Estudio multidisciplinario del ecosistema manglar en la comunidad tradicional de Curral Velho : Análisis de los servicios ecosistémicos producidos por los manglares a partir de la percepción de la comunidad de Curral Velho

Existe un número elevado de sectores de la sociedad que identifican los beneficios ofrecidos por el ecosistema del manglar así como la interacción entre ellos y el bienestar humano. Aún así, los servicios ecosistémicos (ESs) ofrecidos por la naturaleza son poco visibles y reconocidos legislativamente. Se puede observar que el manglar es uno de los ecosistemas más productivos del planeta. Tienen gran importancia tanto económica, social, ambiental como cultural, pero en las últimas décadas se ha hecho más notable una degradación progresiva debida, en gran parte, a la cría de camarón en cautividad, la camaronicultura. Por esta causa, se observa que la legislación y las políticas que pretenden gestionar estos ecosistemas, no actúan en consecuencia al no imponer ciertas medidas necesarias para esta vital protección, ni considera la importancia de los ecosistemas para la vida de las comunidades tradicionales que dependen de sus servicios para sobrevivir. Por ello es necesario producir un conocimiento sobre ESs a partir de la percepción por parte de la comunidad y que la comunidad se implique en la resolución de esta problemática, ya sea en la toma de decisiones o mediante ciertas actividades o acciones que puedan denunciar estas prácticas insostenibles. Frente a este contexto, este trabajo fue realizado a partir de la información obtenida en la comunidad de Curral Velho (Ceará, Brasil), con el objetivo de realizar un estudio sobre los ESs proveídos por los manglares a partir de la percepción de la comunidad para demostrar la importancia que éstos tienen para el bienestar de los habitantes de la comunidad que se benefician. Los resultados fueron alcanzados a partir de una combinación de metodologías sociales que hacen posible la participación por parte de los habitantes: free listing, encuestas de valoración, grupos focales y observación participante. En la aplicación de estos métodos fueron identificados nuevos ESs de carácter psicológico por los pescadores/as de la pesca artesanal. Por lo que se concluye que es importante tener en cuenta la opinión de las comunidades adyacentes para preservar los flujos ecosistémicos que proporciona el manglar.

Web Archiving in Finland. Memorandum for the members of the CDNL

This report describes web archiving in the National Library of Finland. The National Library of Finland has been archiving Finnish web on a regular basis since 2006. Web archiving is an important part of the Library'ʹs endeavours to collect and preserve Finnish published cultural heritage. In 2010, the amount of harvested data was 200 million files, or 25 Terabytes. The report takes the reader through the relevant legislation; internal plans and policies; funding and their allocation; the practices of web archiving; arrangements for the use of the archive; and issues rising from data security, sensitive materials, &c.

Letters from the War of Ecosystems – An Analysis of Independent Software Vendors in Mobile Application Marketplaces

The recent emergence of a new generation of mobile application marketplaces has changed the business in the mobile ecosystems. The marketplaces have gathered over a million applications by hundreds of thousands of application developers and publishers. Thus, software ecosystems—consisting of developers, consumers and the orchestrator—have emerged as a part of the mobile ecosystem. This dissertation addresses the new challenges faced by mobile application developers in the new ecosystems through empirical methods. By using the theories of two-sided markets and business ecosystems as the basis, the thesis assesses monetization and value creation in the market as well as the impact of electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) and developer multihoming— i. e. contributing for more than one platform—in the ecosystems. The data for the study was collected with web crawling from the three biggest marketplaces: Apple App Store, Google Play and Windows Phone Store. The dissertation consists of six individual articles. The results of the studies show a gap in monetization among the studied applications, while a majority of applications are produced by small or micro-enterprises. The study finds only weak support for the impact of eWOM on the sales of an application in the studied ecosystem. Finally, the study reveals a clear difference in the multi-homing rates between the top application developers and the rest. This has, as discussed in the thesis, an impact on the future market analyses—it seems that the smart device market can sustain several parallel application marketplaces.

Do populismo às bandas cambiais: a evolução da política cambial no Chile de 1970 a 1999

We discuss in this paper the evolution of exchange rate policy in Chile since the seventies, with special attention to overvaluation and undervaluation cycles. Following a recent literature that argues in favor of competitive currencies as part of a development strategy, we argue that the Chilean exchange rate policy in the years that go from 1984 until 1999 were very important to its growth results. Chile even managed to go through the nineties without a major external crisis, especially when compared to its Latin American neighbors. We argue here that the exchange rate crawling band adopted in the middle eighties and nineties was important for its growth strategy.

Mures : Un système de recommandation de musique

Pendant la dernière décennie nous avons vu une transformation incroyable du monde de la musique qui est passé des cassettes et disques compacts à la musique numérique en ligne. Avec l'explosion de la musique numérique, nous avons besoin de systèmes de recommandation de musique pour choisir les chansons susceptibles d’être appréciés à partir de ces énormes bases de données en ligne ou personnelles. Actuellement, la plupart des systèmes de recommandation de musique utilisent l’algorithme de filtrage collaboratif ou celui du filtrage à base de contenu. Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons un algorithme hybride et original qui combine le filtrage collaboratif avec le filtrage basé sur étiquetage, amélioré par la technique de filtrage basée sur le contexte d’utilisation afin de produire de meilleures recommandations. Notre approche suppose que les préférences de l'utilisateur changent selon le contexte d'utilisation. Par exemple, un utilisateur écoute un genre de musique en conduisant vers son travail, un autre type en voyageant avec la famille en vacances, un autre pendant une soirée romantique ou aux fêtes. De plus, si la sélection a été générée pour plus d'un utilisateur (voyage en famille, fête) le système proposera des chansons en fonction des préférences de tous ces utilisateurs. L'objectif principal de notre système est de recommander à l'utilisateur de la musique à partir de sa collection personnelle ou à partir de la collection du système, les nouveautés et les prochains concerts. Un autre objectif de notre système sera de collecter des données provenant de sources extérieures, en s'appuyant sur des techniques de crawling et sur les flux RSS pour offrir des informations reliées à la musique tels que: les nouveautés, les prochains concerts, les paroles et les artistes similaires. Nous essayerons d’unifier des ensembles de données disponibles gratuitement sur le Web tels que les habitudes d’écoute de Last.fm, la base de données de la musique de MusicBrainz et les étiquettes des MusicStrands afin d'obtenir des identificateurs uniques pour les chansons, les albums et les artistes.

Antibody Based Diagnostic for Detection Of Vibrios and their Biological Control using Antagonistic Bacteria in Macrobrachium Rosenbergii Larval Rearing Systems

The main objective of the work undertaken here was to develop an appropriate microbial technology to protect the larvae of M.rosenbergii in hatchery from vibriosis. This technology precisely is consisted of a rapid detection system of vibrios and effective antagonistic probiotics for the management of vibrios. The present work was undertaken with the realizations that to stabilize the production process of commercial hatcheries an appropriate, comprehensive and fool proof technology is required primarily for the rapid detection of Vibrio and subsequently for its management. Nine species of Vibrio have been found to be associated with larvae of M. rosenbergii in hatchery. Haemolytic assay of the Vibrio and Aeromonas on prawn blood agar showed that all isolates of V. alginolyticus and Aeromonas sp., from moribund, necrotized larve were haemolytic and the isolates of V.cholerae, V.splendidus II, V.proteolyticus and V.fluvialis from the larvae obtained from apparently healthy larval rearing systems were non-haemolytic. Hydrolytic enzymes such as lipase, chitinase and gelatinase were widespread amongst the Vibrio and Aeromonas isolates. Dominance of V.alginolyticus among the isolates from necrotic larvae and the failure in isolating them from rearing water strongly suggest that they infect larvae and multiply in the larval body and cause mortality in the hatchery. The observation suggested that the isolate V. alginolyticus was a pathogen to the larvae of M.rosenbergii. To sum up, through this work, nine species of Vibrio and genus Aeromonas associated with M.rosenbergii larval rearing systems could be isolated and segregated based on the haemolytic activity and the antibodies (PA bs) for use in diagnosis or epidemiological studies could be produced, based on a virulent culture of V.alginolyticus. This could possibly replace the conventional biochemical tests for identification. As prophylaxis to vibriosis, four isolates of Micrococcus spp. and an isolate of Pseudomonas sp. could be obtained which could possibly be used as antagonistic probiotics in the larval rearing system of M.rosenbergii.

Effect of Pyridoxine on Growth, Metabolism and Cellular Activity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Effect of pyridoxine on growth, metabolism and cellular activity of freshwater prawn Macrobrachiuni rosenbergii was studied. Postlarvae (PL-10) of M. rosenbergii were fed with clam meat containing various concentrations of pyridoxine. After 30 days RNA and DNA of the abdominal tissues were estimated. Length, weight and RNA to DNA ratio increased significantly with increasing concentrations of pyridoxine. The effect of pyridoxine on the metabolic enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, was also studied. Vmax showed a significant decrease and the (Km) showed a significant increase in experimental groups compared to control.

Studies on Lactic Acid Bacteria from Tropical Fish and Shellfish

In this study, an attempt has been made to gather enough information regarding lactic acid bacteria from fish and shellfish of tropical regions. The occurrence and distribution of lactic acid bacteria in fresh and frozen marine fish and shellfish, farmed fish and shellfish, cured and pickled fish and shellfish have been investigated. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have for centuries been responsible for the fermentative preservation of many foods. They are used to retard spoilage and preserve foods through natural fermentations. They have found commercial applications as starter cultures in the dairy, baking, meat, fish, and vegetable and alcoholic beverage industries. They are industrially important organisms recognized for their fermentative ability as well as their nutritional benefits. These organisms produce various compounds such as organic acids, diacetyl, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins or bactericidal proteins during lactic fermentations.Biopreservation of foods using bacteriocin producing LAB cultures is becoming widely used. The antimicrobial effect of bacteriocins and other compounds produced during fermentation of carbohydrates are well known to inhibit the growth of certain food spoiling bacteria as well as a limited group of food poisoning and pathogenic bacteria LAB like Lactobacillus plantarum are widely used as starter cultures for the Production of fish ensilage. The present study is the first quantitative and qualitative study on the occurrence and distribution of lactic acid bacteria in fresh and frozen fish and prawn. It is concluded that Lactobacillus plantaruni was the predominant lactobacillus species in fresh and frozen fish and shellfish. The ability of selected Lactobacillus cultures to grow at low temperatures, high salt content, produce bacteriocins, rapidly ferment sugars and decrease the pH make them potential candidates for biopreservation of fish and shellfish.

Isolation and Characterization of Agglutinin in the Hemolymph of Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards

The present study is an attempt to find out the ralation between RNA/DNA ratio, protein,percentage growth rate and specific growth rate of prawn,Penaeus indicus with respect to Nervous system, Eyestalk and Muscle tissues during ontogenesis. We have isolated and purified a natural agglutinin in the hemolymph of P.indicus with antigenecity, agglutinating, hemolytic and antibacterial properties. The influence of growth and environmental parameters on the level of agglutinin in the hemolymph was studied. Agglutinin concentration during normal growth process was compared. The agglutinin concentration in the hemolymph was quantified through developing ELISA, which is useful in health monitoring studies of individual species. Complete amino acid composition of both the subunits of P.indicus agglutinin were analysed. P.indicus agglutinin showed similarity to those proteins having antigenecity,hemolytic and agglutinating properties.Hence, agglutinin was considered as a natural defence protein in the hemolymph of P.indicus responsible for immune surveillance. The humoral defence mechanism of agglutinin was a co-operative effort with hemocytes and complement system. The composition of isolated agglutinin of P.indicus amino acids will be helpful in the synthesis of new antibacterial analogues which can be used against disease causing organisms.

Studies on food and feeding of marine demersal finfishes with special reference to trophic interactions

Food and feeding habits of fourteen demersal finfishes exploited off the Karnataka coast were studied to investigate trophic interactions within the marine food web. Index of Relative Importance (lRI),Ontogenetic, seasonal (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon) variation in feeding and prey-predator relationship studies were conducted.The results of prey-predator trophic interaction studies identified four major trophic guilds based on the predators feeding similarity.Trophic guild I is 'copepod and detritus fceders'with an average group similarity of 61.4%. The second trophic guild, 'prawn and crab feeders'with an average similarity of 52.7%. 'Acetes feeders', the largest trophic guild with an average group similarity of 62.5%, composed of six demersal finfish species.The guild 'piscivores' is constituted by C. limba/us and P. arsius with an average similarity of 45%.For each predator, ontogenetic diet shift is common and is characterized by prey of low to high trophic level.Strong selection of certain prey types was observed in some predators while most of them avoided abundant prey.In addition to Acetes spp, strong predation impact was observed for penaeid prawns, epibenthic crabs and detritus.This information on trophic guilds and prey-predator interactions can be used to construct trophic model on the benthic ecosystem off Karnataka and to investigate fishery induced changes as well as predation impact of different animals on commercially important demersals

Histological, Histochemical and Biochemical characterisation of male morphotypes of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

This thesis entitled “Histological ,Histochemical and biochemical characterisation of male morphotypes of macrobrachium rosenbergii(De Man). The giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) is emerging as a prime candidate species in fresh water aquaculture as a global basis and therefore, receiving much attention in recent years.the present work was aimed at to study the histological variations, if any, in the reproductive system viz. testes, vas deferens including androgenic gland, hepatopancreas and the neurosecretory system viz. eye stalk, brain and thoracic ganglion among the male morphotypes and their transitional stages of M.rosenbergii from growouts. This study was also aimed at to bring out the histochemical variations, if any, in the reproductive system comprising of testes, vas deferens including androgenic gland and the hepatopancreas among the male morphotypes and their transitional stages collected from growouts. Biochemical characterisation of various male morphotyes and their transitional stages have also been attempted in order to find out biochemical evidence, if any, in the morphotypic transformation.Histological study of the testes of three male morphotypes viz., SM, SOC and SBC and their 'transitional stages viz., WOC, tSOC, WBC and OBC have been carried out with a view to unravel the structural and functional differences of the testes, if any, of these morphotypes. Studies on the lipid components viz., cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride In the muscle tissue and hepatopancreas have been carried out.

Population Characteristics of Prawns in Natural and Selective Stocking System

present work deals with the various aspects of population characteristics of penaeus indicus ,Metapenaeus dobsoni and metapenaeus monoceros during their nursery phase in tidal ponds and adjacent backwaters.Importance of the present study is to suggest scientific basis for the management of penaeid resources in tidal ponds and backwaters based on their biological characteristics to ensure better yield.Seasonal closure of fishing will be effective in improving the size of the shrimp at harvest.Hydrology of tidal ponds varied with location, but showed a common seasonal pattem.Seasonal variation in temperature was very small. It fluctuated between 27.5 to 32.3°C in tidalponds and 26.9 to 29.9°C in open backwaters.Improvement of nursery habitats with due consideration for biological requirements of the resource will ensure better growth, survival and abundance of the stock.The recruitment, growth and emigration data of prawns from their nurseries can be used successfully for fishery forecasting. projecting juvenile growth forward through time, it is possible to establish, which cohort contributes to offshore fishery each year. So, by interpreting the recruitment and growth data of species in their nurseries with offshore catch data, fishery can be forecasted successfully.

Biology of Decapod crustaceans in different environmental conditions

This thesis Entitled Biology of Decapod crustaceans in different Environmental conditions. Prawn culture is practiced in Kerala in two types of fields namely seasonal and perennial; In seasonal fields paddy is grown during the monsoon period and prawns are cultured during the rest of the year. when compared to seasonal fields; perennial fields are subjected to much fluctuations in its environmental characteristics. The perennial fields were found more productive than seasonal fields. The benthic production in perronial fields were almost double that of seasonal fields. But in the matter of species diversity both fields were equal. Seasonal changes were observéd in the species abundance of benthic organisms in both the seasonal and perennial fields. Both isometric and allometric growth were noticed in P. indicus .But during most of the months the growth was near to isometric. The condition of the prawn also fluctuated between better and poor.During most of the months the prawn in perennial fields wore in good condition while in the seasonal fields the condition changed from year to year. This indicates that the perennial field provides a better habitat for P. indicus.

Pathological Investigations in penaeid Prawns

The thesis embodies the results of the studies carried out on certain diseases affecting the commercially important penaeid prawns in the capture and culture fisheries of the southwest and southeast coasts of india during october, 1981 to april 1985.initially a survey is conducted to obtain information and to understand the commom diseases and abnormalities occurring in the penaeid prawms in nature and those farmed. A result of the survey then cases of diseases and abnormalities are reported. These include tumour like growth soft prawm syndrome, tail necrosis brown spot disease, red rostrum, ciliate infestation ,helminth parasitisation,metacercarial infestation and bopyrid infestation in the penaeid prawns such as penaeus indicus p. monodon , p. semisulcatus ,Metapenaeus dobsoni and m.affinis.The symptoms ,occurrence and incidence of each of the above cases are provided along with the information on environmental factors such as salinity,dissolved oxygen,temperature and ph of the water from the collection sites. The nature of the disease,the tissuse of the host that are affected by the infection or infestation or by the pathogen ,and the actors influencing the infection in each of the ten cases are studied histopathologically and discussed. In the light of the available published information, the control measures for the different diseases of penaeid prawns are presented and discussed.

Studies on the bacteria associated with Penaeus indicus in a culture system

Ocean persists as a rich and renewable source of cheap protein for the whole world. Among the prawns/shrimps landed from the Indian Ocean and her backwaters, more than 90% are exported to affluent countries. The Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus, constitutes the major portion of the frozen shrimps exported from India every year. The present study is aimed at gathering information on the total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) associated with B. indicus, with special reference to eggs, nauplii, zoeae, mysis, and post larvae in hatchery, and juveniles and adults in culture pond. Simultaneously, IHB associated with E. indicus in its natural habitat also is studied for comparison. It is envisaged that this information will be highly useful for modifying the existing hatchery and pond management-practices.