueur tout en questionnant les façons de concevoir la régulation dans un système complexe.

Évaluation de l’efficacité d’un programme d’entraînement parental pour les parents d’enfants souffrant d’anxiété de séparation

Le trouble d’anxiété de séparation (TAS) est le trouble anxieux le plus prévalent chez les enfants. Il apparaît tôt et entraîne plusieurs conséquences négatives. La thérapie cognitivo-comportementale (TCC) a été reconnue efficace pour traiter les troubles anxieux. Toutefois, peu d’études ont vérifié son efficacité pour le traitement spécifique du TAS et très peu en ont examiné l’effet auprès d’enfants de moins de 7 ans. Les quelques interventions étudiées visant les moins de 7 ans ont en commun d’inclure le parent dans le traitement ou de l’offrir directement à celui-ci. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de vérifier l’efficacité d’un programme d’entraînement parental de type TCC, adapté pour les parents d’enfants de 4 à 7 ans souffrant de TAS. Cette étude vise également deux objectifs spécifiques : observer la fluctuation des symptômes de TAS de l’enfant pendant le traitement et examiner l’impact du programme sur les variables parentales. Un devis à cas unique à niveaux de base multiples a été utilisé. Six familles ont pris part à l’étude. Des entrevues semi-structurées, des questionnaires auto-administrés et des calepins d’auto-observations quotidiennes ont été utilisés auprès des parents pour mesurer les symptômes anxieux des enfants, leurs pratiques parentales, le stress parental et leurs symptômes anxieux et dépressifs. Des questionnaires sur les difficultés de l’enfant incluant l’anxiété ont aussi été envoyés à l’éducatrice ou à l’enseignante. Tous les questionnaires ont été administrés aux trois temps de mesure (prétraitement, post-traitement et relance 3 mois). Les calepins d’auto-observations ont été remplis quotidiennement durant le niveau de base, pour toute la durée de l’intervention et pendant une à deux semaines à la relance. Les résultats de l’étude indiquent que cinq enfants sur six ne répondent plus au diagnostic de TAS suite au traitement ainsi que trois mois plus tard. Les résultats des calepins d’auto-observations montrent une amélioration claire des manifestations principales de TAS pour la moitié des enfants et plus mitigée pour l’autre moitié, de même qu’une amélioration systématique de la fréquence hebdomadaire totale de manifestations de TAS suite à l’intervention pour quatre enfants. Les résultats aux questionnaires remplis par les parents montrent une amélioration des symptômes d’anxiété et de TAS chez quatre enfants au post-test et/ou à la relance, tandis que les questionnaires de l’éducatrice (ou enseignante) suggèrent que les symptômes anxieux des enfants se manifestaient peu dans leur milieu scolaire ou de garde. L’impact du programme sur le stress parental et les pratiques parentales est également mitigé. Ces résultats suggèrent que le Programme d’entraînement parental pour les enfants souffrant d’anxiété de séparation (PEP-AS) est efficace pour réduire les symptômes de TAS chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire ou en début de parcours scolaire et appuient la pertinence d’offrir le traitement aux parents et d’inclure un volet relationnel. D’autres études seront cependant nécessaires pour répliquer ces résultats auprès d’un plus vaste échantillon. Il serait également intéressant de vérifier les effets indépendants des différentes composantes du traitement et d’évaluer les effets du programme sur davantage de pratiques parentales associées spécifiquement à l’anxiété.

A case study of the radiative forcing of persistent contrails evolving into contrail-induced cirrus

The radiative forcing due to a distinct pattern of persistent contrails that form into contrail-induced cirrus near and over the UK is investigated in detail for a single case study during March 2009. The development of the contrail-induced cirrus is tracked using a number of high-resolution polar orbiting and lower-resolution geostationary satellite instruments and is found to persist for a period of around 18 h, and at its peak, it covers over 50,000 km2. The shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiative forcing of the contrail-induced cirrus is estimated using a combination of geostationary satellite instruments, numerical weather prediction models, and surface observation sites. As expected, the net radiative effect is a relatively small residual of the much stronger but opposing SW and LW effects, locally totaling around 10 W m−2 during daylight hours and 30 W m−2 during nighttime. A simple estimate indicates that this single localized event may have generated a global-mean radiative forcing of around 7% of recent estimates of the persistent contrail radiative forcing due to the entire global aircraft fleet on a diurnally averaged basis. A single aircraft operating in conditions favorable for persistent contrail formation appears to exert a contrail-induced radiative forcing some 5000 times greater (in W m−2 km−1) than recent estimates of the average persistent contrail radiative forcing from the entire civil aviation fleet. This study emphasizes the need to establish whether similar events are common or highly unusual for a confident assessment of the total climate effect of aviation to be made.

A case study of the radiative forcing of persistent contrails evolving into contrail-induced cirrus

The radiative forcing due to a distinct pattern of persistent contrails that form into contrail-induced cirrus near and over the UK is investigated in detail for a single case study during March 2009. The development of the contrail-induced cirrus is tracked using a number of high-resolution polar orbiting and lower-resolution geostationary satellite instruments and is found to persist for a period of around 18 h, and at its peak, it covers over 50,000 km2. The shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiative forcing of the contrail-induced cirrus is estimated using a combination of geostationary satellite instruments, numerical weather prediction models, and surface observation sites. As expected, the net radiative effect is a relatively small residual of the much stronger but opposing SW and LW effects, locally totaling around 10 W m−2 during daylight hours and 30 W m−2 during nighttime. A simple estimate indicates that this single localized event may have generated a global-mean radiative forcing of around 7% of recent estimates of the persistent contrail radiative forcing due to the entire global aircraft fleet on a diurnally averaged basis. A single aircraft operating in conditions favorable for persistent contrail formation appears to exert a contrail-induced radiative forcing some 5000 times greater (in W m−2 km−1) than recent estimates of the average persistent contrail radiative forcing from the entire civil aviation fleet. This study emphasizes the need to establish whether similar events are common or highly unusual for a confident assessment of the total climate effect of aviation to be made.

The potential for high performance design adoption in retail property portfolios

Growing legislative pressures and increasing stakeholder awareness of environmental issues are pushing the property market to consider high-performance, low-impact retail buildings. The office sector is relatively advanced in its apparent appreciation of such buildings; however, the retail sector is slow to recognize these benefits. In exploring the business case for high-performance design adoption in the retail sector, this paper examines the overlaps between office and retail sector benefits and considers the potential benefits peculiar to retailers. Barriers to high-performance design adoption are then addressed through case research, interviews with key representatives from the retail property market and a questionnaire survey of FTSE listed retail company property departments. The paper concludes that information gaps are a significant hindrance to high-performance property development and that they can be reduced, to some extent, by the forthcoming introduction of the BREEAM Retail environmental assessment tool. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Innovation in facilities management: from trajectories to ownership

Purpose – Innovation in facilities management (FM) is a complex process as FM is a diverse discipline. This paper aims to use innovation trajectories to explore this complex process through the introduction of a technology innovation in two FM services of security and workspace management. It also aims to consider the discourse of individuals within their trajectory to understand their positions toward the innovation. Design/methodology/approach – A two-year case study was conducted and it was based in an in-house FM department that was part of a financial institution. The specific methods used for the paper were semi-structured interviews with key participants of the project. Critical discourse analysis was used to examine the data. Findings – Individuals who were involved in introducing the technology to the FM department were both internal and external to FM as innovation in FM does not happen in isolation to the organisation. Innovation trajectories were often intertwined or occurred simultaneously during the process of a project which sometimes resulted in conflict. Tensions within the discourse of ownership of the project were particularly apparent as this discourse had a power dimension in driving the project through to implementation. Research limitations/implications – The research is limited by being a single case study so it is not possible to generalise findings but the findings may have resonances with other organisations. Originality/value – The paper presents an original idea about how to understand innovation processes in FM services.

Managing non-standard international experience: evidence from a Finnish company

Purpose – This paper extends the increasing debates about the role of international experience through mechanisms other than standard expatriation packages, in particular through the use of short-term assignments. It explores the different forms of short-term assignments (project work, commuter assignments, virtual international working and development assignments) and the different sets of positive and negative implications these can have for the company and the individuals concerned. The integration-differentiation debate is reflected here as elsewhere in IHRM, with the company moving towards greater centralization and control of its use of these assignments. Design/methodology/approach – Since the research is exploratory, we adopted a qualitative approach to get a more in-depth understanding on the realities the corporations and the assignees are facing. The study was implemented through a single case study setting in which the data were collected by interviewing (n=20) line managers, human resource management (HRM) staff and assignees themselves. In addition corporate documentation and other materials were reviewed. Findings – The present case study provides evidence about the characteristics of short-term assignments as well as the on the management of such assignments. The paper identifies various benefits and challenges involved in the use of short-term assignments both from the perspectives of the company and assignees. Furthermore, the findings support the view that a recent increase in the popularity of short-term assignments has not been matched by the development of HRM policies for such assignments. Research limitations/implications – As a single case study, limitations in the generalizability of the findings should be kept in mind. More large-scale research evidence is needed around different forms of international assignments beyond standard expatriation in order to fully capture the realities faced by international HRM specialists Practical implications – The paper identifies many challenges but also benefits of using short-term assignments. The paper reports in-depth findings on HR development needs that organizations face when expanding the use of such assignments. Social implications – The paper identifies many challenges but also benefits of using short-term assignments. The paper reports in-depth findings on HR development needs that organizations face when expanding the use of such assignments. Originality/value – Empirical research on short-term assignments is still very limited. In that way the paper provides much needed in-depth evidence on why such assignments are used, what challenges are involved in the use of such assignments and what kinds of HR-development needs are involved.

Climate and construction delays: case study in Chile

Purpose – Construction projects usually suffer delays, and the causes of these delays and its cost overruns have been widely discussed, the weather being one of the most recurrent. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of climate on standard construction work activities through a case study. Design/methodology/approach – By studying the extent at which some weather variables impede outdoor work from being effectively executed, new maps and tables for planning for delays are presented. In addition, a real case regarding the construction of several bridges in southern Chile is analyzed. Findings – Few studies have thoroughly addressed the influences of major climatic agents on the most common outdoor construction activities. The method detailed here provides a first approximation for construction planners to assess to what extent construction productivity will be influenced by the climate. Research limitations/implications – Although this study was performed in Chile, the simplified method proposed is entirely transferable to any other country, however, other weather or combinations of weather variables could be needed in other environments or countries. Practical implications – The implications will help reducing the negative social, economic and environmental outcomes that usually emerge from project delays. Originality/value – Climatic data were processed using extremely simple calculations to create a series of quantitative maps and tables that would be useful for any construction planner to decide the best moment of the year to start a project and, if possible, where to build it.

Organizational design as an enabler for innovation: evidence from a German Mechanical Engineering Company

Over the past two decades there has been a profusion of empirical studies of organizational design and its relationship to efficiency, productivity and flexibility of an organization. In parallel, there has been a wide range of studies about innovation management in different kind of industries and firms. However, with some exceptions, the organizational and innovation management bodies of literature tend to examine the issues of organizational design and innovation management individually, mainly in the context of large firms operating at the technological frontier. There seems to be a scarcity of empirical studies that bring together organizational design and innovation and examine them empirically and over time in the context of small and medium sized enterprises. This dissertation seeks to provide a small contribution in that direction. This dissertation examines the dynamic relationship between organizational design and innovation. This relationship is examined on the basis of a single-case design in a medium sized mechanical engineering company in Germany. The covered time period ranges from 1958 until 2009, although the actual focus falls on the recent past. This dissertation draws on first-hand qualitative empirical evidence gathered through extensive field work. The main findings are: 1. There is always a bundle of organizational dimensions which impacts innovation. These main organizational design dimensions are: (1) Strategy & Leadership, (2) Resources & Capabilities, (3) Structure, (4) Culture, (5) Networks & Partnerships, (6) Processes and (7) Knowledge Management. However, the importance of the different organizational design dimensions changes over time. While for example for the production of simple, standardized parts, a simple organizational design was appropriate, the company needed to have a more advanced organizational design in order to be able to produce customized, complex parts with high quality. Hence the technological maturity of a company is related to its organizational maturity. 2. The introduction of innovations of the analyzed company were highly dependent on organizational conditions which enabled their introduction. The results of the long term case study show, that some innovations would not have been introduced successfully if the organizational elements like for example training and qualification, the build of network and partnerships or the acquisition of appropriate resources and capabilities, were not in place. Hence it can be concluded, that organizational design is an enabling factor for innovation. These findings contribute to advance our understanding of the complex relationship between organizational design and innovation. This highlights the growing importance of a comprehensive, innovation stimulating organizational design of companies. The results suggest to managers that innovation is not only dependent on a single organizational factor but on the appropriate, comprehensive design of the organization. Hence manager should consider to review regularly the design of their organizations in order to maintain a innovation stimulating environment.